Rose-breasted grosbeak

Rose-breasted grosbeak
Adult female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Cardinalidae
Genus: Pheucticus
Species:
P. ludovicianus
Binomial name
Pheucticus ludovicianus
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Range in northern America:
  Breeding range
  Migration only range
  Wintering range
Synonyms
  • Loxia ludoviciana Linnaeus, 1766
  • Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linnaeus, 1766)
immature male, Honduras
Pheucticus ludovicianus - Rose-breasted Grosbeak

The rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus), colloquially called "cut-throat" due to its coloration,[2][3] is a large, seed-eating grosbeak in the cardinal family (Cardinalidae). It is primarily a foliage gleaner.[4] Males have black heads, wings, backs, and tails, and a bright rose colored patch on their white breast. Males and females exhibit marked sexual dimorphism.

Breeding habitat consists of cool-temperate open deciduous woods throughout much of eastern North America, with migration to tropical America in winter. Rose-breasted grosbeaks have an average maximum lifespan of 7.3 years in the wild, and up to 24 years in captivity. Death in the wild is generally due to collision with objects (buildings, cars, etc.) and predation, to eggs, nestlings and adults.

Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the rose-breasted grosbeak in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Louisiana. He used the French name Le gros-bec de la Louisiane and the Latin Coccothraustes Ludoviciana.[5] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.[6] When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson.[6] One of these was the rose-breasted grosbeak. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Loxia ludoviciana and cited Brisson's work.[7] This species is now placed in the genus Pheucticus that was introduced by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach in 1850.[8][9] The species is monotypic.[9]

The genus name Pheucticus is from Ancient Greek φευκτικός - pheuktikós, "shy", from φεύγω - pheúgo, "to flee", and the specific ludovicianus is from Neo-Latin and refers to Louisiana.[10]

Description

Immature male
Two males at feeder

Adult birds are 18–22 cm (7.1–8.7 in) long, span 29–33 cm (11–13 in) across the wings and weigh 35–65 g (1.2–2.3 oz).[11][12] Grosbeaks measured during migration in the West Indies averaged 43 g (1.5 oz), while those banded in Pennsylvania average about 45 g (1.6 oz).[13][14] Very little sexual dimorphism in size is seen; females were found to be marginally smaller in standard measurements, but in some seasons were marginally heavier than males when banded in Pennsylvania.[14][15][16] At all ages and in both sexes, the beak is dusky horn-colored, and the feet and eyes are dark.[17]

The adult male in breeding plumage has a black head, wings, back, and tail, and a bright rose-red patch on its breast; the wings have two white patches and rose-red linings. Its underside and rump are white. Males in nonbreeding plumage have largely white underparts, supercilium, and cheeks. The upperside feathers have brown fringes, and most wing feathers white ones, giving a scaly appearance. The bases of the primary remiges are also white. The coloration renders the adult male rose-breasted grosbeak (even while wintering) unmistakable if seen well.

The adult female has dark grey-brown upperparts – darker on wings and tail – a white supercilium, a buff stripe along the top of the head, and black-streaked white underparts, which except in the center of the belly have a buff tinge. The wing linings are yellowish, and on the upperwing are two white patches like in the summer male. Immatures are similar, but with pink wing-linings and less prominent streaks and usually a pinkish-buff hue on the throat and breast. At one year of age—in their first breeding season—males are scaly above like fully adult males in winter plumage, and still retain the immature's browner wings. Unlike males, females can easily be confused with the black-headed grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus) where their ranges overlap in the central United States and south-central Canada. The rose-breasted grosbeak female has slightly darker brown markings on the underside, paler rather yellowish streaking on both the head and wings and paler, pinkish (rather than bi-colored) bill when compared to the female black-headed grosbeak.[18] A potential confusion species also is the female purple finch (Haemorhous purpureus), but that species is noticeably smaller with a less robust bill and a notched tail.[19]

The song is a subdued mellow warbling, resembling a more refined, sweeter version of the American robin's (Turdus migratorius). Males start singing early, occasionally even when still in winter quarters. The call is a sharp pink or pick, somewhat reminiscent of a woodpecker call.

