Resm-i çift

The Resm-i Çift (Çift Akçesi or Çift resmi) was a tax in the Ottoman Empire. It was a tax on farmland, assessed at a fixed annual rate per çift, and paid by land-owning Muslims. Some Imams and some civil servants were exempted from the resm-i çift.[1]

The tax was collected annually, on 1 March, from the holder of the timar or their tax-farmer. Some exemptions from resm-i çift were granted, but this was less common than exemptions from extraordinary taxes. Some of the sadat were initially considered exempt from taxes such as the resm-i çift, but this exemption ended in the 17th century; there were various exemptions for those involved in salt-making and mining.[2]

The Çift is a measure of land area, derived from the word for "pair"; it is an area of farmland which can be ploughed by a pair of oxen - the equivalent of the Byzantine Zeugarion.[3] It has been argued that the basic land tax in Asia Minor and the Balkans was directly copied from earlier Byzantine tax methods. A nim çift was half of that area (or half a yoke of oxen); a çiftli bennak was an area less than half; these terms match the Byzantine zeugarion, boidaton, and aktemon - and the rates of tax were initially similar.[4]

In the 15th and 16th centuries, most taxpayers in the Ottoman empire paid resm-i çift at a rate somewhere between 22 and 70 akçe; this could have been collected by a sipahi, as either a tax in kind or a cash tax. However, later centralised tax reforms led to cash payments of avâriz and nüzül replacing resm-i çift; this transition had begun by 1640.[5] A typical defter record from the village of Eyucek in Antep shows that çiftliks held 10 çift, taxed at 40 akçe per çift, totalling 400 akçe; this, along with most of the village's other taxes (mostly taxes on individual crops), was paid to the fiefholder.[6] Rates might vary for Muslims and nonmuslims; there are even instances of Muslim converts continuing to pay their "old" rate of tax.[7] Landless peasants might pay Resm-i bennâk instead.

References

  1. ^ ACCOUNTING METHOD USED BY OTTOMANS FOR 500 YEARS: STAIRS (MERDIBAN) METHOD (PDF). p. 192. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-01.
  2. ^ Acun, Fatma (2002). "The Other Side of the Coin: Tax Exemptions within the Context of Ottoman Taxation History". Bulgarian Historical Review. 1 (2).
  3. ^ Malcolm, Noel (1999). Kosovo: A Short History. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-097775-7.page 100
  4. ^ Vryonis, Speros (1969). "The Byzantine Legacy and Ottoman Forms". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 23/24: 251–308. doi:10.2307/1291294. JSTOR 1291294.
  5. ^ Demirci, Suleyman (2003). "Avariz and nüzul levies in the Ottoman Empire: An assessment of tax burden on the tax-paying subjects. A case study of the Province of Karaman, 1628-1700" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ COŞGEL, Metin (2004). "Ottoman Tax Registers (Tahrir Defterleri)" (PDF). Historical Methods. 37 (2): 87–100. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.426.899. doi:10.3200/hmts.37.2.87-102. S2CID 18492628. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  7. ^ Minkov, Anton (2004). Conversion to Islam in the Balkans: Kisve bahası petitions and Ottoman social life, 1670-1730. BRILL. p. 94.

Read other articles:

Ihsan Maulana MustofaInformasi pribadiNama lahirIhsan Maulana MustofaKebangsaan IndonesiaLahir18 November 1995 (umur 28)Tasikmalaya, Jawa BaratTinggi174 cm (5 ft 8+1⁄2 in)Berat62 kg (137 pon) (137 pon)PeganganKananPasanganKulsum Nurul Jannah ​(m. 2018)​Men's singlePeringkat tertinggi19 (4 Agustus 2016)Peringkat saat ini128 (3 Mei 2022) Rekam medali Mewakili  Indonesia Kejuaraan Dunia Junior Bangkok 2013 Tungg...

