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Succinea
	Succinea putris in Oxfordshire
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Order:	Stylommatophora
Superfamily:	Succineoidea
Family:	Succineidae
Subfamily:	Succineinae
Genus:	Succinea; Draparnaud, 1801
Type species
	Helix putris; Linnaeus, 1758
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Amphibina W. Hartmann, 1821; Amphibulima Gistel, 1848 (Invalid: unnecessary substitute name for Succinea; also a junior homonym of Amphibulima Lamarck, 1805); Arborcinea Iredale, 1937; † Brachyspira L. Pfeiffer, 1855; Cerinasota Iredale, 1939; Cochlohydra A. Férussac, 1821; Glischrus (Tapada) S. Studer, 1820 (junior synonym); Helix (Cochlohydra) A. Férussac, 1821 (junior synonym); Lucena Hartmann, 1821; Succinastrum J. Mabille, 1871; Succinea (Amphibina) W. Hartmann, 1821 (junior synonym); Succinea (Brachyspira) L. Pfeiffer, 1855· accepted, alternate representation; Succinea (Calcisuccinea) Pilsbry, 1948· accepted, alternate representation; Succinea (Desmosuccinea) Webb, 1954· accepted, alternate representation; Succinea (Heysuccinea) Webb, 1953· accepted, alternate representation; Succinea (Kondosuccinea) Patterson, 1989· accepted, alternate representation; Succinea (Papusuccinea) Solem, 1959· accepted, alternate representation; Succinea (Succinea) Draparnaud, 1801· accepted, alternate representation; Succinea (Tapada) S. Studer, 1820; Tapada S. Studer, 1820; Truella Pease, 1871;

Succinea, common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.^[2]

The common name refers to the fact that live snails in this genus are translucent and similar to amber in appearance.

Description

The length of the shell ranges between 9.4–17 millimetres (0.37–0.67 in); the width ranges between 6.8–11.5 millimetres (0.27–0.45 in).

The dextrous, pointed ovoid shell consists of 3⅓–3½ whorls. It is thin-walled, glossy and translucent. The protoconch is very compact. The spire is short and consists mainly of a large, wide body whorl and an oval aperture with a sharp angle at the top. The deep sutures are prominent.The interior surface of the aperture is cream-colored or white.

The shell is usually light brown, but may be whitish with gray or light yellow streaks.

The large body cannot be completely withdrawn within the shell. The lower pair of tentacles is vestigial.

The many species in this genus are difficult to distinguish. Sometimes they need dissecting to confirm identification through the shape of the jaw and character of the reproductive system.^[3]

Distribution

This large genus has a worldwide distribution. Species in this genus usually live in damp habitats such as marshes. Some species are amphibious.^{[citation needed]}

Species

Species within the genus Succinea include:

