The stomach is located between the esophagus and the small intestine. The pyloric sphincter controls the passage of partially digested food (chyme) from the stomach into the duodenum, the first and shortest part of the small intestine, where peristalsis takes over to move this through the rest of the intestines.
The stomach is distensible, and can normally expand to hold about one litre of food.[3] In a newborn human baby the stomach will only be able to hold about 30 millilitres. The maximum stomach volume in adults is between 2 and 4 litres,[4][5] although volumes of up to 15 litres have been observed in extreme circumstances.[6]
Sections
"Cardia" redirects here. For the ancient Greek colony, see Cardia (Thrace).
Diagram showing parts of the stomach
The human stomach can be divided into four sections, beginning at the cardia followed by the fundus, the body and the pylorus.[7][8]
The gastric cardia is where the contents of the esophagus empty from the gastroesophageal sphincter into the cardiac orifice, the opening into the gastric cardia.[9][8] A cardiac notch at the left of the cardiac orifice, marks the beginning of the greater curvature of the stomach. A horizontal line across from the cardiac notch gives the dome-shaped region called the fundus.[8] The cardia is a very small region of the stomach that surrounds the esophageal opening.[8]
The fundus (from Latin 'bottom') is formed in the upper curved part.
The body or corpus is the main, central region of the stomach.
The lesser curvature of the human stomach is supplied by the right gastric artery inferiorly and the left gastric artery superiorly, which also supplies the cardiac region. The greater curvature is supplied by the right gastroepiploic artery inferiorly and the left gastroepiploic artery superiorly. The fundus of the stomach, and also the upper portion of the greater curvature, is supplied by the short gastric arteries, which arise from the splenic artery.
Outside of the submucosa lies the muscular layer. It consists of three layers of muscular fibres, with fibres lying at angles to each other. These are the inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal layers.[19] The presence of the inner oblique layer is distinct from other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, which do not possess this layer.[20] The stomach contains the thickest muscular layer consisting of three layers, thus maximum peristalsis occurs here.
The inner oblique layer: This layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food. It is the only layer of the three which is not seen in other parts of the digestive system. The antrum has thicker skin cells in its walls and performs more forceful contractions than the fundus.
The middle circular layer: At this layer, the pylorus is surrounded by a thick circular muscular wall, which is normally tonically constricted, forming a functional (if not anatomically discrete) pyloric sphincter, which controls the movement of chyme into the duodenum. This layer is concentric to the longitudinal axis of the stomach.
The myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) is found between the outer longitudinal and the middle circular layer and is responsible for the innervation of both (causing peristalsis and mixing).
The outer longitudinal layer is responsible for moving the semi-digested food towards the pylorus of the stomach through muscular shortening.
To the outside of the muscular layer lies a serosa, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum.
Smooth mucosa along the inside of the lesser curvature forms a passageway - the gastric canal that fast-tracks liquids entering the stomach, to the pylorus.[8]
Diagram showing gastric pits (13) gastric glands (12) lamina propria (10) epithelium (11)Histology of normal fundic mucosa. Fundic glands are simple, branched tubular glands that extend from the bottom of the gastric pits to the muscularis mucosae; the more distinctive cells are parietal cells. H&E stain.Histology of normal antral mucosa. Antral mucosa is formed by branched coiled tubular glands lined by secretory cells similar in appearance to the surface mucous cells. H&E stain.