 

Gastón Brugman Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Gastón Brugman DuarteTanggal lahir 7 September 1992 (umur 31)Tempat lahir Rosario, UruguayTinggi 1,72 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain PenyerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Pescara(pinjaman dari Empoli)Nomor 8Karier junior Peñarol2007–2011 EmpoliKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2011– Empoli 20 (2)2012– → Pescara (pinjaman) 0 (0)Tim nasional‡2009 Uruguay U-17 4 (0) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya di...

 

Adel Imam.LahirAdel Mohammed Imam Adel Emam (Arab: عادل إمامcode: ar is deprecated ) (lahir 17 Mei 1940) merupakan pemeran berkebangsaan Mesir. Kariernya terentang selama 45 tahun dengan berbagai peran di layar lebar. Filmografi Bobbos (2009) Hassan dan Marcus (2008) Morgan Ahmed Morgan (2007) The Yacoubian Building (2006) El Sefara fi El Imara (2005) Aris Min Jeha Amneya (2004) El Tagrubah El Denemarkiyah (2003) Amir El Zalam (2002) Al Wad Mahrous Beta'a Al Wazeer (1999) Hello Ameri...

العلاقات المجرية الزامبية المجر زامبيا   المجر   زامبيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات المجرية الزامبية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين المجر وزامبيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة المجر زام...

 

American politician This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Carl West RichMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Ohio's first districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965Preceded byGordon H. SchererSucceeded byJohn...

 

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع سان خوسيه (توضيح). سان خوسيه San José محافظة علم سان خوسيهعلمOfficial seal of سان خوسيهشعار الاسم الرسمي (بالإسبانية: San José)‏  الإحداثيات 9°56′N 84°5′W / 9.933°N 84.083°W / 9.933; -84.083 تاريخ التأسيس 21 مايو 1737  سبب التسمية يُوسُفُ النَّجَّارُ  تقسيم إداري...

Сибирский горный козёл Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:СинапсидыКла�...

 

坐标:43°11′38″N 71°34′21″W / 43.1938516°N 71.5723953°W / 43.1938516; -71.5723953 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2017年5月21日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:新罕布什尔州 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源...

 

Bagian dari seriReformasi ProtestanSembilan Puluh Lima Dalil Perintis Pierre Vaudès dan Kaum Waldensian John Wycliffe dan golongan Kaum Lollardi Jan Hus dan kaum Husite Girolamo Savonarola dan Kaum Piagnoni Arnaldo da Brescia dan Kaum Arnoldis Gottschalk dari Orbais Ratramnus Klaudius dari Turin Berengarius dari Tours dan Kaum Berengarian Wessel Gansfort Johann Ruchrat von Wesel Johannes von Goch Kaum Sahabat Allah Kaum Pataria Awal Mula Sembilan Puluh Lima Dalil Rapat Negara di Worms Alkita...

Partai Papua Bersatu SingkatanPPBPresidenKrisman Fonataba[1]Sekretaris JenderalDarius Nawipa[2]Dibentuk13 Oktober 2017; 6 tahun lalu (2017-10-13)[3]Kantor pusatKota Jayapura, Papua[4]KeanggotaanWNI (Khusus Provinsi Papua)Posisi politikSayap kananAfiliasi nasionalIndonesiaPolitik IndonesiaPartai politikPemilihan umum Partai Papua Bersatu atau disingkat PPB adalah sebuah partai politik lokal di provinsi Papua, Indonesia. Partai ini rencananya ikut dalam...

 

Railway station in Xinyang, Henan, China Xinyang信阳The station in 2007General informationLocationShihe District, Xinyang, HenanChinaCoordinates32°07′51″N 114°04′34″E / 32.13083°N 114.07611°E / 32.13083; 114.07611Operated by CR WuhanLine(s) Beijing–Guangzhou railway Nanjing–Xi'an railway Platforms5 (1 side platform and 2 island platforms)Tracks9Other informationStation code 20903 (TMIS code) [1] XUN (telegraph code) XYA (Pinyin code) Classific...