Distribution and habitat

The rose-breasted grosbeak's breeding habitat is open deciduous woods across most of Canada and the northeastern United States. In particular, the northern birds migrate south through the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, to winter from central-southern Mexico through Central America and the Caribbean to Peru and Venezuela. The southern limit of its wintering range is not well known; it was, for example, only recorded in the Serranía de las Quinchas (Colombia) in the 1990s. In winter, they prefer more open woodland, or similar habitat with a loose growth of trees, such as forest edges, parks, gardens, and plantations, ranging from sea level into the hills, e.g. up to 5,000 ft (1,500 m) above mean sea level in Costa Rica.[20][21] Since 1966 the rose-breasted grosbeak has experienced a greater than 1.5% yearly decline in population throughout the eastern part of its summer range, but a coincident >1.5% yearly increase in western parts of its summer range.[22]

Migration

The first birds leave the breeding grounds as early as August, while the last ones do not return until mid-late May. In general, however, they migrate south in late September or in October, and return in late April or early May. It appears as if they remain on their breeding grounds longer today than they did in the early 20th century, when migrants were more commonly seen in May and August than in April or September. The rose-breasted grosbeak occurs as a very rare vagrant in western Europe.[23] During breeding it is fairly territorial; in winter, it roams the lands in groups of about a handful of birds, and sometimes in larger flocks of a dozen or more.

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

Rose-breasted grosbeaks were the only one of 70 migratory songbird species in the eastern United States shown in males to have produced sperm while still far south of their breeding location.[24] Male grosbeaks tend to arrive a few days to a week before the females and pair formation apparently occurs on the breeding grounds.[25] Nest building begins from as early as early May in Tennessee to as late as early June further north in Saskatchewan.[26][27] Egg laying may occur anytime from mid-May to mid-July, as has been recorded in Quebec.[28] Usually only a single brood is laid by these grosbeaks each summer but second broods are suspected in Canada and confirmed in semi-captivity.[29][30] Both the male and the female apparently participate in selecting and building the nest, which is on a tree branch, over vines or any elevated woody vegetation.[31] Nests have been recorded at 0.8 to 16.7 m (2.6 to 54.8 ft) off the ground, averaging 6 m (20 ft) high, almost always in the vicinity of openings in woodlands.[32] Nests are typical of many passerines in both construct, material and size, made from leaves, twigs, rootlets or hair.[33] Clutches are from 1 to 5 eggs, normally being 3–4, being pale blue to green with purplish to brownish red spotting.[34] Males do a third of the incubation roughly, the female doing the remaining amount, and incubation can last from 11 to 14 days.[30] Nestlings are 5 g (0.18 oz) at hatching and after 3–6 days of age, they gain at least 3 g (0.11 oz) each day.[29] The young grosbeaks typically fledge at 9–13 days of age and are independent of their parents after approximately 3 weeks.[29][32]

Longevity and mortality

Maximum lifespan recorded for a wild rose-breasted grosbeak was 12 years, 11 months.[35] Captive grosbeaks have been recorded living up to 24 years of age, making them quite a long-living passerine excluding the pressures of surviving in the wild.[36] Although frequently targeted by the brood parasite, the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), the rose-breasted grosbeak is apparently able to recognize cowbird eggs and has been seen to aggressively displace cowbirds near the nest.[37] Typically, fewer than 7% of grosbeak nests have cowbird eggs per one study.[38] Per the U.S. Bird Banding Laboratory, as of 1997, rose-breasted grosbeaks recovered when dead have largely collided with objects, including buildings and cars (17.2%) or had been shot (10%; mostly before 1960), 3.6% of the fatalities were caught by cats, 0.8% caught by dogs. Mortality due to natural causes, including disease, natural predators and inclement weather go largely unreported.[39] It is known the main cause of nesting failure is predation. Natural predators of eggs and nestlings include blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), raccoons (Procyon lotor), gray (Sciurus carolinensis) and red (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) squirrels.[39][40] Confirmed predators of adults include both Cooper's (Accipiter cooperii)[41] and sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus)[42] as well as northern harriers (Circus cyaenus),[43] eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio)[44] and short-eared owls (Asio flammeus).[45]