Succinea aegyptiaca Ehrenberg, 1831
Succinea aequinoctialis d'Orbigny, 1837
Succinea africana F. Krauss, 1848
Succinea alpestris Möllendorff, 1875
Succinea amoi C. M. Cooke & Clench, 1945
Succinea ampulacea E. von Martens, 1898
Succinea andecola Crawford, 1939
Succinea angustior (C. B. Adams, 1850)^[4]
† Succinea antiqua Colbeau, 1867
Succinea aperta I. Lea, 1838
Succinea apicalis Ancey, 1904
Succinea approximans Shuttleworth, 1854^[5]
Succinea approximata G. B. Sowerby II, 1872
Succinea arangoi Pfeiffer, 1866^[4] (taxon inquirendum)
Succinea arboricola Connolly, 1912
Succinea archeyi Powell, 1933^[6]
Succinea argentina Miquel, Rapacioli & Meneghini, 2019
Succinea arundinetorum Heude, 1882
Succinea aurita Hylton Scott, 1951
Succinea aurulenta Ancey, 1889
Succinea australis (Férussac, 1821)
Succinea baconi L. Pfeiffer, 1855
Succinea badia Morelet, 1867
Succinea bakeri Hubricht, 1963
† Succinea baoyueensis W. Yü & X.-Q. Zhang, 1982
Succinea barbadensis Guilding, 1828
Succinea baumanni Sturany, 1894
Succinea bequaerti Pilsbry, 1919
Succinea bermudensis L. Pfeiffer, 1857
Succinea bernardii Récluz, 1852
† Succinea bertrandi Fontannes, 1884
Succinea bettii E. A. Smith, 1877
Succinea bicolorata Ancey, 1889
† Succinea boissyi Deshayes, 1863
Succinea brevis Dunker in Pfeiffer, 1850^[4]
† Succinea brevispira Deshayes, 1863
Succinea burmeisteri Döring, 1873
Succinea caduca Mighels, 1845
Succinea californica P. Fischer and Crosse, 1878 – San Tomas ambersnail^[7]
Succinea campestris Say, 1817 – Crinkled Ambersnail^[7]
Succinea canella A. Gould, 1846
Succinea carectorum Heude, 1882
Succinea carmenensis P. Fischer & Crosse, 1878
Succinea casta Ancey, 1899
Succinea cepulla A. Gould, 1846
Succinea ceylanica Pfeiffer, 1855
Succinea chinensis L. Pfeiffer, 1857
Succinea chudeaui Germain, 1907
Succinea cinnamomea Ancey, 1889
Succinea clarionensis Dall, 1926
Succinea cochinchinensis Crosse & P. Fischer, 1863
Succinea collina Hanley & Theobald, 1873
Succinea colorata P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
Succinea comorensis Fischer-Piette & Vukadinovic, 1974
Succinea concordialis A. Gould, 1848
Succinea congoensis Pilsbry, 1919
Succinea contenta (Iredale, 1939)
Succinea contorta C. B. Adams, 1845
Succinea cordovana P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
Succinea costaricana von Martens, 1898^[8]
Succinea costulosa Pease, 1865
Succinea crassinuclea L. Pfeiffer, 1849
Succinea crocata A. Gould, 1846
Succinea cryptica Tillier, 1981
Succinea cygnorum Pilsbry, 1930
Succinea dakaensis Sturany, 1898
Succinea daucina L. Pfeiffer, 1854
Succinea delicata Ancey, 1889
Succinea dolphin C. M. Cooke & Clench, 1945
Succinea dominicensis L. Pfeiffer, 1853
† Succinea dongyingensis Youluo, 1978
Succinea donneti L. Pfeiffer, 1853
Succinea elegantior Annandale, 1921
Succinea elongata Pease, 1870
Succinea erythrophana Ancey, 1883
Succinea eussoensis Preston, 1912
Succinea exarata F. Krauss, 1848
Succinea falklandica E. A. Smith, 1884
Succinea fischeri Gassies, 1871
Succinea flexilis Quick, 1957
Succinea floridana Pilsbry, 1905 – Florida chalksnail^[7]
Succinea fulgens Lea, 1841^[4] (taxon inquirendum)
Succinea garrettiana Ancey, 1899
Succinea gayana (d'Orbigny, 1835)
Succinea gibba Henshaw, 1904
Succinea girnarica Theobald, 1859
Succinea gladiator Schileyko & Likharev, 1986
Succinea globispira Martens, 1898^[9]
Succinea godivariana Gude, 1914
Succinea gracilis I. Lea, 1841
Succinea grosvenorii I. Lea, 1864 – Santa Rita ambersnail^[7]
Succinea guadelupensis Dall, 1900
Succinea guatemalensis Morelet, 1849^[9]
Succinea gundlachi Pfeiffer, 1852^[4] (taxon inquirendum)
Succinea gyrata J. S. Gibbons, 1879
Succinea hanleyi Gude, 1914
Succinea hararensis Connolly, 1928
Succinea haustellum Rehder, 1942^[9]
† Succinea headonensis Wenz, 1919
† Succinea henanensis Y.-T. Li, 1983
Succinea hortulana Morelet, 1851
Succinea humerosa A. Gould, 1846
Succinea hyalina Shuttleworth, 1854
† Succinea imperspicua S. V. Wood, 1851
Succinea indiana Pilsbry, 1905 – xeric ambersnail^[7]
Succinea indica L. Pfeiffer, 1849
Succinea infundibuliformis A. Gould, 1846
Succinea interioris Tate, 1894
Succinea kempi Preston, 1912
Succinea konaensis Sykes, 1897
Succinea kuntziana Solem, 1959
Succinea labiosa Philippi, 1860
