Slaves' Prison

Slaves' Prison
il-Ħabs il-Kbir
View of the Slaves' Prison on the centre-left
Map
Alternative namesGran Prigione
Bagnio
General information
StatusDestroyed
TypePrison
LocationValletta, Malta
Coordinates35°53′52.2″N 14°31′0.1″E / 35.897833°N 14.516694°E / 35.897833; 14.516694
Completedc. 1585
Destroyed1940s–50s
Technical details
MaterialLimestone
Floor count3
Design and construction
Architect(s)probably Girolamo Cassar

The Slaves' Prison (Italian: Bagni degli Schiavi,[1] Maltese: Il-Ħabs tal-Iskjavi) officially known as the Grand Prison (Italian: Gran Prigione; Maltese: il-Ħabs il-Kbir)[2] and colloquially as the bagnio, was a prison in Valletta, Malta. It was established in the late 16th century, and remained in use as a prison throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. It was subsequently used as a naval hospital, a school and an examination hall. It was bombed in World War II, and the ruins were demolished to make way for a block of flats.

History

The Gran Prigione (Grand Prison[3]) was established around 1585[4] during the magistracy of Hugues Loubenx de Verdalle (1582–95).[5] It was probably designed by the architect Girolamo Cassar.[6] The building served as the Order of St. John's main prison, as well as a compound in which slaves were locked up at night. It could house around 900 inmates.[7]

After 1615, the prison was supplied by water from the Wignacourt Aqueduct.[8] A Turkish slave who had been a hydrologist in Constantinople reportedly helped in the construction of the aqueduct, and in recognition of his work he was given his freedom and the prison became one of the first buildings in Valletta to be supplied by running water.[9]

The building as depicted in 1664 from the site of the Nuova Fontana, generally known as the Fountain of Neptune

By 1631, part of the building was used as the Infermeria delle Schiavi, a hospital where ill land-bound slaves were treated. Sick galley slaves were not treated there but at the Great Magazine Ward of the nearby Sacra Infermeria.[10]

In the Conspiracy of the Slaves of 1749, slaves at the Grandmaster's Palace planned to revolt, free the other slaves from the Slaves' Prison, and take over Fort Saint Elmo and the rest of Valletta.[11] After the plot was discovered and brutally suppressed, a decree was issued stating that all slaves were to be locked up at the prison at night.[12]

From 1804 to 1819, the prison was used as a temporary naval hospital with 50 beds.[5][13] After the 1806 Birgu polverista explosion, the government provided part of the prison as a store to the wine merchant Mr. Woodhouse, who had lost large quantities of wine in the disaster.[14] In 1824 part of the building was demolished, to make way for a planned Protestant church which did not materialise, only to later be rebuilt.[1] Later on in the 19th century, the building housed an elementary school, which was known as l-iskola tal-ħabs (school of the prison). It eventually became an examination hall before being closed down in 1940.[15] The building was included on the Antiquities List of 1925.[16] The prison was bombed in World War II,[17] and the ruins were subsequently demolished.[7] A large block of flats was built on its site in the 1950s.[12]

The building

View of Valletta from the Grand Harbour. The Slaves' Prison stood on the site now occupied by the large block of flats.

The prison was a large three-story building occupying an entire city block close to the Lower Barrakka Gardens.[18] A mid-19th century report describes it as:[7]

a lofty quadrangular building, standing on the brow of a hill fronting the Grand Harbour. It is isolated, being bound by Strada St Ursula in front, the ramparts behind, Strade St Christophoro and Pozzi on either side. It consists of three stories, and occupies a nearby equilateral space about 400 paces in circumference.

Other slaves' prisons were located in Birgu and Senglea, and these were both demolished in the 20th century like the Valletta prison.[18]

Life in the prison

Courtyard of flats
Block of flats

The prison contained a tavern, from which slaves could buy food and drink, a mosque for Muslim slaves,[18] and chapels dedicated to St. John the Baptist and the Holy Cross for Christian prisoners.[19][20] Parts of the prison were accessible to the public, and some slaves operated barber shops and other establishments from within the prison.[7]

A court case dated 1779 describes the situation within the prison as:[7]

nobody could claim to have a friend, on the contrary, all are enemies of each other, and traitors each and every one.