Diet

The rose-breasted grosbeak forages in shrubs or trees for insects, seeds and berries, also catching insects in flight and occasionally eating nectar. It usually keeps to the treetops, and only rarely can be seen on the ground. In the winter quarters, they can be attracted into parks, gardens, and possibly even to bird feeders by fruit like Trophis racemosa. They also survive on blackberries, mulberries, seeds of smartweed, pigweed, raspberries, and milkweed, in addition to sunflower seeds, garden peas, oats, wheat, tree blossoms, tree buds, and developed natural product. Other notable winter food includes jacaranda seeds and the fruits of the introduced busy Lizzy (Impatiens walleriana).[46] In grosbeaks from the north-central United States and southern Canada, 52% of the stomach contents were comprised by invertebrates, predominantly beetles; 19.3% was made up of wild fruits; 15.7% by weed seeds; 6.5% by cultivated fruits and plants, including peas, corn (Zea mays), oats (Avena sativa) and wheat (Triticum vulgare); and the remaining 6.5% by other plant material, including tree buds and flowers.[47]

Status

Fires are necessary to maintain many kinds of grassland (see Fire ecology). Fire suppression in the late-20th century allowed forests to spread on the Great Plains into areas where recurring fires would otherwise have maintained grassland. This allowed hybridization with the black-headed grosbeak subspecies P. melanocephalus papago.[48] Range expansions also seem to have occurred elsewhere, for example in northern Ohio, where it bred rarely if at all in the 1900s (decade), but it is by no means an uncommon breeder today. In general, though it requires mature woodland to breed and is occasionally caught as a cage bird, the rose-breasted grosbeak is not at all rare, and not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.[1][49][50][51] Its average maximum lifespan in the wild is 7.3 years.[52]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Pheucticus ludovicianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22723813A132168899. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723813A132168899.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Wyatt, Valerie E.; Francis, Charles M. (2020-03-04). Poole, Alan F.; Gill, Frank B. (eds.). "Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.robgro.01.
  3. ^ "Rose-breasted Grosbeak". American Bird Conservancy. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  4. ^ "Rose-breasted grosbeak: Life History". All About Birds.
  5. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 3. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 247–249, Plate 12 fig 2. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
  6. ^ a b Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335. hdl:2246/678.
  7. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 306.
  8. ^ Reichenbach, Ludwig (1850). Avium Systema Naturale. Das natürliche System der Vögel. Dresden: Expedition der Vollständigsten Naturgeschichte. Plate 78.
  9. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Cardinals, grosbeaks and (tanager) allies". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  10. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. pp. 232, 302. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  11. ^ Rose-breasted Grosbeak, All about Birds
  12. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  13. ^ Faaborg, J. R. and J. W. Terborgh. 1980. Patterns of migration in the West Indies. in Migrant birds in the Neotropics: ecological, behavior, distribution and conservation. (Keast, A. and E. S. Morton, Eds.) Smithson. Inst. Press, Washington, D.C.
  14. ^ a b Clench, M. H. and R. C. Leberman. 1978. Weights of 151 species of Pennsylvania birds analyzed by month, age, and sex. Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 5.
  15. ^ Godfrey, W. E. 1986. The birds of Canada. Rev. ed. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci. Ottawa, ON.
  16. ^ Pyle, P. 1997. Identification guide to North American birds. Pt. 1: Columbidae to Ploceidae. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, CA.
  17. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F. & Meister, Charles A. (1981). "Winter field notes and specimen weights of Cayman Island Birds" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 101 (3): 339–346.
  18. ^ Morlan, J. 1991. Identification of female Rose-breasted and Black-headed grosbeaks. Birding 23:220-223.
  19. ^ "Rose-breasted Grosbeak- Identification". All About Birds- The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  20. ^ Olson et al. (1981), Stiles & Skutch (1989), Hilty (2003)
  21. ^ Laverde-R., Oscar; Stiles, F. Gary & Múnera-R., Claudia (2005). "Nuevos registros e inventario de la avifauna de la Serranía de las Quinchas, un área importante para la conservación de las aves (AICA) en Colombia" [New records and updated inventory of the avifauna of the Serranía de las Quinchas, an important bird area (IBA) in Colombia] (PDF). Caldasia (in Spanish and English). 27 (2): 247–265.
