PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Religion in Thailand (2023)^[1]

Buddhism^[a] (90%)

Islam (4%)

Christianity (4%)

No religion (1%)

Prefer not to say (1%)

The front gate of the Devasathan, the official center of Hinduism in Bangkok.

Buddhism is the predominant religion in Thailand. It is practised by between roughly 90^[1] and 94%^[2] of the total population and is deeply influenced by Hinduism. The Thai Constitution does not indicate any state religion, but promotes Buddhism, while guaranteeing religious freedom for all Thai citizens.

Many other people, especially among the Isan ethnic group, practise Tai folk religions. A significant minority Muslim population, mostly constituted by Thai Malays, is present especially in the southern regions. According to an Ipsos survey, Christians might be a similarly significant religious minority population (4%).^[1] It's also reported that 1% prefer not to say and another 1% has no religion. Thai law officially recognizes five religions: Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism.^[3]

Demographics

According to official census data from 2018, approximately 94% of Thais follow Buddhism. On the other hand, non-census data from 2023 has put the figure at 90% of Thais being Buddhist. The religious life of the country is more complex than how it is portrayed by such statistics. Of the large Thai Chinese population, most of those who follow Buddhism have been integrated into the dominant Theravada tradition, with only a small minority having retained Chinese Buddhism. Otherwise, a large part of the Thai Chinese have retained the practice of ethnic Chinese religion, including Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese salvationist religions (such as Yiguandao and the Church of Virtue). Despite being practised freely, these religions have no official recognition, and their followers are counted as Theravada Buddhists in statistical studies.^[4] Also, many Thai and Isan practise their ethnic Tai folk religion.

Muslims are the second largest religious group in Thailand at 4% to 5% of the population. Thailand's southernmost provinces - Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Satun, Trang, and part of Songkhla - have large Muslim populations, consisting of both ethnic Thai and Malay.

Christians, mainly Catholics, represent about 4% of the population as of 2023.

A small but influential community of Sikhs and some Hindus, mostly live in the country's cities and are engaged in retail commerce.

There is also a small Jewish community in Thailand, dating back to the 17th century.

According to the 2015 Gallup International survey, Thailand was the most religious country of the 65 countries polled, with 94% of Thais identifying as religious.^[5]

Censuses

Overview

Religion	Census 2010^[6]		Census 2015^[7]		Census 2018^[2]
Religion	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%
Buddhism	61,746,429	93.58%	63,620,298	94.50%	63,299,192	93.46%
Islam	3,259,340	4.94%	2,892,311	4.29%	3,639,233	5.37%
Christianity	789,376	1.20%	787,589	1.17%	767,624	1.13%
Hinduism	41,808	0.06%	22,110	0.03%	12,195	0.018%
Sikhism	11,124	0.02%	716	0.001%	12,195	0.018%
Confucianism	16,718	0.02%	1,030	0.001%	2,009	0.002%
Other religions	70,742	0.11%	1,583	0.002%	2,009	0.002%
Not religious	46,122	0.07%	2,925	0.005%	2,082	0.003%
Unknown	3,820	0.005%			4,085	0.006%
Total	65,981,660	100%	67,228,562	100%	67,726,419	100%

Religions by region

According to the 2015 census,^[7] 67,328,562 Thailand residents in the different regions of the country belonged to the following religious groups:

Religion	Bangkok		Central Region		Northern Region		Northeastern Region		Southern Region
Religion	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Buddhism	8,197,188	93.95%	18,771,520	97.57%	11,044,018	96.23%	18,698,599	99.83%	6,908,973	75.45%
Islam	364,855	4.18%	247,430	1.29%	35,561	0.31%	16,851	0.09%	2,227,613	24.33%
Christianity	146,592	1.68%	214,444	1.11%	393,969	3.43%	13,825	0.07%	18,759	0.21%
Hinduism	16,306	0.19%	5,280	0.03%	207	0.002%	318	0.001%
Sikhism					378	0.003%			491	0.005%
Other religions			294	0.00%	1,808	0.16%			359	0.004%
Not religious	289	0.00%	473	0.002%	1,001	0.01%	436	0.002%	72	0.008%

Religion in Thailand (2015)^[8]
Religion			Percent
Buddhism			94.50%
Islam			4.29%
Christianity			1.17%
Hinduism			0.03%
Unaffiliated/others			0.01%

Religions by province

According to the 2010 census, Thailand residents in the different provinces of the country belonged to the following religious groups:

Religion	Buddhism		Islam		Christianity		Hinduism		Confucianism		Sikhism		Other religions		Not religious		Unknown		Total
Religion	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	Total
Bangkok^[9]	7,686,022	92.54%	382,385	4.60%	157,534	1.89%	22,820	0.27%	6,800	0.08%	7,183	0.08%	24,330	0.29%	17,091	0.20%	1,053	0.01%	8,305,218
Amnat Charoen^[10]	281,675	99.28%	267	0.09%	1,649	0.58%	59	0.02%	13	0.01%	13	0.01%	53	0.02%	–	–	–	–	283,729
Ang Thong^[11]	249,847	98.25%	3,994	1.57%	213	0.08%	172	0.07%	7	0.01%	7	0.01%	42	0.01%	9	0.01%	–	–	254,292
Bueng Kan^[12]	360,468	99.37%	242	0.07%	1,913	0.53%	96	0.03%	21	0.01%	12	0.01%	–	–	3	0.01%	–	–	362,754
Buriram^[13]	1,261,658	98.96%	1,911	0.15%	7,508	0.59%	745	0.06%	278	0.02%	131	0.01%	1,746	0.14%	911	0.07%	25	0.01%	1,274,912
Chachoengsao^[14]	663,790	92.76%	46,041	6.43%	4,457	0.62%	231	0.03%	43	0.01%	55	0.01%	626	0.09%	360	0.05%	–	–	715,603
Chai Nat^[15]	304,407	99.61%	592	0.19%	424	0.14%	35	0.01%	23	0.01%	18	0.01%	47	0.02%	41	0.01%	–	–	305,587
Chaiyaphum^[16]	961,401	99.74%	944	0.10%	1,185	0.12%	227	0.02%	59	0.01%	57	0.01%	9	0.01%	16	0.01%	9	0.01%	963,907
Chanthaburi^[17]	475,653	97.95%	1,937	0.40%	5,922	1.22%	129	0.03%	65	0.01%	40	0.01%	1,016	0.21%	849	0.17%	–	–	485,611
Chiang Mai^[18]	1,592,164	91.66%	6,789	0.39%	133,761	7.70%	790	0.05%	365	0.02%	189	0.01%	546	0.03%	2,420	0.14%	17	0.01%	1,737,041
Chiang Rai^[19]	1,065,169	90.81%	3,167	0.27%	103,450	8.82%	478	0.04%	212	0.02%	52	0.01%	139	0.01%	245	0.02%	15	0.01%	1,172,928
Chonburi^[20]	1,463,280	94.08%	23,269	1.50%	56,878	3.66%	1,155	0.07%	610	0.04%	426	0.03%	6,139	0.39%	3,601	0.23%	–	–	1,555,358
Chumphon^[21]	462,822	98.94%	3,545	0.76%	1,040	0.22%	115	0.02%	88	0.02%	11	0.01%	79	0.01%	101	0.02%	–	–	467,801
Kalasin^[22]	821,714	99.66%	1,058	0.13%	1,348	0.16%	72	0.01%	30	0.01%	33	0.01%	203	0.02%	76	0.01%	–	–	824,534
Kamphaeng Phet^[23]	790,017	99.08%	1,571	0.20%	3,775	0.47%	226	0.03%	124	0.01%	94	0.01%	746	0.09%	838	0.11%	–	–	797,391
Kanchanaburi^[24]	789,692	98.52%	2,849	0.35%	7,833	0.97%	203	0.02%	204	0.02%	20	0.01%	145	0.01%	573	0.07%	–	–	801,519
Khon Kaen^[25]	1,731,964	99.43%	2,593	0.15%	6,251	0.36%	517	0.03%	232	0.01%	370	0.02%	39	0.01%	2	0.01%	2	0.01%	1,741,969
Krabi^[26]	235,594	65.04%	125,476	34.64%	517	0.14%	120	0.03%	59	0.01%	34	0.01%	305	0.08%	93	0.02%	5	0.01%	362,203
Lampang^[27]	729,866	98.21%	1,422	0.19%	10,730	1.44%	68	0.01%	108	0.01%	37	0.01%	665	0.08%	243	0.03%	3	0.01%	743,143
Lamphun^[28]	410,259	99.40%	631	0.15%	1,698	0.41%	30	0.01%	12	0.01%	16	0.01%	96	0.02%	–	–	–	–	412,741
Loei^[29]	543,592	99.55%	544	0.10%	1,778	0.33%	–	–	12	0.01%	17	0.01%	73	0.01%	16	0.01%	–	–	546,031
Lopburi^[30]	765,821	99.47%	1,525	0.20%	1,304	0.17%	141	0.02%	55	0.01%	51	0.01%	294	0.04%	733	0.10%	–	–	769,925
Mae Hong Son^[31]