The prison was run by a Prodomo, who served as the governor and was a knight of the Order of St. John. Agozzini had direct control over the prisoners, dividing them into work gangs for the galleys, while carcerieri were responsible for the register of prisoners and probably also acted as guards.[7]

Further reading

  • Lanfranco, Guido (2007). "Xoghol Tal-Iskjavi Fost il-Maltin" (PDF). Kappelli Maltin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2016.
  • Borg-Muscat, David (2001). Henry Frendo (ed.). "Prison Life in Malta in the 18th Century: Valletta's Gran Prigione" (PDF). Storja. Malta University Historical Society: 42–51.
  • Prison closed entirely in 1853
  • Cassar, Paul (July 1968). "A medical service for slaves in Malta during the rule of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem". Medical History. 12 (3). Cambridge University Press: 270–277. doi:10.1017/S0025727300013314. PMC 1033829. PMID 4875614.

References

  1. ^ a b Bonnici, Arthur (1973). "Thirty Years to build a Protestant Church" (PDF). Melita Historica. 6 (2): 183–191. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2019.
  2. ^ Gatt, Guze (October 1935). "IL-Gazzetta tal-Gvern: 1813-1840" (PDF). Lehen Il-Malti (in Maltese). 5 (55–56). Empire Press: 18.
  3. ^ "Statement of all the property transferred to the military and naval authorities from the year 1816 to the end of 1875 with appendix". Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection. University of Mancestor: 19. 1877. JSTOR 60231726. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  4. ^ Guillaumier, Alfie (2005). Bliet u Rħula Maltin. Volume 2. Klabb Kotba Maltin. p. 935. ISBN 99932-39-40-2, ISBN 99932-39-41-0.
  5. ^ a b "Regimental Hospitals and Military Hospitals of the Malta Garrison". maltaramc.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  6. ^ Mahoney, Leonard (1996). 5000 Years of Architecture in Malta. Valletta Pub. p. 313. ISBN 9789990958157.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Borg-Muscat, David (2001). "Prison life in Malta in the 18th century – Valletta's Gran Prigione" (PDF). Storja: 42–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2016.
  8. ^ Fiteni, Leopoldo (21 May 1841). "Le conversazioni di Filoteo". Giornale Cattolico (in Italian). Senglea: From the National Central Library of Rome: 46.
  9. ^ "The Water Supply of the Maltese Islands" (PDF). Archivum Melitense. VII (1). Malta Historical and Scientific Society: 8. 1922. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
  10. ^ Savona-Ventura, Charles (2015). Knight Hospitaller Medicine in Malta [1530-1798]. Malta. pp. 98–99. ISBN 9781326482220.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ Sciberras, Sandro. "Maltese History – E. The Decline of the Order of St John In the 18th Century" (PDF). St. Benedict College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2015.
  12. ^ a b Denaro, Victor F. (1963). "Still more houses in Valletta" (PDF). Melita Historica. 3 (3): 54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2016.
  13. ^ Savona-Ventura, Charles (8 May 2016). Contemporary Medicine in Malta [1798-1979]. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781326648992.
  14. ^ "Explosion Polverista Vittoriosa". Medical Officers of the Malta Garrison. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017.
  15. ^ Cassar Pullicino, Joseph (October–December 1949). "The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory" (PDF). Scientia. 15 (4): 159. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
  16. ^ "Protection of Antiquities Regulations 21st November, 1932 Government Notice 402 of 1932, as Amended by Government Notices 127 of 1935 and 338 of 1939". Malta Environment and Planning Authority. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016.
  17. ^ Bonnici, Joseph; Cassar, Michael (2004). A Chronicle of Twentieth Century Malta. Book Distributors Limited. p. 199. ISBN 9789990972276.
  18. ^ a b c Cini, George (10 June 2002). "Horrible torture on streets of Valletta". Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  19. ^ Malta illustrata ovvero Descrizione di Malta. p. 343.
  20. ^ Scerri, John. "Valletta". malta-canada.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.