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Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (1602–1918)
*Herzogtum Sachsen-Altenburg*
Free State of Saxe-Altenburg (1918–1920)
*Freistaat Sachsen-Altenburg*
Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (1602–1918); Herzogtum Sachsen-AltenburgFree State of Saxe-Altenburg (1918–1920); Freistaat Sachsen-Altenburg
1602–1672; 1826–1920
	Flag Coat of arms
	Saxe-Altenburg within the German Empire; ; ; The Ernestine duchies after 1825, with Saxe-Altenburg in orange
Status	State of the Holy Roman Empire,; State of the German Confederation,; State of the North German Confederation,; State of the German Empire,; State of the Weimar Republic
Capital	Altenburg
Common languages	German
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Government	Duchy (1602–1918); Republic (1918–1920)
Duke
• 1603–1613	Johann Philipp (first)
• 1908–1918	Ernst II (last)
History
• Saxe-Weimar partitioned	7 July 1602
• Personal union with Saxe-Gotha*	1672–1825
• Ernestine duchies rearranged, duchy restored	12 November 1826
• German Revolution	November 1918
• Merger of Thuringia‡	1920
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Saxe-Weimar
Thuringia
Today part of	Germany
	* See Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg; † As Free State of Saxe-Altenburg; ‡ In 1920, the ex-Imperial states of Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuß all merged to form the Free State of Thuringia.

Saxe-Altenburg (German: Sachsen-Altenburg) was one of the Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine branch of the House of Wettin in present-day Thuringia.^[2] It was one of the smallest of the German states with an area of 1323 square kilometers and a population of 207,000 (1905) of whom about one fifth resided in the capital, Altenburg. The territory of the duchy consisted of two non-contiguous territories separated by land belonging to the Principality of Reuss-Gera. Its economy was based on agriculture, forestry, and small industry. The state had a constitutional monarchical form of government with a parliament composed of thirty members chosen by male taxpayers over 25 years of age.

Territory

Saxe-Altenburg had an area of 1,323 km² (510 sq. mi.) and a population of 207,000 in 1905. Its capital was Altenburg.

The duchy consisted of two separate areas: the Ostkreis, containing the cities of Altenburg, Schmölln, Gößnitz, Lucka und Meuselwitz (including the exclave of Mumsdorf), Roschütz, Hilbersdorf, Neukirchen by Waldenburg and Rußdorf by Chemnitz; and the Westkreis, which contained the cities of Eisenberg, Kahla, Orlamünde und Roda (including the exclave of Ammelstädt). The Ostkreis roughly corresponds to the modern Altenburger Land district of Thuringia, plus the area around Ronneburg in Greiz. The Westkreis is now mostly in Saale-Holzland district, with small portions in neighbouring districts. The duchy contained the Pleiße and Saale rivers.

History

Saxe-Altenburg in the 19th century, shown in relation to the Kingdom of Saxony ( pale yellow)

The duchy had its origins in the medieval Burgraviate of Altenburg in the Imperial Pleissnerland (Terra Plisensis), a possession of the Wettin Margraves of Meissen since 1243. Following the partition of Leipzig in 1485, Altenburg fell to Ernst, Elector of Saxony, the progenitor of the Ernestine Wettins.^[3] After the Capitulation of Wittenberg in 1547, the area around Altenburg went to the Albertine Electorate of Saxony, but it was transferred to the Ernestine Duchy of Saxony [de] in the Treaty of Naumburg [de] in 1554, and then to the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar following the Partition of Erfurt [de] in 1572.

When Johann Wilhelm's son and successor Friedrich Wilhelm I died in 1602, the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar passed to his younger brother Johann II. In 1603 Frederick William's eldest son Johann Philipp received the newly created Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg as compensation. It was an Imperial State in its own right, with a vote in the Reichstag, for much of the 17th century until the extinction of its ruling line in 1672 when it was inherited by Ernest I the Pious, the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, who had married the heiress.

Saxe-Altenburg thereafter remained part of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg until the extinction of that house in 1825, when Gotha and Altenburg were divided up, with Gotha going to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Altenburg to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, who in exchange gave up Hildburghausen to the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. This family ruled the duchy until the end of the monarchies in the course of the German Revolution of 1918–19. The succeeding Free State of Saxe-Altenburg was incorporated into the new state of Thuringia in 1920.

Dukes of Saxe-Altenburg

Elder line

Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1603–1639)
Friedrich Wilhelm II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1639–1669)
Friedrich Wilhelm III, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1669–1672)

Line extinct, inherited by Saxe-Gotha, thereupon Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

Junior line

Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1826–1834) (Previously Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen)
Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1834–1848)
Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1848–1853)
Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1853–1908)
Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1908–1918)

Secondary residences of the Dukes of Saxe-Altenburg

Christiansburg Castle at Eisenberg
Wolfersdorf Castle
The Old Hunting Lodge at Hummelshain
The New Hunting Lodge at Hummelshain

Notes

^ Thüringisches Staatsarchiv Altenburg (Hrsg.): Rautenkranz und rote Rose: Die Hoheitszeichen des Herzogtums und des Freistaates Sachsen Altenburg. Sax-Verlag, Altenburg, 2010.
^ "The Ernestine Line's Saxon Duchies" (Web). Historical Atlas. Tacitus Historical Atlas. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Saxe-Altenburg" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.