In the early 1800s, the Kanza tribal land reached eastward from the middle of the Kansas Territory. In 1858, settlers from Lawrence founded the Salina Town Company with a wagon circle, under constant threat of High Plains tribal attacks from the west. It was named for the salty Saline River. Saline County was soon organized around this township, and in 1870, Salina incorporated as a city.
By the time of exploration of the prairie by the United States following the Louisiana Purchase in the early 1800s, the Republican Pawnee had established its influence in the Smoky Hills,[11] driving the Kansa to its northeastern Kansas settlements.[12][13][14][15]
The United States established forts throughout the territory to provide security for established commercial trade trails, including the Smoky Hill Trail and the Santa Fe Trail. The Smoky Hill Trail passed through the Salina site where the Fort Riley/Fort Larned Road split off to cross the Smoky Hill River to the southwest.[citation needed]
Battle of Indian Rock: 1857
By the time of the first tentative settlements by United States citizens, the site was claimed as hunting grounds by the High Plains tribes of Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Sioux, which had expanded into the area, driving out the Pawnee. However, the Kansa continued to hunt in the area, in which they were joined by the Delaware and Potawatomi tribes which had been relocated by the U.S. Government near the Kansa's reserve and assured of hunting access to the plains. The High Plains tribes were hostilely opposed to both the U.S. settlers in central Kansas and to the relocated tribes in Eastern Kansas and Nebraska, who they also regarded as settlers, and there were several raids in the Salina area in the 1850s. These Indian skirmishes repeatedly discouraged settlement of the Salina site until 1857, according to William A. Phillips who resided in Lawrence while scouting settlement locations.[16]
In that year, Big Chief of the Cheyenne led a party of the High Plains tribes. At Spring Creek, 20 miles west of what became Salina, they made a surprise attack on a hunting party of the "friendly" Eastern tribes. The hunting party retreated to Dry Creek, trapped and sending for help from another Kaw hunting party from Council Grove. Big Chief forced them to flee further to a butte in a bend of the Smoky Hill River, where they were joined by the Kaw reinforcements with rifles. Firing rifles from the cover of large sandstone boulders atop the butte, the defenders killed Big Chief on the first of five offensive charge attempts. His attacking bow and arrow force was devastated, leaving bodies strewn, and effectively ending the local raids.[16][17]
The aftermath was recalled by settler Christina Campbell: "one of the fiercest and most cruel Indian battles known to white settlers; around were strewn thousands of arrows and implements of Indian warfare. Indian Rock, besmeared with blood, showed the part it played in repelling the repeated savages' attacks. It was here that the Cheyenne made their last attack."[16]
The defeat of the aggressive High Plains tribes had enabled the safe return of attempted settlers. In April 1858, journalist and lawyer William A. Phillips from Lawrence led the founding of Salina, accompanied by settlers David Phillips, Alexander M. Campbell Sr. (husband of Christina), A.C. Spillman, and James Muir. They were all Scotch Presbyterians, and all but Muir were related. From a west riverbank dugout at what is now Riverside Park, they camped and designed the first building. It was a two-story dwelling and Campbell's store, at what is now the southwest corner of 5th St and Iron Ave near Founders Park. Constant tribal attacks required a wagon circle around the first water well one block west. The Campbells had the first surviving settler birth in the area, also named Christina.[18][16]
In 1862, residents fended off Indian raiders and suffered a second assault by bushwhackers.[19] In May and June 1864, the Salina Stockade was built to protect the town against further Indian raids.Union troops were garrisoned in Salina until March 1865, and some may have returned in June 1865.[citation needed] The building inside the stockade was remodeled and in September 1864 was opened as Salina's first public school. The school term ran until March 1865. The use of the building probably continued until at least June 1865.[20][21]
Growth resumed with returning war veterans, and the town expanded rapidly with the arrival of the Kansas Pacific Railway in 1867. The construction of the railroad through Salina to Denver was a violation of treaty promises of Indian hunting grounds west of Salina, and Dog Soldiers began raiding the construction parties between Salina and Fort Wallace.[22] The following U.S. military action removed Indians from western Kansas by 1868.[citation needed]