  22. ^ "Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus - BBS Trend Map, 1966 - 2015". USGS. US Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
  23. ^ Henninger (1906), OOS (2004)
  24. ^ Quay, W. B. 1985. Cloacal sperm in spring migrants: occurrence and interpretation. Condor 87:273–280.
  25. ^ Dunham, D. W. 1966. Territorial and sexual behavior in the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus. Z. Tierpsychol. 23:438–451.
  26. ^ Nicholson, C. P. 1997. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Pages 325–327 in Atlas of the breeding birds of Tennessee. (Nicholson, C. P., Ed.) Univ. of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
  27. ^ Macoun, J., and J. M. Macoun. 1909. Catalogue of Canadian birds. Dep. Mines, Geol. Surv. Branch, Ottawa, ON.
  28. ^ Pelletier, R., and D. Dauphin. 1996. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Pages 954–957 in The breeding birds of Quebec: atlas of the breeding birds of southern Québec. (Gauthier, J., and Y. Aubry, Eds.) Assoc. québecoise des groupes d'ornithologues, Prov. of Quebec Soc. for the protection of birds, Can. Wildl. Serv., Environ. Canada, Québec Region, Montréal.
  29. ^ a b c Watts, G. E. 1935. Life history of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Hedymeles ludoviciana). Master's Thesis. Cornell Univ. Ithaca, NY.
  30. ^ a b Peck, G. K., and R. D. James. 1998. Breeding birds of Ontario: nidiology and distribution: passerines (1st rev.-pt. C: tanagers to Old World sparrows). Ont. Birds 16:111–127.
  31. ^ Roberts, T. S. 1932. The birds of Minnesota. Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
  32. ^ a b Scott, D. M. 1998. Laying hours and other nesting data of Rose-breasted Grosbeaks. Ont. Birds 16:88–93.
  33. ^ Baicich, P. J., and C. J. O. Harrison. 1997. A guide to the nests, eggs, and nestlings of North American birds. 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
  34. ^ Best, L. B., and D. F. Stauffer. 1980. Factors affecting nesting success in riparian bird communities. Condor 82:149–157.
  35. ^ Klimkiewicz, M. K. and A. G. Futcher. 1987. Longevity records of North American birds: Coerbinae through Estrildidae. J. Field Ornithol. 58:318-333.
  36. ^ Bent, A. C. 1968. "Life histories of North American cardinals, grosbeaks, buntings, towhees, finches, sparrows and allies: Order Passeriformes, Family Fringillidae". U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 237.
  37. ^ Friesen, L. E., M. D. Cadman, and R. J. Mackay. 1999. "Nesting success of Neotropical migrant songbirds in a highly fragmented landscape". Conserv. Biol. 13:338-346.
  38. ^ Terrill, L. M. 1961. Cowbird hosts in southern Quebec. Can. Field-Nat. 75:2-11.
  39. ^ a b Wyatt, Valerie E. and Charles M. Francis. 2002. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: [1].
  40. ^ Baird, J. 1964. Hostile displays of Rose-breasted Grosbeak towards a red squirrel. Wilson Bull. 76:286-289.
  41. ^ Meng, H. (1959). Food habits of nesting Cooper's Hawks and Goshawks in New York and Pennsylvania. The Wilson Bulletin. 169–174.
  42. ^ Ivor, H. R. 1944. Bird study and semi-captive birds: the Rose-breasted Grosbeak. The Wilson Bulletin 56:91-104.
  43. ^ Barnard, P., MacWhirter, B., Simmons, R., Hansen, G. L., & Smith, P. C. (1987). Timing of breeding and the seasonal importance of passerine prey to northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65(8), 1942-1946.
  44. ^ VanCamp, L. F., & Henny, C. J. (1975). The screech owl: its life history and population ecology in northern Ohio. North American Fauna, 1-65.
  45. ^ Holt, D. W. (1993). Breeding season diet of Short-eared Owls in Massachusetts. The Wilson Bulletin, 490–496.
  46. ^ *Foster, Mercedes S. (2007). "The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico". Bird Conservation International. 17 (1): 45–61. Bibcode:2007BirCI..17...45F. doi:10.1017/S0959270906000554.
  47. ^ Mcatee, W. L. 1908. Food habits of the grosbeaks. U.S. Dep. Agric. Biol. Surv. Bull. 32.
  48. ^ palpago is a lapsus in Rhymer & Simberloff (1996).
  49. ^ Henninger, W.F. (1906). "A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 18 (2): 47–60.
  50. ^ Rhymer, Judith M. & Simberloff, Daniel (1996). "Extinction by hybridization and introgression". Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27: 83–109. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83.
  51. ^ Ohio Ornithological Society (OOS) (2004): Annotated Ohio state checklist Archived 2004-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ^ Wasser, D.E.; Sherman, P.W. (2010). "Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence". Journal of Zoology. 280 (2): 103. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00671.x.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Wikispecies has information related to Pheucticus ludovicianus.

