State coach

This article is about a type of coach. For other uses, see State Coach (disambiguation).
Northumberland State Coach (1826) for the Duke of Northumberland
A state chariot from Hanover

A state coach, also known as a gala coach, is a highly decorative ceremonial coach used in Europe by a monarch or head of state on state occasions. A four-wheeled vehicle for four passengers, it may be drawn at a walk by six or more horses with postilions, or be driven by two or more horses. The term is also used to indicate a formal town coach used by nobility and the wealthy for formal occasions, drawn by a pair of matching horses.[1]: 154 [2]: 101, 102 

A state chariot, also called a gala chariot or dress chariot, is an elaborately decorated four-wheeled vehicle for two passengers for ceremonial occasions; often the front panel is replaced by a glass panel or windscreen.[1]: 44, 154 [2]: 85  The word chariot was used in England, and coupé in France.[3]: 95 

Overview

The first state coach was built in the mid-1500s by Walter Rippon for the State Opening of Parliament,[4]: 72 [5]: 20  and most had been built by 1840.[2]: 102  State coaches are still used for royal weddings and other state ceremonial events.[4]

State coaches were built by the best coachbuilders with excellent craftsmanship and the finest finishes. Most state coaches have large glass windows so that their passengers can be seen by spectators. The interiors are trimmed in silks and the exteriors decorated with elaborate paintings, figures, coats of arms, gilt-work, and hammercloths. The coachman and footmen wear state livery and the horses are harnessed with ornate state harness.[4]: 255–6 

Typical grey coach horse, elaborate state harness and postilion rider wearing livery

The coachmen, footmen, and postilions on state coaches wore ornate livery to match the grandeur of the coaches themselves. ... dressed in appropriately ornate livery coats, richly embellished with gold cords and strappings, worn with silk knee breeches, silk stockings, buckled shoes, and a cocked hat.

— Thomas Ryder, Fashion on Wheels [3]: 94 

Early state coaches in England were drawn by cream-colored horses of Hanoverian blood. In the early 1920s they were replaced by black horses. Now, teams of greys are used for the Sovereign, and bay horses are used for other passengers. Horses may be driven, or ridden by postilion.[4]: 97, 255–6 

Another type of state coach is the cardinal's coach, which was painted red and used by cardinals.[1]: 48 [2]: 97 