The cattle trade arrived in 1872, transforming Salina into a cowtown. It brought further prosperity, but also a rowdy culture that agitated local residents. The cattle trade relocated westward just two years later.[24] During the 1870s, wheat became the dominant crop in the area, steam-poweredflour mills were built, and agriculture became the engine of the local economy. In 1874, Salina resident E. R. Switzer introduced alfalfa to area farmers, and its cultivation spread throughout the state. By 1880, the city had become an area industrial center with several mills, a carriage and wagon factory, and a farm implement works.[25] In 1889, the original garment factory of jeans maker Lee was opened.[26] In the following decade, three railroads were built through the city.[25] The success of the wholesale and milling industries drove Salina's growth into the early 1900s, such that it was at one point the third-largest producer in the state and the sixth-largest in the United States.[17]
In 1943, the U.S. Army established Smoky Hill Army Airfield southwest of the city. The installation served as a base for strategic bomber units throughout World War II. Renamed Smoky Hill Air Force Base in 1948, it was closed the following year and was reopened in 1951 as Schilling Air Force Base, part of the Strategic Air Command.[27] The re-opening triggered an economic boom in Salina, causing the city's population to increase by nearly two-thirds during the 1950s.[17] The U.S. Department of Defense closed the base permanently in 1965, but the city of Salina acquired it and converted it into Salina Municipal Airport and an industrial park.[27] This led to substantial industrial development, attracted firms such as Beechcraft, and made manufacturing a primary driver of the local economy.[28]
Salina lies in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) west-southwest of the confluence of the Saline and Smoky Hill Rivers.[30] The Smoky Hill River runs north then northeast through the eastern part of the city; the Saline River flows southeast immediately north of the city.[31] In the northeast part of the city, the old channel of the Smoky Hill branches from the river's current course and winds west, north, and back east before draining back into the river. Mulberry Creek, a tributary of the Saline, flows northeast through the far northern part of the city. Dry Creek, a tributary of Mulberry Creek, flows north through the western part of the city.[32]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 25.15 square miles (65.14 km2), of which 25.11 square miles (65.03 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) is water.[33]
Climate
Salina lies in the transition area between North America's humid subtropical (KöppenCfa) and humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) zones. Consequently, summers are typically hot and humid, and winters are typically cold and dry.[34] On average, January is coldest, July is hottest, and May has the greatest precipitation.[35]
Salina is in a region prone to severe thunderstorms with damaging winds, hail, and tornadoes. On June 21, 1969, an F3 tornado struck the southern part of the city, severely damaging or destroying more than 100 homes and businesses and injuring 60 people.[36] On September 25, 1973, a second F3 tornado passed through the southeast part of town, injuring six people and destroying two houses and a trailer park.[37] On June 11, 2008, another EF3 tornado passed on the south side of the town, severely damaging several buildings.[38]
The annual average temperature in Salina is 56.1 °F (13 °C). The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 31.0 °F (−0.6 °C) in January to 81.1 °F (27.3 °C) in July. The high temperature reaches or exceeds 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 67.6 days per year and reaches or exceeds 100 °F (38 °C) an average of 15.9 days per year. The low temperature falls below the freezing point, 32 °F (0 °C), an average of 115.5 days per year and below 0 °F (−18 °C) an average of 2.1 days per year.[39] The hottest temperature recorded in Salina is 118 °F (48 °C) on August 13, 1936; the coldest temperature recorded is −31 °F (−35 °C) on February 13, 1905.[40]
On average, Salina receives 32.2 in (818 mm) of precipitation per year with the largest share being received from May to August.[39] The average relative humidity is 64%.[41] Snowfall averages 16.6 inches (42 cm) per year.[42]
Climate data for Salina, Kansas Salina Regional Airport (KSLN), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1900–present
The 2020 United States census[46] counted 46,889 people, 19,245 households, and 11,159 families in Salina. The population density was 1,824.5 per square mile (704.4/km2). There were 21,024 housing units at an average density of 818.1 per square mile (315.8/km2). The racial makeup was 78.14% (36,639) white, 3.8% (1,780) black or African-American, 0.67% (315) Native American, 2.34% (1,097) Asian, 0.06% (29) Pacific Islander, 4.55% (2,133) from other races, and 10.44% (4,896) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 12.5% (5,837) of the population.