The mucosa lining the stomach is lined with gastric pits, which receive gastric juice, secreted by between 2 and 7 gastric glands.[citation needed] Gastric juice is an acidic fluid containing hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes.[21] The glands contains a number of cells, with the function of the glands changing depending on their position within the stomach.[citation needed]
Within the body and fundus of the stomach lie the fundic glands. In general, these glands are lined by column-shaped cells that secrete a protective layer of mucus and bicarbonate. Additional cells present include parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, chief cells that secrete pepsinogen (this is a precursor to pepsin- the highly acidic environment converts the pepsinogen to pepsin), and neuroendocrine cells that secrete serotonin.[22][citation needed]
Glands differ where the stomach meets the esophagus and near the pylorus.[23] Near the gastroesophageal junction lie cardiac glands, which primarily secrete mucus.[22] They are fewer in number than the other gastric glands and are more shallowly positioned in the mucosa. There are two kinds - either simple tubular glands with short ducts or compound racemose resembling the duodenalBrunner's glands.[citation needed] Near the pylorus lie pyloric glands located in the antrum of the pylorus. They secrete mucus, as well as gastrin produced by their G cells.[24][citation needed]
About 20,000 protein-coding genes are expressed in human cells and nearly 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal stomach.[25][26] Just over 150 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the stomach compared to other organs, with only some 20 genes being highly specific. The corresponding specific proteins expressed in stomach are mainly involved in creating a suitable environment for handling the digestion of food for uptake of nutrients. Highly stomach-specific proteins include gastrokine-1 expressed in the mucosa; pepsinogen and gastric lipase, expressed in gastric chief cells; and a gastric ATPase and gastric intrinsic factor, expressed in parietal cells.[27]
Development
In the early part of the development of the human embryo, the ventral part of the embryo abuts the yolk sac. During the third week of development, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround parts of the yolk sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract.[28] The sac is surrounded by a network of vitelline arteries and veins. Over time, these arteries consolidate into the three main arteries that supply the developing gastrointestinal tract: the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery. The areas supplied by these arteries are used to define the foregut, midgut, and hindgut.[28] The surrounded sac becomes the primitive gut. Sections of this gut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, and the esophagus, and stomach form from the foregut.[28]
As the stomach rotates during early development, the dorsal and ventral mesentery rotate with it; this rotation produces a space anterior to the expanding stomach called the greater sac, and a space posterior to the stomach called the lesser sac. After this rotation the dorsal mesentery thins and forms the greater omentum, which is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach. The ventral mesentery forms the lesser omentum, and is attached to the developing liver. In the adult, these connective structures of omentum and mesentery form the peritoneum, and act as an insulating and protective layer while also supplying organs with blood and lymph vessels as well as nerves.[29] Arterial supply to all these structures is from the celiac trunk, and venous drainage is by the portal venous system. Lymph from these organs is drained to the prevertebral celiac nodes at the origin of the celiac artery from the aorta.
Within a few moments after food enters the stomach, mixing waves begin to occur at intervals of approximately 20 seconds. A mixing wave is a unique type of peristalsis that mixes and softens the food with gastric juices to create chyme. The initial mixing waves are relatively gentle, but these are followed by more intense waves, starting at the body of the stomach and increasing in force as they reach the pylorus.
The pylorus, which holds around 30 mL of chyme, acts as a filter, permitting only liquids and small food particles to pass through the mostly, but not fully, closed pyloric sphincter. In a process called gastric emptying, rhythmic mixing waves force about 3 mL of chyme at a time through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum. Release of a greater amount of chyme at one time would overwhelm the capacity of the small intestine to handle it. The rest of the chyme is pushed back into the body of the stomach, where it continues mixing. This process is repeated when the next mixing waves force more chyme into the duodenum.
Gastric emptying is regulated by both the stomach and the duodenum. The presence of chyme in the duodenum activates receptors that inhibit gastric secretion. This prevents additional chyme from being released by the stomach before the duodenum is ready to process it.[31]
Chemical digestion
The fundus stores both undigested food and gases that are released during the process of chemical digestion. Food may sit in the fundus of the stomach for a while before being mixed with the chyme. While the food is in the fundus, the digestive activities of salivary amylase continue until the food begins mixing with the acidic chyme. Ultimately, mixing waves incorporate this food with the chyme, the acidity of which inactivates salivary amylase and activates lingual lipase. Lingual lipase then begins breaking down triglycerides into free fatty acids, and mono- and diglycerides.
The breakdown of protein begins in the stomach through the actions of hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme pepsin.
The stomach can also produce gastric lipase, which can help digesting fat.
