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Sawdonia; Temporal range: Upper Silurian–Lower Carboniferous PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Acid-prepared fossils of Sawdonia ornata (USNM 267242)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Lycophytes
Plesion:	†Zosterophylls
Genus:	†Sawdonia; Hueber (1971)
Species
	†Sawdonia ornata ; †Sawdonia acanthotheca ;

Sawdonia is an extinct genus of early vascular plants, known from the Upper Silurian to the Lower Carboniferous (430 to 320 million years ago). Sawdonia is best recognized by the large number of spikes (enations) covering the plant. These are vascular plants that do not have vascular systems in their enations. The first species of this genus (Sawdonia ornata) was described in 1859 by Sir J. William Dawson and, was originally attributed to the genus Psilophyton. He named this plant Psilophyton princeps. In 1971 Francis Hueber proposed a new genus for this species due to its "Divergent technical characters from the generic description for Psilophyton."^[1] The holotype used for description is Dawson Collection Number 48, pro parte, Museum Specimen Number 3243. (See Dawson 1871, Plate IX, fig 101.) Sir J. William Dawson Collection, Peter Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.^[1]

Morphology

These plants are described by Hueber as having monopodially branched stems, that are unridged, spinous and circinately tipped. The sporangia are described as round in abaxial view, and oval in lateral view. These sporangia are formed laterally and singular on short stalks. The sporangium split along convex margins into equal valves in a trilete fashion. The spines are tapered and pointed lower on the plant but form loose spikes at end of the plant. The xylem are just one solid strand. The epidermal cells have cuticular papillae. There are stomata located on the on stem but not on spine surfaces.^[1]

Sawdonia is defined by Francis Hueber in his 1971 paper as follows:

Having stems up to 5 mm in diameter without measuring the spikes
Multi cellular spines measuring 0.5-1.8 mm at the base, reaching 0.5-3.9mm long, with a density range of 4 to 45 per cm of stem
Sporangia: 3-3.5 mm in diameter, with stalks 0.5-0.75 mm long and 1-1.25 mm wide
A present Vascular strand
Spores: round to sub-triangular, 54-64 um, trilete simple structure
An oval xylem strand when viewed in cross section .074x0.34 mm in diameter
Trachieds that have a helical scalariform
Stomata 39-72 um long, 17-34 um wide, with parallel elongation in regards to the axis of the stem, with a thickened outer wall of guard cells^[1]

Sawdonia ornata fossils from Gaspé, Quebec

Taxonomy

Classification

There is agreement that Sawdonia was a zosterophyll – a group of plants on the line of evolution leading to the modern lycopodiopsids. In their 1997 cladistic study, Kenrick and Crane placed Sawdonia in the family Sawdoniaceae, order Sawdoniales.^[2] An alternative view places the genus in the family Gosslingiaceae, order Gosslingiales.^[3]

Species

Sawdonia ornata^[4]
Sawdonia acanthotheca^[5]
Sawdonia curstipa (disputed)^[6]

Range

Sawdonia had an extremely broad range, with many specimens found in Canada (Battery Point Formation),^[7] Venezuela (Campo Chico Formation),^[8] England and Scotland (Strathmore Group).^[9] There have even been a species that has been found across China, that might fall under the Sawdonia genus.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hueber, Francis M (1971). "Sawdonia Ornata: A New Name for Psilophyton princeps var. Ornatum". Taxon. 20 (4): 641–2. doi:10.2307/1218284. JSTOR 1218284.
^ Kenrick, Paul, and Peter R. Crane. The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: a Cladistic Study. Smithsonian Inst. Press, 1997.^{[page needed]}
^ Hao, Shougang & Xue, Jinzhuang (2013), The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan: a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and early diversification of vascular plants, Beijing: Science Press, Table 4.3, p. 53, ISBN 978-7-03-036616-0
^ Gensel, Patricia G; Berry, Christopher M (2016). "Sporangial Morphology of the Early Devonian Zosterophyll Sawdonia ornata from the Type Locality (Gaspé)" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 177 (7): 618–32. doi:10.1086/687301. S2CID 51541053.
^ Gensel, Patricia G; Andrews, Henry N; Forbes, William H (1975). "A New Species of Sawdonia with Notes on the Origin of Microphylls and Lateral Sporangia". Botanical Gazette. 136 (1): 50–62. doi:10.1086/336782. S2CID 84204867.
^ Xu, Hong-He (2011). "Re-examination of specimens attributed to Sawdonia curstipa Wang and Hao (zosterophyll) from the Middle Devonian of Xinjiang, China". Palaeoworld. 20 (4): 357–61. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2011.06.003.
^ Gensel, Patricia G.; Berry, Christopher M. (2016-09-01). "Sporangial Morphology of the Early Devonian Zosterophyll Sawdonia ornata from the Type Locality (Gaspé)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 177 (7): 618–632. doi:10.1086/687301. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 51541053.
^ Berry, Christopher M.; Gensel, Patricia G. (2019-07-01). "Late Mid Devonian Sawdonia (Zosterophyllopsida) from Venezuela". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 180 (6): 540–557. doi:10.1086/702940. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 155145366.
^ Rayner, R. J. (1983). "New observations on Sawdonia ornata from Scotland". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 74 (2): 79–93. doi:10.1017/S026359330001018X. ISSN 1473-7116. S2CID 130271616.