Read other articles:

Giorgio II di Gran Bretagna

Giorgio II di Gran BretagnaRe Giorgio II di Thomas Hudson, 1744, National Portrait GalleryRe di Gran Bretagna e d'IrlandaStemma In carica11 giugno[1] 1727 –25 ottobre 1760(33 anni e 136 giorni) Incoronazione11 ottobre[2] 1727 PredecessoreGiorgio I SuccessoreGiorgio III Elettore di HannoverIn carica11 giugno 1727 –25 ottobre 1760 PredecessoreGiorgio I SuccessoreGiorgio III Nome completoGiorgio Augusto TrattamentoSua maestà(11.VI.1727 – 25.X.1760...

 

 

Darnel Situ

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Darnel SituInformasi pribadiNama lengkap Darnel Situ-BuyenteTanggal lahir 18 Maret 1992 (umur 31)Tempat lahir Rouen, PrancisTinggi 1,87 m (6 ft 1+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini AGFNomor 4Karier junior199...

 

 

Grzegorz Rasiak

Grzegorz Rasiak Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Grzegorz RasiakTanggal lahir 12 Januari 1979 (umur 45)Tempat lahir Szczecin, PolandiaTinggi 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)Posisi bermain StrikerKarier junior Olimpia Poznań SKS 13 Poznań MSP SzamotułyKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1996–1998 Warta Poznań 20 (3)1998–2000 GKS Bełchatów 7 (2)2000–2001 Odra Wodzisław Śląski 28 (9)2001–2004 Dyskobolia Grodzisk 66 (34)2004–2005 Derby County 41 (18)2005–2006 Tottenham Ho...

العلاقات الإماراتية الصربية

العلاقات الإماراتية الصربية الإمارات العربية المتحدة صربيا   الإمارات العربية المتحدة   صربيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الإماراتية الصربية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الإمارات العربية المتحدة وصربيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البل...

 

 

Gleysol

Saturated soil type Distribution of Gleysols A gleysol or gley soil is a hydric soil that unless drained is saturated with groundwater for long enough to develop a characteristic gleyic colour pattern. The pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish, or yellowish colours at surfaces of soil particles and/or in the upper soil horizons mixed with greyish/blueish colours inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil. Gleysols are also known as Gleyzems, meadow soils, Aqu-suborders of Entisol...