The contents of the stomach are completely emptied into the duodenum within two to four hours after the meal is eaten. Different types of food take different amounts of time to process. Foods heavy in carbohydrates empty fastest, followed by high-protein foods. Meals with a high triglyceride content remain in the stomach the longest. Since enzymes in the small intestine digest fats slowly, food can stay in the stomach for 6 hours or longer when the duodenum is processing fatty chyme. However, this is still a fraction of the 24 to 72 hours that full digestion typically takes from start to finish.[31]
Absorption
Although the absorption in the human digestive system is mainly a function of the small intestine, some absorption of certain small molecules nevertheless does occur in the stomach through its lining. This includes:
Emptying of stomach chyme into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter
Chyme from the stomach is slowly released into the duodenum through coordinated peristalsis and opening of the pyloric sphincter. The movement and the flow of chemicals into the stomach are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the various digestive hormones of the digestive system:
The hormone gastrin causes an increase in the secretion of HCl from the parietal cells and pepsinogen from chief cells in the stomach. It also causes increased motility in the stomach. Gastrin is released by G cells in the stomach in response to distension of the antrum and digestive products (especially large quantities of incompletely digested proteins). It is inhibited by a pH normally less than 4(high acid), as well as the hormone somatostatin.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) has most effect on the gall bladder, causing gall bladder contractions, but it also decreases gastric emptying and increases release of pancreatic juice, which is alkaline and neutralizes the chyme. CCK is synthesized by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine.
In a different and rare manner, secretin, which has the most effects on the pancreas, also diminishes acid secretion in the stomach. Secretin is synthesized by S-cells, which are located in the duodenal mucosa as well as in the jejunal mucosa in smaller numbers.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) decreases both gastric acid release and motility. GIP is synthesized by K-cells, which are located in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa.
Enteroglucagon decreases both gastric acid and motility.
Other than gastrin, these hormones all act to turn off the stomach action. This is in response to food products in the liver and gall bladder, which have not yet been absorbed. The stomach needs to push food into the small intestine only when the intestine is not busy. While the intestine is full and still digesting food, the stomach acts as storage for food.
Other
Effects of EGF
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival.[36] EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including the submandibular gland, and the parotid gland. Salivary EGF, which also seems to be regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-esophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis, and mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and from physical, chemical, and bacterial agents.[37]
This syndrome defines the association between thyroid disease and chronic gastritis, which was first described in the 1960s.[43] This term was coined also to indicate the presence of thyroid autoantibodies or autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with pernicious anemia, a late clinical stage of atrophic gastritis.[44] In 1993, a more complete investigation on the stomach and thyroid was published,[45] reporting that the thyroid is, embryogenetically and phylogenetically, derived from a primitive stomach, and that the thyroid cells, such as primitive gastroenteric cells, migrated and specialized in uptake of iodide and in storage and elaboration of iodine compounds during vertebrate evolution. In fact, the stomach and thyroid share iodine-concentrating ability and many morphological and functional similarities, such as cell polarity and apical microvilli, similar organ-specific antigens and associated autoimmune diseases, secretion of glycoproteins (thyroglobulin and mucin) and peptide hormones, the digesting and readsorbing ability, and lastly, similar ability to form iodotyrosines by peroxidase activity, where iodide acts as an electron donor in the presence of H2O2. In the following years, many researchers published reviews about this syndrome.[46]
Clinical significance
An endoscopy of a normal stomach of a healthy 65-year-old womanEndoscopic image of a fundic gland polyp
A series of radiographs can be used to examine the stomach for various disorders. This will often include the use of a barium swallow. Another method of examination of the stomach, is the use of an endoscope. A gastric emptying study is considered the gold standard to assess the gastric emptying rate.[47]
Surgical removal of the stomach is called a gastrectomy, and removal of the cardia area is a called a cardiectomy. "Cardiectomy" is a term that is also used to describe the removal of the heart.[49][50][51] A gastrectomy may be carried out because of gastric cancer or severe perforation of the stomach wall.
The word stomach is derived from Greekstomachos (στόμαχος), ultimately from stoma (στόμα) 'mouth'.[53]Gastro- and gastric (meaning 'related to the stomach') are both derived from Greek gaster (γαστήρ) 'belly'.[54][55][56]
Other animals
Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the esophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the esophagus opening directly into the intestine. These animals all consume diets that require little storage of food, no predigestion with gastric juices, or both.[57]
Comparison of stomach glandular regions from several mammalian species. Frequency of glands may vary more smoothly between regions than is diagrammed here. Asterisk (ruminant) represents the omasum, which is absent in Tylopoda (Tylopoda also have some cardiac glands opening onto ventral reticulum and rumen[58]) Many other variations exist among the mammals.[59][60]
The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands and a posterior portion lined with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in humans. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the esophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with esophageal mucosa.[57]
In birds and crocodilians, the stomach is divided into two regions. Anteriorly is a narrow tubular region, the proventriculus, lined by fundic glands, and connecting the true stomach to the crop. Beyond lies the powerful muscular gizzard, lined by pyloric glands, and, in some species, containing stones that the animal swallows to help grind up food.[57]
In insects, there is also a crop. The insect stomach is called the midgut.