Succinea latior C. B. Adams, 1849
Succinea lauta A. Gould, 1859
Succinea lauzannei Germain, 1909
Succinea lebruni Mabille, 1884
Succinea lessensis Pilsbry, 1919
† Succinea lingulata X.-G. Zhu, 1985
Succinea listeri E. A. Smith, 1889
Succinea lopesi Lanzieri, 1966
Succinea lumbalis A. Gould, 1846
Succinea luteola Gould, 1848 – Mexico ambersnail^[7]
Succinea lutosa Pilsbry, 1926
Succinea lutulenta Ancey, 1889
Succinea macgillivrayi Cox, 1864
Succinea macta Poey, 1858^[4]
Succinea magellanica A. Gould, 1846
Succinea magnaciana Heude, 1882
Succinea manaosensis Pilsbry, 1926
Succinea manuana A. Gould, 1846
Succinea margarita L. Pfeiffer, 1853
† Succinea marioni Saporta, 1889
Succinea martini (Jousseaume, 1887)
Succinea masafuerae Odhner, 1922
Succinea masoala Emberton & Griffiths, 2009
Succinea mauiensis Ancey, 1889
Succinea maxima Henshaw, 1904
Succinea mcgregori Pilsbry, 1898
Succinea meridionalis d'Orbigny, 1846
Succinea mirabilis Henshaw, 1904
Succinea modesta A. Gould, 1846
Succinea monticula C. Semper, 1873
Succinea montrouzieri Crosse, 1867
† Succinea nagpurensis Hislop, 1860
Succinea newcombiana Garrett, 1857
Succinea nobilis Poey, 1853^[4]
Succinea norfolkensis Sykes, 1900
Succinea normalis Ancey, 1881
Succinea nyassana Dupuis & Putzeys, 1923
Succinea obesa E. von Martens, 1867
Succinea ochracina Gundlach in Poey, 1858^[4]
Succinea ordinaria E. A. Smith, 1905
Succinea oregonensis I. Lea, 1841 – Oregon ambersnail^[7]
Succinea orientalis Benson, 1851
† Succinea palliolum F. Sandberger, 1871
Succinea panamensis Pilsbry, 1920
Succinea panucoensis Pilsbry, 1910
Succinea paralia Hubricht, 1983 – Saltmarsh Ambersnail^[7]
† Succinea parscovensis Cobălcescu, 1883
Succinea patagonica E. A. Smith, 1881
Succinea peruviana L. Pfeiffer, 1867
Succinea philippinica Möllendorff, 1893
Succinea piratarum Quadras & Möllendorff, 1894
Succinea princei Preston, 1912
Succinea pristina Henshaw, 1904
Succinea propinqua Drouët, 1859
† Succinea protevoluta Yen, 1969
Succinea protracta Sykes, 1900
Succinea pseudomalonyx Dupuis & Putzeys, 1902
Succinea pudorina A. Gould, 1846
Succinea pueblensis Crosse & P. Fischer, 1877
Succinea puna Tomassi & Cuezzo, 2021
Succinea punctata L. Pfeiffer, 1855
Succinea putamen A. Gould, 1846
Succinea putris (Linnaeus, 1758) – European ambersnail^[7]
Succinea quadrasi Möllendorff, 1894
Succinea quadrata Ancey, 1904
Succinea quicki van Benthem Jutting, 1964
Succinea raoi Rao & Mitra, 1976
Succinea recisa Morelet, 1851 – rustic ambersnail^[9]
Succinea riisei L. Pfeiffer, 1853
† Succinea rollieri Maillard, 1892
Succinea rosariensis Döring, 1873
Succinea rubella Pease, 1871
Succinea rugosa L. Pfeiffer, 1842
Succinea rugulosa Morelet, 1872
Succinea rusticana Gould, 1846 – rustic ambersnail^[7]
Succinea rutilans W. T. Blanford, 1870
Succinea sagra d'Orbigny, 1842^[4]
† Succinea schumacheri And.^[10]
† Succinea scitula X.-G. Zhu, 1985
Succinea setchuanensis Heude, 1882
† Succinea shenyangensis Youluo, 1978
Succinea simplex L. Pfeiffer, 1855
Succinea simplicissima Preston, 1912
Succinea snigdha Rao, 1924
Succinea socorroensis Dall, 1926
Succinea solastra Hubricht, 1961 – Lone Star ambersnail^[7]
Succinea solidula L. Pfeiffer, 1849
Succinea solitaria E. A. Smith, 1887
† Succinea sparnacensis Deshayes, 1863
Succinea striata F. Krauss, 1848
Succinea strigillata A. Adams & Angas, 1864
Succinea strubelli Strubell, 1895
Succinea subgranosa L. Pfeiffer, 1850
† Succinea subpfeifferi Gottschick, 1920
Succinea tenella Morelet, 1865^[11]
Succinea tenerrima Ancey, 1904
Succinea tenuis Gundlach in Poey, 1858^[4]
Succinea teragona Ancey, 1904
Succinea texta Odhner, 1922
Succinea tornadri Rao, 1924
† Succinea ubaghsi Bosquet, 1859
Succinea undulata Say, 1829
Succinea unicolor Tryon, 1866 – squatty ambersnail^[7]
Succinea urbana Hubricht, 1961 – urban ambersnail^[7]
Succinea vaginacontorta C. B. Lee, 1951^[7]
Succinea venusta A. Gould, 1846
Succinea vesicalis A. Gould, 1846
Succinea virgata E. von Martens, 1865
Succinea vitrea L. Pfeiffer, 1855
Succinea waianaensis Ancey, 1899
Succinea wallisi C. M. Cooke & Clench, 1945
Succinea wilsonii I. Lea, 1864 – golden ambersnail^[7]
Succinea yarkandensis G. Nevill, 1881
† Succinea zhuoxianensis W. Yü & H.-Z. Pan, 1982

