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Richard Crawshay (1 Oct 1739 – 27 June 1810) was a London iron merchant and then South Wales ironmaster; he was one of ten known British millionaires in 1799.

Early life and marriage

Richard Crawshay was born in Normanton in the West Riding of Yorkshire on 1 October 1739.^[1] Initially starting work aged 16, working for Mr Bicklewith of York Yard, Thames Street, London (to whom he was apprenticed) in a bar iron warehouse in London, he became sole proprietor of the business on Bicklewith's retirement in 1763.

On 15 June 1763, he married Mary Bourne, the daughter of Ebenezer Bourne, a London stove-grate maker.^[2]^[3] They had a son, William, and three daughters.

Iron importation and ironworks proprietorship

By the 1770s he was a leading London iron merchant, dealing mainly in Swedish and Russian iron.^[4] The firm was Crawshay and Moser in 1774,^[5] and then Crawshay, Cornwell and Moser in 1784.^[6] The business still existed, as R & W Crawshay, in 1816.^[7] By 1775 he was acting as Anthony Bacon's agent for supplying iron cannon to the Board of Ordnance and was from 1777 a partner in that business, casting cannon at Cyfarthfa Ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil. This continued until Bacon had to give up government contracts in 1782,^[8] because he was a Member of Parliament.

In 1786, following the death of Anthony Bacon, he took over the whole Cyfarthfa Ironworks, in partnership with William Stevens (a London merchant) and James Cockshutt, who had previously managed the forge and boring mill for David Tanner. In May 1787 he took out a licence from Henry Cort for his puddling process, but the rolling mill needed was not completed until 1789. He solved the problems of the puddling process by using an iron plate for the furnace ceiling and sea-washed sand for the floor. In 1791 he terminated the partnership, which had made little profit. He continued the business alone, and had two blast furnaces, eight puddling furnaces, three melting fineries, three balling furnaces, and a rolling mill in 1794. A blast furnace was built by 1796, and a fourth the same year.^[9] There were six furnaces by 1810.^[10] He thus developed Cyfarthfa into one of the most important ironworks in South Wales.

Crawshay was very ambitious and imperious in manner, being called 'The Tyrant' by some, but was without social pretension. He was active in protecting the interests of the iron trade and was a major promoter of the Glamorganshire Canal which immensely improved transport of iron to Cardiff Docks.

In 1799 he was the sixth wealthiest man or family in Britain (with some forerunners counted for completeness as wider family concerns), owning £2M (equivalent to £248,200,000 in 2023).^[11] He was one of ten millionaires known that year. At his death in 1810 his undivested estate was sworn at £1.5 million. By his last will he left 3⁄8 of his ironworks to son William Crawshay I, 3⁄8 to a son-in-law, and 1⁄4 to nephew Joseph Bailey. He was buried at Llandaff Cathedral.^[12]

References

^ "England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NRSW-9LG : 11 February 2018, Richard Crashaw, 01 Oct 1739); citing , index based upon data collected by the Genealogical Society of Utah, Salt Lake City; FHL microfilm 98,536
^ Ancestry: Mary Bourne, in the London and Surrey, England, Marriage Bonds and Allegations, 1597-1921 https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/2056/records/527232?tid=&pid=&queryId=8d6f6787-1d74-475f-ae8e-5297f81015e5&_phsrc=nLt99&_phstart=success
^ Ancestry: Mary Bourne, in the London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1938 https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1623/records/7882576
^ G. G. L. Hayes, 'Introduction' in C. Evans (ed.), The letterbook of Richard Crawshay, 1799-1797 (South Wales Record Society, 1990).
^ Kent's Directory (1774).
^ Bailey's British Directory (1784).
^ Holden's Directory (1816-7).
^ The National Archives, WO 47/84, 345; WO 47/89, 734; WO 47/100, 295; and passim (original pagination)
^ L. Ince, South Wales Iron Industry (1993), 60-62.
^ P. Riden and J. G. Owen, British Blast Furnace Statistics (Merton Priory Press, 1995), 12.
^ "Who wants to be a millionaire?". The Guardian. 29 September 1999. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^ Watkin William Price (1959). "Crawshay (family), of Cyfarthfa, Glamorganshire, industrialists". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 10 December 2021.