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Southern Tiwa
Southern Tiwa
Native to	United States
Region	New Mexico
Ethnicity	Tiwa
Native speakers	1,600, mostly older adults (2007)
Language family	Kiowa-Tanoan Tanoan Tiwa Southern Tiwa; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tix
Glottolog	sout2961
ELP	Southern Tiwa
Linguasphere	64-CAA-b
	Southern Tiwa is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The Southern Tiwa language is a Tanoan language spoken at Sandia Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo in New Mexico and Ysleta del Sur in Texas.

Genealogical relations

Southern Tiwa belongs to the Tiwa sub-grouping of the Kiowa–Tanoan language family. It is closely related to the more northernly Picurís (spoken at Picuris Pueblo) and Taos (spoken at Taos Pueblo). Trager stated that Southern Tiwa speakers were able to understand Taos and Picurís, although Taos and Picurís speakers could not understand Southern Tiwa very easily. Harrington (1910) observed that an Isleta person (Southern Tiwa) communicated in "Mexican jargon" with Taos speakers as Taos and Southern Tiwa were not mutually intelligible.

Language variation

Southern Tiwa had three dialectal variants

Sandía
Isleta
Ysleta del Sur (Tigua)

Trager reported that Sandía and Isleta were very similar and mutually intelligible.

In August 2015, it was announced that the Tiwa language would be taught to children at Isleta Elementary School in Pueblo of Isleta, as a part of the school's transfer from federal to tribal control.^[2]

Sound system

Southern Tiwa has 29 consonants:

Consonants
		Labial	Dental	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Glottal
		Labial	Dental	plain	lateral	Palatal	plain	lab.	plain	lab.
Plosive	voiced	b	d				ɡ
	voiceless	p	t				k	kʷ	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ				kʰ
	glottalized	pʼ	tʼ				kʼ	kʼʷ
Affricate	voiceless					tʃ
Affricate	glottalized					tʃʼ
Fricative		f		s	ɬ	ʃ			h	hʷ
Rhotic				ɾ
Nasal		m	n
Approximant		w			l	j

Stops /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/ and /b, d/ may be fricated in different positions as [f, θ, x] and [β, ð] respectively.

/ɾ/ can also be heard as a trill [r] and a retroflex [ɽ].

Southern Tiwa has five vowels that have both an oral and nasal contrast.

Vowels
	Front		Central		Back
	oral	nasal	oral	nasal	oral	nasal
High	i	ĩ	ɨ	ɨ̃	u	ũ
Mid	ɛ	ɛ̃
Low					ɑ	ɑ̃

Sounds /i, ɨ, u, ɑ/ may also be heard as [ɪ, ɯ, ʊ, a].

Southern Tiwa has three tones: high, mid, and low.

References

^ Southern Tiwa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Boetel, Ryan (August 2, 2015). "A new beginning for education at Isleta Pueblo". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved 2015-10-03.

Bibliography

Allen, Barbara J. (1978). Goal advancement in Southern Tiwa. SIL working papers (No. 22). Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of North Dakota.
Allen, Barbara J.; & Frantz, Donald G. (1978). Verb agreement in Southern Tiwa. In Proceedings of the fourth annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (pp. 11–17).
Allen, Barbara J.; & Frantz, Donald G. (1983). An impersonal passive in Southern Tiwa. SIL working papers (No. 25). Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of North Dakota.
Allen, Barbara J.; Frantz, Donald G.; & Gardiner, Donna B. (1981). Phantom arcs in Southern Tiwa. SIL working papers (No. 27). Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of North Dakota.
Allen, Barbara J.; & Gardiner, Donna B. (1981). Passive in Southern Tiwa. In Proceedings of the ninth annual Southwestern Areal Language and Linguistic Workshop.
Allen, Barbara J.; Gardiner, Donna B.; & Frantz, Donald G. (1984). Noun incorporation in Southern Tiwa. International Journal of American Linguistics, 50 (3), 292-311.
Brandt, Elizabeth. (1970). Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico: A linguistics and ethnolinguistic investigation. (Doctoral dissertation, Southern Methodist University).
Brandt, Elizabeth. (1970). On the origins of linguistic stratification: The Sandia case. Anthropological Linguistics, 12 (2), 46-50.
Gardiner, Donna. (1977). Embedded questions in Southern Tiwa. (Master's thesis, University of North Dakota).
Gatschet, Albert. (1891). A mythic tale of the Isleta Indians, New Mexico. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 29, 208-218.
Harrington, J. P. (1909). Notes on the Piro language. American Anthropologist, 11 (4), 563-594.
Leap, William L. (1970). The language of Isleta, New Mexico. (Doctoral dissertation, Southern Methodist University).
Leap, William L. (1970). Tiwa noun class semology: A historical view. Anthropological Linguistics, 12 (2), 38-45.
Lummis, C. (1910). Pueblo Indian folk stories. New York: The Century Co.
Sutton, Logan D. (2014). Kiowa-Tanoan: A Synchronic and Diachronic Study. The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
Trager, George L. (1942). The historical phonology of the Tiwa languages. Studies in Linguistics, 1 (5), 1-10.
Trager, George L. (1943). The kinship and status terms of the Tiwa languages. American Anthropologist, 45 (1), 557-571.
Trager, George L. (1946). An outline of Taos grammar. In C. Osgood (Ed.), Linguistic structures in North America (pp. 184–221). New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
Yumitani, Yukihiro. (1987). A Comparative Sketch of Pueblo Languages: Phonology, Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 12, 135-139.