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USS Hornet vs HMS Peacock
	Part of the War of 1812
	; USS Hornet captures HMS Peacock, February 1813
Date	24 February 1813
Location	Mouth of the Demerara River, Guiana
Result	American Victory
Belligerents
United States	United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
James Lawrence	William Peake †
Strength
Sloop-of-war Hornet; 165 Marines and Sailors	Brig-sloop Peacock; 122 Marines and Sailors
Casualties and losses
5 killed (3 drowned) ; 4 wounded (1 mortally)	Peacock sunk; 17 killed (9 drowned); 33 wounded (3 mortally)

The sinking of HMS Peacock was a naval action fought off the mouth of the Demerara River, Guyana on 24 February 1813, between the sloop of war USS Hornet and the Cruizer-class brig-sloop HMS Peacock. After an exchange of broadsides, Hornet was able to rake Peacock, forcing her to strike. Peacock was so badly damaged that she sank shortly after surrendering.

Prelude

On 26 October 1812, the frigate USS Constitution and sloop Hornet sortied from Boston, Massachusetts. (The frigate USS Essex was supposed to accompany them but was undergoing repairs. Several rendezvous were assigned for Essex to meet the other two ships, but the arrangements miscarried.)^[4]

On 13 December, the two American ships arrived off Salvador, Bahia on the coast of Brazil, where they found the British sloop of war HMS Bonne Citoyenne. Commodore William Bainbridge, commanding Constitution, sent a letter to the captain of Bonne Citoyenne, challenging him to fight Hornet. The British captain refused, as his ship was carrying a valuable cargo of bullion.^[5] Bainbridge left Hornet to blockade Bonne Citoyenne and cruised to the south, looking for other prizes. Eventually he found and sank the frigate HMS Java.

Aboard Hornet, Master Commandant James Lawrence was aware from Portuguese sources that a British ship of the line was expected. On 24 January 1813, HMS Montagu appeared and Lawrence retreated into Portuguese territorial waters. After dark, he headed north along the South American coast. On 14 February, Hornet encountered and captured the British packet brig Resolution, which was carrying twenty thousand dollars in gold and silver.^[6]

Battle

On 24 February, Lawrence pursued a British merchant brig into the mouth of the Demerara River. As evening drew on, Lawrence then noted a British brig-sloop, HMS Espiegle, at anchor in the river, and another, Peacock, approaching from seaward.

Hornet beat to windward and gained the advantage of the windward position. Lawrence then tacked, and as Hornet and Peacock passed each other on opposite tacks they exchanged broadsides at "half pistol shot". Even at this close range, the British fire went high. Some American sailors were killed and wounded at the mastheads. Peacock suffered heavy damage to the hull.^[3]

Captain Peake of Peacock turned downwind to bring his opposite battery to bear, but Lawrence had carried out the same maneuver more rapidly. The starboard bow of Hornet came up against the stern of Peacock from where the British could bring no guns to bear, and from this position, Hornet's gunners shattered Peacock in a mere four minutes.^[3] Peake was killed, and his First lieutenant surrendered and almost immediately made a distress signal.

Although Espiegle was in sight throughout the engagement, it made no attempt to intervene, and Espiegle's captain later claimed that he was not aware of the action.^[7]

Casualties

The British lost 5 men killed and 33 wounded (three mortally); the Americans lost only one man killed and four wounded (one mortally), most to Peacock's first broadside.^{[nb 1]}

Aftermath

Both vessels anchored. (Peacock's main mast fell at this point.) An American prize crew went aboard Peacock and tried to plug the holes below the waterline and throw the guns overboard to lighten the brig, but Peacock sank suddenly. Three American and nine British sailors were trapped below deck and drowned. Peacock sank in only 33 feet (10 m) of water, and four British sailors saved themselves by climbing the foremast, the top of which remained above the water. Four others escaped to the shore in a boat in the confusion.

The survivors of Peacock were taken aboard Hornet, where they joined some other prisoners from captured British merchant vessels. Together with some American sailors from a recaptured prize, Hornet was now carrying 277 people. Hornet made for Martha's Vineyard, the nearest point of the American coast known not to be watched by the Royal Navy. Even so, all on board were suffering severely from shortage of water when they arrived^[6] on 19 March.^[8] The surviving officers of Peacock nevertheless testified to the generosity of Hornet's crew.^[9] Eventually, Peacock's surviving officers and crew were put on a cartel on which they reached Britain in June.

Although Peacock was more lightly armed than Hornet, mounting eighteen 24-pounder carronades to Hornet's eighteen 32-pounder carronades, the overwhelming defeat was more probably due to poor training and lack of practice at the guns. It was said that Captain Peake had concentrated on the appearance of his command rather than its fighting efficiency.^[10]^[9]

Commemoration

The sinking was rapidly celebrated in the United States in pictures and in song. Engraver Amos Doolittle created the etching The Hornet and Peacock, Or, John Bull in Distress, which was published on 1813-03-27.^[11]^[12] It shows a half-bull half-peacock being stung through the neck by a hornet.^[12] The hornet is saying "Free Trade and Sailor's Rights you old rascal!".^[12] His brother, Eliakim Doolittle, at the same time composed a song,^[13] whose first verse is:

Ye Demo's attend and ye Federalists too,
I'll sing you a song that you all know is new,
Concerning a Hornet, true stuff, I'll be bailed,
That tickled the Peacock and lowered his tail,

— The Hornet Stung The Peacock, ^[14]

A political cartoon John Bull stung to agony by the Wasp and Hornet, similarly carrying the slogan ″Huzza for ′Free Trade and Sailor's Rights′" and referring to the victories of The Wasp as well, was published on 1813-03-01 and is now in the collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania amongst others.^[15]^[16]

Notes

Footnotes

^ Lloyd's List initially reported that Captain Peake and eight of her crew were killed in the action, and 27 were wounded; 19 men, who could not be rescued, went down with her when she sank, though Hornet rescued the rest. Hornet herself had lost only one man killed and two wounded.^[8]

Citations

^ Pullen, Hugh Francis. The Shannon and the Chesapeake (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1970)^{[full citation needed]}
^ Lambert 2012^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b ^c Roosevelt, p.94
^ Roosevelt, p.67
^ Forester, p.91
^ ^a ^b Forester, p.97
^ Roosevelt, p.95
^ ^a ^b Lloyd's List 154 May 1813 [1] - accessed 13 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b Roosevelt, p.96
^ Forester, p.98
^ ^a ^b Yale.
^ ^a ^b ^c Beardsley 1914, p. 146.
^ Gleason & Becker 1981, p. 55.
^ Beardsley 1914, p. 147.
^ TUSH.
^ HSP.

Printed sources

Beardsley, William A. (1914). "An Old New Haven Engraver and his Work". Papers of the New Haven Colony Historical Society. Vol. 8. New Haven: New Haven Colony Historical Society. pp. 132–150. (An Old New Haven Engraver and his Work at the Internet Archive)
Forester, C.S. (1970)[1957] The Age of Fighting Sail. (New English Library). ISBN 0-939218-06-2
Gleason, Harold; Becker, Warren (1981). Music Literature Outlines. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Frangipani Press.
"John Bull Stung to Agony by Insects political cartoon, 1813". Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Lambert, Andrew (2012). The Challenge - Britain Against America in the War of 1812. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-27319-5.
Roosevelt, Theodore: The Naval War of 1812, Modern Library, New York, ISBN 0-375-75419-9
"John Bull Stung to Agony by the Wasp and Hornet". TeachUSHistory.
"The Hornet and Peacock, Or, John Bull in Distress". Yale University Art Gallery. 1955.44.20.