Information about the stomach in echinoderms or molluscs can be found under the respective articles.
Additional images
Image showing the celiac artery and its branches
A human stomach at autopsy showing the many folds (rugae)
^Wenzel V, Idris AH, Banner MJ, Kubilis PS, Band R, Williams JL, et al. (1998). "Respiratory system compliance decreases after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and stomach inflation: impact of large and small tidal volumes on calculated peak airway pressure". Resuscitation. 38 (2): 113–8. doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(98)00095-1. PMID9863573.
^Curtis, Helena & N. Sue Barnes (1994). Invitation to Biology (5 ed.). Worth.
^Morris D. Kerstein, Barry Goldberg, Barry Panter, M. David Tilson, Howard Spiro, Gastric Infarction, Gastroenterology, Volume 67, Issue 6, 1974, Pages 1238–1239, ISSN 0016-5085, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(19)32710-6.
^Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan H. (2009). Principles of anatomy and physiology (12., internat. student version ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 937–942. ISBN9780470233474.
^ abBrunicardi, F. Charles; Andersen, Dana K.; et al., eds. (2010). Schwartz's principles of surgery (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. ISBN978-0071547703.
^[1] Habershon, S. H. "Diseases of the Stomach: A Manual for Practitioners and Students,"Chicago Medical Book Company, 1909, page 11.
^[2] Weber, John and Shearer, Edwin Morrill "Shearer's manual of human dissection, Eighth Edition," McGraw Hill, 1999, page 157. ISBN0-07-134624-4.
^[3] Transactions of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland, Volume 14, 1896, "Birmingham, A(mbrose), "Topographical anatomy of the spleen, pancreas, duodenum, kidneys, &c.", pages 363-385. Retrieved 29 February 2011.
^[4] The Lancet, Volume 1, Part 1, 22 February 1902. page 524, "Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland." Retrieved 28 February 2012
^[5] The Dublin journal of medical science, Volume 114, page 353."Reviews and bibliographical notes." Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^Anne M. R. Agur; Moore, Keith L. (2007). Essential Clinical Anatomy (Point (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN978-0-7817-6274-8. OCLC172964542.; p. 150
^"How does the Stomach Work?". National Institute of Health: National Library of Medicine. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 21 August 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
^ abDorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 777. ISBN978-1-4160-6257-8.
^Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina (2015-01-23). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome". Science. 347 (6220): 1260419. doi:10.1126/science.1260419. ISSN0036-8075. PMID25613900. S2CID802377.
^Gremel, Gabriela; Wanders, Alkwin; Cedernaes, Jonathan; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn; Edlund, Karolina; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Uhlén, Mathias; Pontén, Fredrik (2015-01-01). "The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based profiling". Journal of Gastroenterology. 50 (1): 46–57. doi:10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7. ISSN0944-1174. PMID24789573. S2CID21302849.
^ abcGary C. Schoenwolf (2009). "Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract". Larsen's human embryology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN978-0-443-06811-9.
^Richard M. Gore; Marc S. Levine. (2007). Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology. Philadelphia, PA.: Saunders. ISBN978-1-4160-2332-6.
^ ab This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license. Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (September 13, 2023). Anatomy & Physiology. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 23.4 The Stomach. ISBN978-1-947172-04-3.