List of state coaches

Image Name Built[a] State Location Notes
State Coach of Maria Francisca of Savoy, Queen of Portugal 1666 Portugal National Coach Museum
Lisbon 		Brought from France by Maria Francisca of Savoy on the occasion of her wedding to Peter II of Portugal
Swedish Coronation Coach 1696-1699, 1751 Sweden Livrustkammaren
Stockholm 		Built in Paris for Charles XI, refurbished in 1751
Speaker's State Coach 1698 United Kingdom Palace of Westminster
London 		Built for William III
State Coach of Maria Anna of Austria, Queen of Portugal 1708 Portugal National Coach Museum
Lisbon 		Given by the Holy Roman Emperor to his sister Maria Anna of Austria on the occasion of her marriage to John V of Portugal
State Coach of the Oceans 1716 Portugal National Coach Museum
Lisbon 		Built in Rome for the Portugese ambassador to the Holy See
State Coach of the Coronation of Lisbon 1716 Portugal National Coach Museum
Lisbon 		Built in Rome for the Portugese ambassador to the Holy See
State Coach of the Ambassador 1716 Portugal National Coach Museum
Lisbon 		Built in Rome for the Portugese ambassador to the Holy See
State Coach of King John V 1720 (c.) Portugal National Coach Museum
Lisbon 		Built in Portugal for John V of Portugal
Imperial Coach 1735 Austria/Germany Imperial Carriage Museum
Vienna 		Built for Charles VI
Coronation coach of Emperor Charles VII 1742 Bavaria/Germany Marstallmuseum Nymphenburg
Munich 		Built for Charles VII
Lord Mayor of London's State Coach 1757 United Kingdom Museum of London
London 		Built by Joseph Berry [5]: 145 
Gold State Coach 1762 United Kingdom Royal Mews
London 		Built for George III [2]: 100 
The Crown Prince's State Coach 1763-68 Sweden Livrustkammaren
Stockholm 		Built for crown prince Gustav
The Queen's Brussels State Coach 1780 (c.) Sweden Livrustkammaren
Stockholm 		Built in Brussels for Queen Sophia Magdalena of Sweden
Coronation coach of King Maximilian I Joseph 1806 Bavaria/Germany Marstallmuseum Nymphenburg
Munich 		Built for Maximilian I Joseph
State Coach for the Baptism of the Duke of Bordeaux 1821 France Galerie des Carrosses
Versailles 		Built fo the Baptism of the Duke of Bordeaux, redecorated 1852-53 for the wedding of Napoleon III
'The Crown' State Coach 1824 Portugal National Coach Museum
Lisbon 		Built in London for John VI
Coronation Coach of Charles X 1814-1825 France Galerie des Carrosses
Versailles 		Completed for the Coronation or 'Sacre' of Charles X
'Gran Gala Berlin' State Coach of Pope Leo XII 1824-1826 Papal States Carriage Pavilion at the Vatican Museums
Vatican City 		Built for Pope Leo XII, altered for Pope Gregory XVI[6]
Glass Coach 1826 Netherlands Royal Stables
The Hague 		Built in Brussels for William I
Scottish State Coach 1830 United Kingdom Royal Mews
London 		Built for Prince Adolphus
Golden Coupé 1840 Denmark Royal Mews and Carriage Museum,
Christiansborg Palace
Copenhagen 		Built for Christian VIII
Irish State Coach 1851 United Kingdom Royal Mews
London 		Built by Thomas Hutton, and later purchased by Queen Victoria.
Replicated by Barkers in 1911 when it was destroyed by fire at their shop [5]: 123 
Napoleon III State Coach 1852 France Art & History Museum exhibited at Autoworld
Brussels 		Built by Carrosserie Ehrler, Paris. Used at the wedding of Napoleon III
Queen Alexandra's State Coach 1865 United Kingdom Royal Mews
London 		Built as a town coach, later converted to a state coach for Queen Alexandra
New dress coach of Ludwig II 1870 Bavaria/Germany Marstallmuseum Nymphenburg
Munich 		Built for Ludwig II of Bavaria [3]: 93–4 
Glass Coach 1881 United Kingdom Royal Mews
London 		Purchased by the Crown for George V coronation in 1911
Cotillion Coach 1888 Denmark Royal Mews and Carriage Museum,
Christiansborg Palace
Copenhagen 		Miniature coach for Christian IX
State Coach of the French Republic 1896 France National Car and Tourism Museum, Compiègne Built for the French President on the occasion of the State visit of Czar Nicholas II
Golden Coach 1898 Netherlands Royal Stables
The Hague 		Built for Queen Wilhelmina
State Landau 1902 United Kingdom Royal Mews
London 		Built by Hooper for Edward VII; drawn by 6 grey horses with three postilion riders [5]: 122 
Australian State Coach 1988 United Kingdom Royal Mews
London 		Built for Elizabeth II
Diamond Jubilee State Coach 2010 United Kingdom Royal Mews
London 		Built for Elizabeth II
  • A sampling of the variety of state coaches and chariots
  • 18th century Berlin from France [7]
    18th century Berlin from France [7]
  • 1729 gala coupé, Royal House of Portugal
    1729 gala coupé, Royal House of Portugal

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Dates may be approximate, since some of the coaches took many years to complete, and others have scant records

References

  1. ^ a b c Smith, D.J.M. (1988). A Dictionary of Horse Drawn Vehicles. J. A. Allen & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0851314686. OL 11597864M.
  2. ^ a b c d e Berkebile, Donald H. (1978). Carriage Terminology: An Historical Dictionary. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. ISBN 9781935623434. OL 33342342M.
  3. ^ a b c Mackay-Smith, Alexander; Druesedow, Jean R.; Ryder, Thomas (1984). Man and the Horse: An Illustrated History of Equestrian Apparel. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870994115. OL 2859979M.
  4. ^ a b c d Walrond, Sallie (1979). The Encyclopaedia of Driving. Country Life Books. ISBN 0600331822. OL 4175648M.
  5. ^ a b c d Nockolds, Harold, ed. (1977). The Coachmakers: A History of the Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers, 1677-1977. JA Allen. ISBN 0851312705. OL 26258137M.
  6. ^ "Grand Gala Berlin". Vatican Museum. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  7. ^ "Berlinda da Casa Real" [Royal House Berlin]. National Coach Museum (Portugal) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 July 2024.

Further reading

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