Of the 19,245 households, 25.4% had children under the age of 18; 43.7% were married couples living together; 30.4% had a female householder with no husband present. 36.9% of households consisted of individuals and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 3.1.
23.2% of the population was under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.0 years. For every 100 females, the population had 98.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 96.4 males.
The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey[47] estimates show that the median household income was $49,870 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,394) and the median family income $68,074 (+/- $5,484). Males had a median income of $35,303 (+/- $3,159) versus $26,949 (+/- $1,154) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $30,335 (+/- $1,129). Approximately, 7.6% of families and 11.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.6% of those under the age of 18 and 11.7% of those ages 65 or over.
2010 census
As of the 2010 census[update], there were 47,707 people, 19,391 households, and 12,024 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,092.4 inhabitants per square mile (807.9/km2). There were 20,803 housing units at an average density of 916.4 per square mile (353.8/km2). The racial makeup was 86.2% White, 3.7% African American, 2.3% Asian, 0.5% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.8% from some other race, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 10.7% of the population.[48]
There were 19,391 households, of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.3% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.0% were non-families. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39, and the average family size was 2.99.[48]
The population was spread out, with 25.1% of residents under the age of 18; 9.9% between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.4% from 25 to 44; 25.3% from 45 to 64; and 14.3% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.4 years. The gender makeup was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.[48]
The median income for a household was $42,027, and the median income for a family was $54,491. Males had a median income of $39,143 versus $28,145 for females. The per capita income was $23,253. About 9.3% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.1% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.[48]
2000 census
As of the census[update][49] of 2000, there were 45,679 people, 18,523 households, and 11,873 families. The population density was 2,009.6 inhabitants per square mile (775.9/km2). There were 19,599 housing units at an average density of 862.2 per square mile (332.9/km2). The racial makeup was 87.76% White, 3.57% Black or African American, 0.56% Native American, 1.96% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 3.78% from other races, and 2.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.71% of the population.[49]
There were 18,523 households, of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.98.
The population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.
The median income for a household was $36,066, and the median income for a family was $45,433. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $21,944 for females. The per capita income was $18,593. About 6.7% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.[48]
Economy
Downtown Salina grain elevators
Salina hosted the first garment factory for Lee Jeans, which opened in 1889.[26]
Manufacturing, education, health, and social services are the predominant industries in Salina.[50] Agricultural transportation is also a major industry.[50] Major employers include these: Tony's Pizza, a Schwan Food Company brand, has operations in Salina to produce frozen pizzas and food for school cafeterias and other institutions;[51]Philips Lighting, a manufacturer of lighting;[52]Exide Battery, a storage battery manufacturer;[53] Great Plains Manufacturing, a farm equipment manufacturer;[54]ElDorado National, a commercial bus manufacturer;[55] and Asurion, an insurance provider.
As of 2010[update], 71.0% of the population over the age of 16 was in the labor force. 0.4% was in the armed forces, and 70.6% was in the civilian labor force with 66.9% being employed and 3.7% unemployed. The composition, by occupation, of the employed civilian labor force was: 27.2% in management, business, science, and arts; 25.4% in sales and office occupations; 19.4% in service occupations; 9.9% in natural resources, construction, and maintenance; 18.2% in production, transportation, and material moving. The three industries employing the largest percentages of the working civilian labor force were: educational services, health care, and social assistance (21.2%); manufacturing (17.8%); and retail trade (13.1%).[48]
The cost of living in Salina is relatively low; compared to a U.S. average of 100, the cost of living index is 80.9.[56] As of 2010[update], the median home value was $109,700, the median selected monthly owner cost was $1,070 for housing units with a mortgage and $396 for those without, and the median gross rent was $599.[48]
Top employers
As of Salina's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[57] these were the employers with the most employees in 2019:
Salina is a city of the first class with a commission-manager form of government which it adopted in 1921.[58][59] The city commission consists of five members elected at large, one of whom the commission annually selects to serve as mayor. Commission candidates who receive the most and second–most votes are elected for a four-year term; the candidate who receives the third most votes is elected for a two-year term.[59] The commission sets policy and appoints the city manager, who serves as the chief executive, responsible for administering the city government and appointing all city employees.[60]
The Salina Fire department operates four stations inside the city.[citation needed]
Salina is the county seat of Saline County. The county courthouse is located downtown, and all departments of the county government base their operations in the city.[61]
The primary public school district for almost all of the city of Salina is USD 305. A small area of Salina is located within three other public school districts: USD 306, USD 307, USD 400.[62][63]
Southeast of Saline USD 306 school district includes a tiny amount of the south side of Salina,[62] and its borders are along or near the southeast side of Salina.