^Krehbiel, C.R.; Matthews, J.C. "Absorption of Amino acids and Peptides"(PDF). In D'Mello, J.P.F. (ed.). Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition (2nd ed.). pp. 41–70. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
^Venturi, S.; Venturi, A.; Cimini, D., Arduini, C; Venturi, M; Guidi, A. (1993). "A new hypothesis: iodine and gastric cancer". Eur J Cancer Prev. 2 (1): 17–23. doi:10.1097/00008469-199301000-00004. PMID8428171.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Lahner, E.; Conti, L.; Cicone, F. ; Capriello, S; Cazzato, M; Centanni, M; Annibale, B; Virili, C. (2019). "Thyro-entero-gastric autoimmunity: Pathophysiology and implications for patient management. A review". Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 33 (6): 101373. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2019.101373. PMID31864909. S2CID209446096.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcRomer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 345–349. ISBN978-0-03-910284-5.
^ abcdWilke, W. L.; Fails, A. D.; Frandson, R. D. (2009). Anatomy and physiology of farm animals. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 346. ISBN978-0-8138-1394-3.
External links
Look up stomach in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
High school in Louisiana, United States Not to be confused with Homer College. Homer High School Homer High School is a senior high school in Homer, Louisiana, United States and a part of the Claiborne Parish School Board.[citation needed] Athletics Homer High athletics competes in the LHSAA. Championships Football championships (5) State Championships: 1923, 1928, 1937, 1939, 2021[citation needed] In the 2021 1A state championship game, Homer defeated Logansport 37–21 at th...
Mosque in Iran Masjed-e Jāmé of IsfahanUNESCO World Heritage SiteLocationIsfahan, Isfahan Province, IranReference1397Inscription2012 (36th Session)Area2.0756 ha (5.129 acres)Buffer zone18.6351 ha (46.048 acres)Coordinates32°40′11″N 51°41′7″E / 32.66972°N 51.68528°E / 32.66972; 51.68528Location of Jameh Mosque of Isfahan in IranShow map of IranJameh Mosque of Isfahan (West and Central Asia)Show map of West and Central Asia The Jāmeh Mosque ...
Lenny Pintor Pintor en 2020Datos personalesNombre completo Lenny Jean-Pierre Pintor[1]Nacimiento París, Francia5 de agosto de 2000 (23 años)Nacionalidad(es) FrancesaAltura 1,79 m (5′ 10″)Carrera deportivaDeporte FútbolClub profesionalDebut deportivo 2017(S. C. Bastia II)Club LASK LinzLiga BundesligaPosición DelanteroGoles en clubes 17Trayectoria S. C. Bastia II (2017) Stade Brest 29 (2017-2018) Olympique de Lyon (2018-2022) → E. S. Troyes A. C. (2019-2020) → E. S....
Piala Dunia U-17 FIFAMulai digelar1985WilayahInternasional (FIFA)Jumlah tim24Juara bertahan Jerman (gelar ke-1)Tim tersukses Nigeria (5 gelar)Situs webPiala Dunia U-17 Piala Dunia U-17 FIFA 2023 Piala Dunia U-17 FIFA adalah kejuaraan sepak bola resmi yang diadakan FIFA setiap dua tahun sekali. Kejuaraan ini diikuti oleh setiap negara yang mengirimkan tim nasional sepak bola di kelompok umur di bawah 17 tahun. Sebelum dapat mengikuti kejuaraan ini setiap negara akan mengikuti kualifi...
بداية الهداية معلومات الكتاب المؤلف الإمام الغزالي البلد طوس اللغة العربية السلسلة علوم إسلامية الموضوع فقه، تصوف تعديل مصدري - تعديل بداية الهداية هو كتاب للإمام أبو حامد الغزالي، في التصوف، يعتبر مقدمة لكتاب إحياء علوم الدين.[1][2][3] وقد قسمه الغزالي إلى قس
Public secondary school in Madison, Wisconsin, United StatesMalcolm Shabazz City High SchoolAddress1601 N Sherman AvenueMadison, Wisconsin 53704United StatesCoordinates43°07′04″N 89°21′47″W / 43.117756°N 89.362965°W / 43.117756; -89.362965InformationTypePublic secondaryEstablished1971School districtMadison Metropolitan School DistrictPrincipalChantel AngelettiFaculty12Grades9–12Number of students93 (2022)[1]Websiteshabazz.madison.k12.wi.us Malcolm...
American basketball player (born 1964) For the American football defensive lineman, see Kenny Walker (American football). For other people, see Kenneth Walker (disambiguation). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Kenny...