 

本條目存在以下問題,請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要編修,以確保文法、用詞、语气、格式、標點等使用恰当。 (2013年8月6日)請按照校對指引,幫助编辑這個條目。(幫助、討論) 此條目剧情、虛構用語或人物介紹过长过细,需清理无关故事主轴的细节、用語和角色介紹。 (2020年10月6日)劇情、用語和人物介紹都只是用於了解故事主軸,輔助�...

Northern Irish farmer and former politician (born 1968) Ian MarshallOBESenatorIn office27 April 2018 – 27 March 2020ConstituencyAgricultural Panel Personal detailsBorn1968Markethill, County Armagh, Northern IrelandPolitical partyUlster Unionist[1] (2021–2023)Other politicalaffiliationsIndependent Unionist[2] (until 2021)Alma materGreenmount Agricultural CollegeUlster UniversityBabson CollegeWebsiteianmarshall.info Ian James Marshall OBE (born 1968)[3] is a...

 

  「十九大」重定向至此。關於十九大的其他含义,請見「十九大 (消歧义)」。 中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会人民大会堂万人大礼堂全景又名中共十九大、十九大日期2017年10月18日-24日地点 中国北京市人民大会堂領導人中共中央总书记:習近平主持人开幕会:李克强[1]闭幕会:习近平出席者中共十九大代表:2,280人,特邀代表:74人[註 1]参与者�...

 

Saudi-led intervention in BahrainPart of Bahraini uprising of 2011, Arab Spring, and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflictHundreds of protesters denouncing the Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain in a march to the Saudi embassy in Manama on 15 March 2011Date14 March 2011 – 4 July 2011[1](3 months, 2 weeks and 6 days)(Minor police presence till March 2014)LocationBahrainResult Suppression of Bahraini opposition demonstrators with GCC support.[2]Belligerents Pen...

Subprefecture and commune in Hauts-de-France, France Boulogne redirects here. For other places called Boulogne, see Boulogne (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Bologne. Subprefecture and commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceBoulogne-sur-Mer Boulonne-su-Mér (Picard)Bonen (West Flemish)Subprefecture and communeA general view from the Brecquerecque Quarter:The modern lighthouse, the medieval bell tower and the English Channel FlagCoat of armsLocation of Boulogne-sur-Mer Boulogne-s...

 

1958 compilation album by Frankie LaineFrankie Laine's Greatest HitsCompilation album by Frankie LaineReleased1958LabelColumbiaFrankie Laine chronology Rockin'(1957) Frankie Laine's Greatest Hits(1958) Foreign Affair(1958) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1] Frankie Laine's Greatest Hits is a compilation album by Frankie Laine released in 1958 on Columbia Records.[2][3] In 1962, this monaural album was re-released in an electronically recha...

 

Species of black bass Largemouth redirects here. For the African cichlid, see Serranochromis. Largemouth bass Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1] Secure  (NatureServe)[2] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Centrarchidae Genus: Micropterus Species: M. nigricans Binomial name Micropterus nigricans(Cuvier, 1828) Synonyms[3] Labrus salmoides Lacepède, 1...

Maid of honour to Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother (1916–2017) Lady Ursula d'AboLady Ursula at Belvoir Castle in 1937, dressed in Norman Hartnell for the coronationBornUrsula Isabel Manners8 November 1916London, EnglandDied2 November 2017 (aged 100)West Wratting ParkWest Wratting, Cambridgeshire EnglandOccupationSocialiteSpouse(s)Anthony Marreco (1943–1948, divorced) Erland d'Abo (1951–1970, his death)ChildrenJohn Henry Erland d'Abo Louisa Jane d'Abo Richard Winston Mark d'AboParentsJo...

 

1936 novel by Margaret Mitchell Gone with the Wind First-edition coverAuthorMargaret MitchellLanguageEnglishGenreHistorical FictionPublisherMacmillan Publishers (United States)Publication dateJune 30, 1936[1]Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hard & paperback)Pages1037 (first edition)1024 (Warner Books paperback)ISBN978-0-446-36538-3 (Warner)OCLC28491920Dewey Decimal813.52Followed byScarlettRhett Butler's People  Gone with the Wind is a novel by American...