Saquinavir was patented in 1988 and first sold in 1995.[5][6]
Medical uses
Saquinavir is used together with other medications to treat or prevent HIV/AIDS.[4] Typically it is used with ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir to increase its effect.[4]
Side effects
The most frequent adverse events with saquinavir in either formulation are mild gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhoea, nausea, loose stools and abdominal discomfort. Invirase is better tolerated than Fortovase.[medical citation needed]
Bioavailability and drug interactions
Saquinavir, in the Invirase formulation, has a low and variable oral bioavailability, when given alone. The Fortovase formulation at the standard dosage delivers approximately eightfold more active drug than Invirase, also at the standard dosage.[7]
In the clinic, it was found that the oral bioavailability of saquinavir in both formulations significantly increases when patients also receive the PI ritonavir. For patients, this has the major benefit that they can take less saquinavir, while maintaining sufficient saquinavir blood plasma levels to efficiently suppress the replication of HIV.[medical citation needed]
The mechanism behind this welcome observation was not directly known, but later it was determined that ritonavir inhibits the cytochrome P4503A4 isozyme. Normally, this enzyme metabolizes saquinavir to an inactive form, but with the ritonavir inhibiting this enzyme, the saquinavir blood plasma levels increased considerably. Additionally, ritonavir also inhibits multidrug transporters, although to a much lower extent.[medical citation needed]
Unlike other protease inhibitors, the absorption of saquinavir seems to be improved by omeprazole.[8]
Mechanism of action
Saquinavir is a protease inhibitor. Proteases are enzymes that cleave protein molecules into smaller fragments. HIV protease is vital for both viral replication within the cell and release of mature viral particles from an infected cell. Saquinavir binds to the active site of the viral protease and prevents cleavage of viral polyproteins, preventing maturation of the virus. Saquinavir inhibits both HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases.[9]
History
New HIV infections and deaths, before and after the FDA approval of "highly active antiretroviral therapy",[10] of which saquinavir, ritonavir and indinavir were key as the first three protease inhibitors.Cully M (28 November 2018). "Protease inhibitors give wings to combination therapy". Nature Research. Open Publishing. Retrieved 28 October 2020. As a result of the new therapies, HIV deaths in the United States fell dramatically within two years.[10]
Saquinavir was developed by the pharmaceutical company Roche.[11] Saquinavir was the sixth antiretroviral and the first protease inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), leading ritonavir and indinavir by a few months.[12] This new class of antiretrovirals played a critical role in the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which helped significantly lower the risk of death from AIDS-related causes, as seen by a reduction of the annual U.S. HIV-associated death rate, from over 50,000 to about 18,000 over a period of two years.[10][13]
Roche requested and received approval of Invirase via the FDA's "Accelerated Approval" program—a process designed to speed drugs to market for the treatment of serious diseases—a decision that was controversial, as AIDS activists disagreed over the benefits of thorough testing versus early access to new drugs.[14][better source needed] It was approved again on November 7, 1997, as Fortovase,[15] a soft gel capsule reformulated for improved bioavailability. Roche announced in May 2005 that, given reduced demand, Fortovase would cease being marketed early in 2006, in favor of Invirase boosted with ritonavir,[16] owing to the ability of the latter co-formulated drug to inhibit the enzyme that metabolizes the AIDS drugs.[citation needed]
a hard-gel capsule formulation of the mesylate, with trade name Invirase, which requires combination with ritonavir to increase the saquinavir bioavailability;
a soft-gel capsule formulation of saquinavir (microemulsion,[18] orally-administered formulation), with trade name Fortovase, which was discontinued worldwide in 2006.[19]
^Roche Products Pty Limited (6 November 2018). "Invirase® (Saquinavir mesilate)". Australian Product Information – via MedAdvisor International Pty Ltd.
^ abcdefghi"Saquinavir". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^ abcCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (3 June 2011). "HIV Surveillance—United States, 1981-2008". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 60 (21): 689–693. PMID21637182. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
^The CDC, in its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, ascribes this to "highly active antiretroviral therapy", without mention of either of these drugs, see the preceding citation. A further citation is needed to make this accurate connection between this drop and the introduction of the protease inhibitors.