Opioid analgesic LofentanilClinical dataOther namesLofentanil; methyl (3S,4R)-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4 -(phenyl-propanoylamino)-3-methylpiperidine-4-carboxylateATC codenoneLegal statusLegal status DE: Anlage I (Authorized scientific use only) UK: Class A US: Schedule II (fentanyl analogue; Federal Analogue Act) Identifiers IUPAC name methyl (3S,4R)-3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-[phenyl(propionyl)amino]piperidine-4-carboxylate CAS Number61380-40-3 NPubChem CID10070040ChemSpider82...
Padshah Begum of Mughal Empire Hamida Banu BegumQueen consort of the Mughal EmpireQueen mother of the Mughal EmpireArtistic portrait of Hamida Banu BegumPadshah BegumPredecessorBega BegumSuccessorSaliha Banu BegumBornc. 1527Died29 August 1604(1604-08-29) (aged 76–77)Agra, Mughal Empire (present-day India)Burial30 August 1604Humayun's Tomb, DelhiSpouse Humayun (m. 1541; d. 1556)IssueAkbar Two daughtersFatherShaikh Ali Akbar JamiMotherM...
This article contains the Meitei alphabet. Without proper rendering support, you may see errors in display. 2000 Indian filmPaariPosterDirected byAribam Syam SharmaDance Director:Pukhrambam DhanajitWritten byAribam GautamProduced byChildren's Film Society, IndiaStarringR.K. SurchandraCinematographyPhurailatpam ImochaAssistants:Irom Maipak, Yumnam Imo & N. DilipStills:Phurailatpam SwadhinkumarVideography:Saikhom BungobiEdited byUjjal NandyMusic byNgangom EbopishakSound:A. ShantimoMusic Sco...
Species of amphibian Southern torrent salamander Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Urodela Family: Rhyacotritonidae Genus: Rhyacotriton Species: R. variegatus Binomial name Rhyacotriton variegatusStebbins & Lowe, 1951 The southern torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton variegatus) is a member of the salamander family Rhyacotritonidae. This species of torrent sala...
Seorang guru sedang mempraktikkan ilmu dan seni dalam memotivasi peserta didik. Pedagogi bisa diartikan sebagai strategi atau metode mengajar. Menurut Prof Poerbakawatja (1976) pedagogi mempunyai dua arti : a. praktek, cara mengajar b. ilmu pengetahuan mengenai prinsip-prinsip atau metode mengajar.[1] Pedagogi juga kadang-kadang merujuk pada penggunaan yang tepat dari strategi mengajar. Sehubungan dengan strategi mengajar itu, filosofi mengajar diterapkan dan dipengaruhi oleh lat...
Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...
Menorcan Sobrassada and Mahón cheese Menorcan cuisine refers to the typical food and drink of Menorca. Menorca is a rocky island in the Balearic archipelago in Spain, consisting of eight municipalities. Featuring a Mediterranean climate, the weather is milder in the south while in the north there are strong winds all year round. Marine salt, carried by the wind to the pastures where cows graze, is what gives the cheese its typical flavour. Seafood is a major element of the island's cuisine, ...
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This is a list of educational and research institutions in Visakhapatnam, India. Un...
Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaChiswickSydney, New South WalesChiswick Ferry Wharf and apartmentsPopulation2,926 (2016 census)[1]Postcode(s)2046Elevation14 m (46 ft)Location9 km (6 mi) west of Sydney CBDLGA(s)City of Canada BayState electorate(s)DrummoyneFederal division(s)Reid Suburbs around Chiswick: Henley Huntleys Point Drummoyne Abbotsford Chiswick Drummoyne Abbotsford Wareemba Russell Lea Chiswick is a suburb in the Inner West[2]...
Order of the Yugoslav Star TypeNational order of merit in 4 ClassesCountry Yugoslavia Serbia and MontenegroRibbonAwarded forDevelopment and strengthening of peace and cooperation between nationsPrecedenceNext (higher)Highest (1954–1992)Order of Yugoslavia (1998–2006)Next (lower)Order of Freedom The Order of the Yugoslav Star[a] was the highest national order of merit awarded in Yugoslavia.[1] It was divided into four classes. The highest class, the Yugoslav Great...