Ell–Saline USD 307 school district includes a tiny amount of the southwest side of Salina,[62] and its borders are along or near the west side of Salina.
Smoky Valley USD 400 school district includes the Salina landfill (legally part of Salina), which is located north of the city of Smolan,[62] but there are no houses within that part of Salina.
Interstate 70 and U.S. Route 40 run concurrently east-west north of Salina. Interstate 135 and U.S. Route 81 run concurrently north-south along the west side of the city. The I-70/I-135 interchange northwest of the city is the northern terminus of I-135.[69]K-140, which approaches Salina from the southwest, formally ends at its interchange with I-135, and enters the city as State Street. North of Salina, the city's main north-south thoroughfare, Ninth Street, becomes K-143 at its interchange with I-70.[32]
Union Pacific Railroad operates one freight rail line through Salina. Its Kansas Pacific (KP) Line runs northeast-southwest through the northern part of the city.[32][72] Salina is the southeastern terminus for the Kyle Railroad and the Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad.[73]
Utilities
The city government's Department of Public Works is responsible for water treatment and distribution, waste water removal, sewer maintenance, and trash collection. Westar Energy provides electric power.[74] Residents primarily use natural gas for heating fuel, provided by Kansas Gas Service.[56][74]
Health care
The two hospital systems are Salina Regional Health Center, a 204-bed not-for-profit general medical and surgical facility, and Salina Surgical Hospital, a specialized, 16-bed surgical facility.[75][76]
Salina is a center of broadcast media for North Central Kansas. Three AM and 13 FM radio stations are licensed to or broadcast from the city.[78] Salina is in the Wichita-Hutchinson television market, and five television stations broadcast from the city.[79][80] These include two independent stations and ABC, Fox, and NBC affiliates which are satellites of their respective affiliates in Wichita.[81][82] Salina has the only public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable TV channels in the state. Cox Communications is the main cable system serving the city, and customers can see local programming and create their own programming to be shown on channels 20 and 21.[citation needed]
Each June, the Salina Arts & Humanities department holds the Smoky Hill River Festival lasting three and a half days, with arts and crafts shows, music concerts, games, and other activities. Originally held as a downtown street parade in 1976 to celebrate the United States Bicentennial, the festival proved popular enough for the city to hold it every year.[83] To celebrate Independence Day, the city puts on its All American Fourth and Play Day in the Park which includes children’s games, music, and dance performances in Oakdale Park.[84] The Smoky Hill Museum Street Fair in September includes a parade, a chili cook-off, and historic demonstrations.[85] In November, downtown Salina hosts the Christmas festival which includes a 5k run, a mile walk, live music, dance performances, children's entertainment, and the Parade of Lights.[86]
Points of interest
Operated by the city government's Arts & Humanities department, the Smoky Hill Museum contains artifacts, exhibits, and public educational programs on local history, agriculture, and education with collections dating back to 1879.[87]
The Tony's Pizza Events Center (formerly Bicentennial Center) is the primary venue in the city for large indoor events. It includes a 7,500-seat multipurpose arena and the 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m2) Heritage Hall convention center. The Center hosts concerts, sporting events, and trade shows.[88]
The Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure is a public zoo and wildlife park located 6 miles (9.7 km) west of the city near Hedville. It has animal exhibits, an art gallery, and a wildlife museum.[89]
Indian Rock Park is the tallest point in the area, mainly featuring a hill within the vast Wellington Formation stretching from Nebraska to Oklahoma. In the late 1950s, part of the hill was excavated for flood control after the Great Flood of 1951, diverting the Smoky Hill River along the edge of the park and creating 80-foot steep shale bluffs. It has a panoramic view of the city, a river fishing pier, a pond from the former brick factory, and hiking trails.[16]
Salina Community Theatre (SCT) is a regionally acclaimed theater, producing seven seasonal shows and three summer shows every year. Productions include the contemporary, such as ABBA's Mamma Mia! and Disney's Newsies, and classics such as Miracle on 34th Street.[90]
Salina hosts the Kansas State High School Activities Association (KSHSAA) Class 4A state wrestling tournament and the Class 3A & 4A volleyball tournaments, the Class 4A state basketball tournament, and the Class 4A state softball tournament. Salina also occasionally hosts the Class 4A state baseball tournament and one of the state championship football games.