 

 

Cheng Huang Ye

Cheng Huang Ye Kuil Cheng Huang di Kota Terlarang. Hanzi: 城隍 Alih aksara Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin: chénghuáng Min Nan - Romanisasi POJ: sêng-hông Yue (Kantonis) - Romanisasi Yale: shingwong Cheng Huang Ye (Hanzi: 城隍爺; hanyu pinyin: Chénghuáng; Hokkien: Seng Ong Ya) atau Cheng Huang Lao Ye (Hokkien: Seng Ong Lo Ya) adalah Dewa Pelindung Kota dalam agama Taoisme dan Khonghucu. Dia dipercaya sebagai pejabat pengadilan di akhirat (alam baka) yang bisa mengisi kelemahan pengadilan ...

Cambria, Minnesota

Unincorporated community in Minnesota, US Unincorporated community in Minnesota, United StatesCambriaUnincorporated communityCambriaShow map of MinnesotaCambriaShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 44°14′19″N 94°18′52″W / 44.23861°N 94.31444°W / 44.23861; -94.31444CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyBlue EarthElevation807 ft (246 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code507GNIS feature ID640787[1&#...

 

 

The Secret Fury

1950 film by Mel Ferrer The Secret FuryTheatrical release posterDirected byMel FerrerScreenplay byLionel HouserStory byJack LeonardJames O'HanlonProduced byJack H. SkirballBruce Manning (uncredited)StarringClaudette ColbertRobert RyanCinematographyLeo ToverEdited byHarry MarkerMusic byRoy WebbProductioncompanyLoring Theatre CorporationDistributed byRKO Radio PicturesRelease date May 27, 1950 (1950-05-27)[1] Running time85 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The S...

 

 

Americans Standing for the Simplification of the Estate Tax

Americans Standing for the Simplification of the Estate TaxAbbreviationASSETFormation2010TypeAdvocacy groupHeadquarters11411 Rockville PikeLocationKensington, MarylandRegion served United StatesPresidentRob SmithWebsiteestatetaxsimplification.org Americans Standing for the Simplification of the Estate Tax (ASSET) is a lobbying group of individuals and private businesses, which advocates changing the collection method for the estate tax in the United States.[1] ASSET works with think t...

Kepolisian Kerajaan Thailand

Kepolisian Kerajaan ThailandYurisdiksi hukumNasional ThailandMarkas besarBangkokSitus webPolice.go.th Kepolisian kerajaan Thailand (Thai: ตำรวจแห่งชาติcode: th is deprecated ) adalah organisasi polisi di Thailand. Ia berada di bawah naungan Departemen Kepolisian Nasional Thailand. Tentang Tanggung jawab kalian untuk pemeliharaan ketertiban umum melalui penegakan hukum kerajaan itu dilakukan oleh Departemen Kepolisian Nasional Thailand (TNPD), sebuah sub-divisi dari D...

 

 

1st Special Operations Wing

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une unité ou formation militaire américaine. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Emblème de l'unité. La 1re escadre d'opérations spéciales est la plus grosse unité de l'US Air Force assignée à l'United States Special Operations Command. Sa base opérationnelle se trouve à Hurlburt Field et environ 8 000 militaires et 700 civils servent en so...

 

 

Kabupaten Bangka Barat

Koordinat: 1°51′S 105°27′E / 1.850°S 105.450°E / -1.850; 105.450 Kabupaten Bangka BaratKabupatenTranskripsi bahasa daerah • Jawiكابوڤاتين بڠک بارتPelabuhan Muntok LambangMotto: Sejiran setasonWilayah negeri yang mempunyai warga yang berdasarkan kekeluargaan dan kebersamaanPetaKabupaten Bangka BaratPetaTampilkan peta SumatraKabupaten Bangka BaratKabupaten Bangka Barat (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 1°57′30�...