Additional species, taken from IUCN Red List:

Succinea sanctaehelenae Lesson, 1830

Synonyms

Succinea aurea Lea, 1841:^[4] synonym of Mediappendix vermeta (Say, 1829)
Succinea barberi (W. B. Marshall, 1926) – Sanibel ambersnail:^[7] synonym of Oxyloma barberi (W. B. Marshall, 1926)
Succinea chittenangoensis Pilsbry, 1908 – Chittenango ovate amber snail:^[7] synonym of Novisuccinea chittenangoensis (Pilsbry, 1908)
Succinea depressa Rang, 1834: synonym of Pellicula depressa (Rang, 1834) (original combination)
Succinea forsheyi I. Lea, 1864 – spotted ambersnail:^[7] synonym of Succinea concordialis A. Gould, 1848
Succinea gabbi Tryon, 1866 – riblet ambersnail:^[7] synonym of Mediappendix gabbii (Tryon, 1866)
Succinea greerii Tryon, 1866 – dryland ambersnail:^[7] synonym of Succinea grosvenorii I. Lea, 1864
Succinea ovalis Say, 1817^[7] is a synonym for Novisuccinea ovalis (Say, 1817)
Succinea pennsylvanica Pilsbry, 1948 – Penn ambersnail:^[7] synonym of Novisuccinea pennsylvanica (Pilsbry, 1948)
† Succinea peregrina F. Sandberger, 1872: synonym of †Oxyloma affine (Reuss in Reuss & Meyer, 1849)
Succinea pseudavara Webb, 1954:^[7] synonym of Succinea grosvenorii I. Lea, 1864
Succinea strigata Pfeiffer, 1855 – striate ambersnail:^[7] synonym of Novisuccinea strigata (L. Pfeiffer, 1855)
Succinea tomentosa L. Pfeiffer, 1855: synonym of Austropeplea tomentosa (L. Pfeiffer, 1855)

Ecology

Parasites of Succinea spp. include:

Elaphostrongylus spp.^[12]

Succinea consume small plants, such as mosses and leaf litter. Succinea campestris in particular is known to live in leaf litter, and is also known to be attracted to light, an unusual characteristic in snails.^[13]

In mating, the snails are hermaphrodites and mate reciprocally (both snails transfer sperm into one another). However, many have preferences in what role they take—some actively seek out mates, mounting others' shells, while others do not.^[14]

References

^ Draparnaud J. P. R. (1801). Tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. pp. [1-2], 1-116. Montpellier, Paris. (Renaud; Bossange, Masson & Besson).
^ ^a ^b MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=181586 on 2021-02-23
^ White-McLean, J.A. (September, 2011). Terrestrial Mollusc Tool. USDA/APHIS/PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology and the University of Florida. [10 july 2022] - < http://idtools.org/id/mollusc
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Mollusca" Archived 2012-06-26 at the Wayback Machine. Diversidad Biológica Cubana, accessed 23 March 2011.
^ Shuttleworth R. J. (1854). "Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken der Insel Portorico". Mitteilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern Nr. 310-330: 33-56. page 55.
^ Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x "Succinea Draparnaud, 1801". ITIS, accessed 4 January 2011.
^ Villalobos M. C., Monge-Nájera J., Barrientos Z. & Franco J. (1995). "Life cycle and field abundance of the snail Succinea costaricana (Stylommatophora: Succineidae), a tropical pest". Revista de Biología Tropical 43: 181-188. PDF Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ". Barrientos, Z. 2003. Lista de especies de moluscos terrestres (Archaeogastropoda, Mesogastropoda, Archaeopulmonata, Stylommatophora, Soleolifera) informadas para Costa Rica Revista de Biología Tropical 51: 293-304.
^ Meijer T. (2010). "Palaeomalacology of the Brabant Loam (the Netherlands)". In: Bakels C., Fennema K., Out W. A. & Vermeeren C. (eds). Of Plants and Snails: A collection of papers presented to Wim Kuijper in gratitude for forty years of teaching and identifying. Sidestone Press, Leiclen. 179-192. ISBN 978-90-8890-051-8.
^ Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". American Malacological Bulletin 27: 113-132. PDF Archived 2016-06-16 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Olsson I.-M., Stéen M. & Mann H. (1993). "Gastropod hosts of Elaphostrongylus spp. (Protostrongylidae, Nematoda)". Rangifer 13(1): 53-55. PDF.
^ "Fact Sheet Succineidae". Terrestrial Mollusc Tool. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
^ Dillen, Lobke; Jordaens, Kurt; De Bruyn, Luc; Backeljau, Thierry (10 September 2010). "Fecundity in the hermaphroditic land snail Succinea putris (Pulmonata: Succineidae): does body size matter?". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 76 (4): 376–383. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq026. Retrieved 2 July 2020.