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A statistic (singular) or sample statistic is any quantity computed from values in a sample which is considered for a statistical purpose. Statistical purposes include estimating a population parameter, describing a sample, or evaluating a hypothesis. The average (or mean) of sample values is a statistic. The term statistic is used both for the function and for the value of the function on a given sample. When a statistic is being used for a specific purpose, it may be referred to by a name indicating its purpose.

When a statistic is used for estimating a population parameter, the statistic is called an estimator. A population parameter is any characteristic of a population under study, but when it is not feasible to directly measure the value of a population parameter, statistical methods are used to infer the likely value of the parameter on the basis of a statistic computed from a sample taken from the population. For example, the sample mean is an unbiased estimator of the population mean. This means that the expected value of the sample mean equals the true population mean.^[1]

A descriptive statistic is used to summarize the sample data. A test statistic is used in statistical hypothesis testing. A single statistic can be used for multiple purposes – for example, the sample mean can be used to estimate the population mean, to describe a sample data set, or to test a hypothesis.

Examples

Some examples of statistics are:

"In a recent survey of Americans, 52% of women say global warming is happening."

In this case, "52%" is a statistic, namely the percentage of women in the survey sample who believe in global warming. The population is the set of all women in the United States, and the population parameter being estimated is the percentage of all women in the United States, not just those surveyed, who believe in global warming.

"The manager of a large hotel located near Disney World indicated that 20 selected guests had a mean length of stay equal to 5.6 days."

In this example, "5.6 days" is a statistic, namely the mean length of stay for our sample of 20 hotel guests. The population is the set of all guests of this hotel, and the population parameter being estimated is the mean length of stay for all guests.^[2] Whether the estimator is unbiased in this case depends upon the sample selection process; see the inspection paradox.

There are a variety of functions that are used to calculate statistics. Some include:

Sample mean, sample median, and sample mode
Sample variance and sample standard deviation
Sample quantiles besides the median, e.g., quartiles and percentiles
Test statistics, such as t-statistic, chi-squared statistic, f statistic
Order statistics, including sample maximum and minimum
Sample moments and functions thereof, including kurtosis and skewness
Various functionals of the empirical distribution function

Properties

Observability

Statisticians often contemplate a parameterized family of probability distributions, any member of which could be the distribution of some measurable aspect of each member of a population, from which a sample is drawn randomly. For example, the parameter may be the average height of 25-year-old men in North America. The height of the members of a sample of 100 such men are measured; the average of those 100 numbers is a statistic. The average of the heights of all members of the population is not a statistic unless that has somehow also been ascertained (such as by measuring every member of the population). The average height that would be calculated using all of the individual heights of all 25-year-old North American men is a parameter, and not a statistic.

Statistical properties

Important potential properties of statistics include completeness, consistency, sufficiency, unbiasedness, minimum mean square error, low variance, robustness, and computational convenience.

Information of a statistic

Information of a statistic on model parameters can be defined in several ways. The most common is the Fisher information, which is defined on the statistic model induced by the statistic. Kullback information measure can also be used.

References

^ Kokoska 2015, p. 296-308.
^ Kokoska 2015, p. 296-297.

Kokoska, Stephen (2015). Introductory Statistics: A Problem-Solving Approach (2nd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-1-4641-1169-3.
Parker, Sybil P (editor in chief). "Statistic". McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1994. ISBN 0-07-042333-4. Page 1912.
DeGroot and Schervish. "Definition of a Statistic". Probability and Statistics. International Edition. Third Edition. Addison Wesley. 2002. ISBN 0-321-20473-5. Pages 370 to 371.