Население Татарстана

Численность населения республики по данным Росстата составляет 4 003 016[1] чел. (2024). Татарстан занимает 8-е место по численности населения среди субъектов Российской Федерации[2]. Плотность населения — 59,00 чел./км² (2024). Городское население — 76,72[3] % (20...

 

 

Garrulus

Genus of birds Garrulus G. glandarius glaszneri, Cyprus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae Genus: GarrulusBrisson, 1760 Type species Garrulus glandariusLinnaeus, 1758 Species Garrulus glandarius Garrulus lanceolatus Garrulus lidthi Garrulus is a genus of Old World jays, passerine birds in the family Corvidae. Taxonomy and systematics The genus was established by French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Bris...

 

 

Berry Gordy

Berry Gordy Gordy, en 1998.Información artísticaOtros nombres Berry Gordy Jr.Género(s) R&BPeríodo de actividad 1953–2019[1]​[2]​Discográfica(s) Motown [editar datos en Wikidata] Berry Gordy (Detroit, Míchigan, Estados Unidos, 28 de noviembre de 1929) es un productor discográfico y compositor estadounidense, fundador de la casa discográfica Motor City, que poco después se convirtió en Motown Records. Entre los éxitos compuestos por Berry, figura la c...

Havasu Creek

Stream in Arizona, United States of America This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Havasu Creek – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Havasu CreekTravertine formationsLocation of the mouth of Havasu Creek in ArizonaEtymologyha wate...

 

 

ديربي الرياض

ديربي الرياض أسماء أخرىقمة الكرة السعوديةالموقع السعودية (الرياض)أول لقاءالنصر 1–0 الهلال (1958)عدد المواجهاتالرسمية: 176 مع الودية: 189الأكثر فوزًاعلى مستوى المباريات الرسمية النصر (60) الهلال (72)الأكثر تسجيلًاللنصر: ماجد عبد الله (21) للهلال: سالم الدوسري (11)آخر لقاءالنصر 1–1 ا...

 

 

Vice primo ministro dell'Albania

Vice primo ministro dell'Albania Nome originale(SQ) Zëvendëskryeministri i Shqipërise Stato Albania TipoVice capo del governo In caricaBelinda Balluku (PSSH) da28 luglio 2022 Istituito29 novembre 1912 Nominato daPresidente dell'Albania SedeTirana Sito webkryeministria.al Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Il vice primo ministro dell'Albania (in albanese: Zëvendëskryeministri i Shqipërise), designato ufficialmente vice primo ministro della Repubblica d'Albania (in albanese: Z...

Stasiun Kotok

Stasiun Kotok Stasiun Kotok, 2019LokasiGumuksari, Kalisat, Jember, Jawa Timur 68193IndonesiaKoordinat8°7′50″S 113°46′56″E / 8.13056°S 113.78222°E / -8.13056; 113.78222Ketinggian+176 mOperator Kereta Api IndonesiaDaerah Operasi IX Jember Letakkm 207+405 lintas Surabaya Kota-Probolinggo-Kalisat-Panarukan[1] Jumlah peron3 (satu peron sisi yang rendah, satu peron pulau yang agak rendah, dan satu peron pulau yang rendah)Jumlah jalur3 (jalur 2: sepur luru...

 

 

Drapeau de la Palestine

Drapeau de la Palestine Drapeau de la Palestine Utilisation Caractéristiques Proportions 1:2 Adoption entre 1964 et 1974[1], 15 novembre 1988 Éléments Trois bandes horizontales noire, blanche et verte avec un triangle rouge à gauche. Ce sont les couleurs pan-arabes. modifier  Drapeau de l'État de Palestine Drapeau de l'État de Palestine Utilisation Caractéristiques Proportions 1:2 Adoption 15 novembre 1988 Éléments Identique au drapeau national avec les armoiries de l'Autorité...