Scenes in the 1955 movie Picnic, starring William Holden and Kim Novak, were filmed in Salina: the train arrival and The Bensons' mansion.
Millie Dillmount, the fictional main character in the musical Thoroughly Modern Millie, is from Salina. She leaves home for New York City, determined never to return, as depicted in the opening number, "Not for the Life of Me".
In Alfred Hitchcock's film Vertigo, the character Judy Barton (played by Kim Novak) comes from 425 Maple Avenue in Salina.
^Pike, Zebulon (1895). Coues, Elliott (ed.). The Expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike: Arkansaw Journey. Mexican Tour. New York, NY: Francis P. Harper. pp. 417–652. Were overtaken by the Pawnee chief whose party we left the day before, who informed us the hunting-party had taken another road, and that he had come to bid us goodbye. "From Pawnee Village through Kansas ... " Zebulan Pike recorded the Pawnee's control of the Smoky Hills through to the Great Bend of the Arkansas River.
^Frémont, J. C. 1934. The expeditions of John Charles Frémont. (D. Jackson and M. L. Spence, Eds.). University of Illinois Press, Chicago. Fremont observed Pawnee desolation of Kaw villages "After crossing this stream, I rode off some miles to the left, attracted by the appearance of a cluster of huts near the mouth of the [Little] Vermillion. It was a large but deserted Kansas village, scattered in an open wood along the margin of the stream, on a spot chosen with the customary Indian fondness for beauty and scenery. The Pawnees had attacked it in the early spring [of 1843]. Some of the houses were burnt, and others blackened with smoke, and weeds were already getting possession of the cleared places."
^ abcdefLichti, Carol (February 25, 1996). "On Hallowed Ground : Story of Indian Rock and Lakewood". The Salina Journal. Salina, Kansas. p. 47. Retrieved December 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. As news of the battle spread, the potential for settlement lured Phillips, who was in Lawrence, to return to the area where Salina would be founded.
^ abc"History". City of Salina. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
^ abcBlackmar, Frank W., ed. (1912). "Salina". Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc. Vol. 2. Chicago: Standard. pp. 634–635.
^Bramwell, Ruby P. (1969). City on the Move: The Story of Salina. Salina: Survey Press. p. 61.
^Collins. Kansas Pacific. p. 13. [After Fort Hays, it] would then enter the country of three nomadic Indian tribes: the Cheyenne, Arapahoe and Kiowa. ... mile and a half per day. ... Then the Indian raids began.
^Blackmar, Frank W., ed. (1912). "Saline County". Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc. Vol. 2. Chicago: Standard. pp. 635–639.
^Cutler, William G. (1883), "Salina, Part 1", History of the State of Kansas, Chicago: A.T. Andreas
^ abWPA (1949). Kansas: A Guide to the Sunflower State. New York City: Hastings House. p. 273.
^"Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculator". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 7, 2010. Used Latitude/Longitude of river confluence from United States Geological Survey and the latitude/longitude given on this page for Salina to calculate distance.
^Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.: Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1633-1644, doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007, 2007.
^Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant tornadoes, 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Environmental Films. p. 1105. ISBN1-879362-03-1.
^Phillips, Barbara (September 27, 1973). "Tornadoes take heavy Kansas toll". Salina Journal. p. 2.
^ abSaline County Emergency Management (February 2009). "It Can Happen Here". A Study of the Hazards affecting Saline County, Kansas and their effects on the Community. Saline county Emergency Management. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
^The Schwan Food Company (2007). "Communities of Operation". theschwanfoodcompany.com. The Schwan Food Company. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
^Web Creations and Consulting (2006). "About the Company". enconline.com. ElDorado National. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
^Salina Journal staff (January 9, 2012). "A look back". The Salina Journal. Neighbors section, page 5. Most of the talks were nostalgic remembrances of Salina of the 1930s when Paul Harvey worked for a local radio station.
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