Maha Sarakham^[32]
Mukdahan^[33]
Nakhon Nayok^[34]
Nakhon Pathom^[35]	928,954	98.42%	2,162	0.23%	9,803	1.04%	444	0.05%	108	0.01%	38	0.01%	1,574	0.17%	810	0.09%	–	–	943,892
Nakhon Phanom^[36]
Nakhon Ratchasima^[37]
Nakhon Sawan^[38]
Nakhon Si Thammarat^[39]	1,353,244	93.30%	94,914	6.54%	1,323	0.09%	250	0.02%	167	0.01%	29	0.01%	538	0.03%	–	–	–	–	1,450,466
Nan^[40]	444,201	98.10%	329	0.07%	8,071	1.78%	27	0.01%	10	0.01%	19	0.01%	156	0.03%	–	–	–	–	452,814
Narathiwat^[41]	93,968	14.02%	575,585	85.90%	212	0.03%	44	0.01%	161	0.02%	30	0.01%	2	0.01%	–	–	–	–	670,002
Nong Bua Lamphu^[42]	484,770	99.75%	448	0.09%	650	0.13%	57	0.01%	13	0.01%	19	0.01%	–	–	17	0.01%	–	–	485,974
Nong Khai^[43]	817,218	99.48%	575	0.07%	3,416	0.42%	214	0.03%	61	0.01%	32	0.01%	–	–	10	0.01%	–	–	821,526
Nonthaburi^[44]	1,282,703	96.14%	41,816	3.13%	7,760	0.59%	656	0.05%	373	0.01%	89	0.01%	172	0.01%	473	0.03%	40	0.01%	1,334,083
Pathum Thani^[45]	1,271,785	95.83%	35,867	2.70%	9,807	0.74%	1,367	0.10%	706	0.05%	99	0.01%	6,592	0.50%	845	0.06%	78	0.01%	1,327,147
Pattani^[46]	94,507	15.52%	513,841	84.37%	221	0.04%	77	0.01%	58	0.01%	49	0.01%	237	0.39%	23	0.01%	3	0.01%	609,015
Phang Nga^[47]	200,324	77.48%	57,081	22.08%	786	0.30%	98	0.04%	23	0.01%	46	0.01%	2	0.01%	174	0.07%	–	–	258,534
Phatthalung^[48]	423,199	87.99%	56,282	11.70%	973	0.20%	79	0.02%	109	0.02%	24	0.01%	248	0.05%	58	0.01%	3	0.01%	480,976
Phayao^[49]	412,121	98.74%	487	0.12%	4,275	1.02%	35	0.01%	19	0.01%	14	0.01%	103	0.02%	321	0.07%	4	0.01%	417,380
Phetchabun^[50]	929,722	98.90%	2,774	0.30%	5,818	0.62%	392	0.04%	499	0.05%	57	0.01%	407	0.04%	400	0.04%	7	0.01%	940,076
Phetchaburi^[51]	460,327	97.41%	10,398	2.20%	1,411	0.30%	61	0.01%	52	0.01%	5	0.01%	128	0.03%	206	0.04%	–	–	472,589
Phichit^[52]
Phitsanulok^[53]
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya^[54]	827,251	95.01%	37,056	4.26%	3,024	0.35%	330	0.04%	78	0.01%	44	0.01%	458	0.05%	57	0.01%	2,373	0.27%	870,671
Phrae^[55]	423,310	99.04%	551	0.13%	3,118	0.73%	45	0.01%	52	0.01%	35	0.01%	184	0.04%	101	0.02%	2	0.01%	427,398
Phuket^[56]	418,025	79.52%	83,969	15.97%	19,058	3.63%	1,011	0.19%	67	0.01%	104	0.02%	930	0.18%	2,453	0.47%	91	0.02%	525,709
Prachinburi^[57]
Prachuap Khiri Khan^[58]
Ranong^[59]
Ratchaburi^[60]	781,901	98.14%	2,802	0.35%	10,108	1.27%	411	0.05%	205	0.03%	90	0.01%	474	0.06%	757	0.10%	–	–	796,748
Rayong^[61]
Roi Et^[62]
Sa Kaeo^[63]	553,526	99.56%	721	0.13%	1,393	0.25%	90	0.01%	31	0.01%	14	0.01%	54	0.01%	132	0.02%	–	–	555,961
Sakon Nakhon^[64]
Samut Prakan^[65]
Samut Prakan^[66]
Samut Songkhram^[67]
Saraburi^[68]
Satun^[69]	89,715	32.64%	184,552	67.14%	403	0.15%	17	0.01%	152	0.06%	16	0.01%	–	–	8	0.01%	–	–	274,863
Sing Buri^[70]	197,857	98.94%	891	0.45%	1,149	0.57%	50	0.03%	3	0.01%	7	0.01%	–	–	23	0.01%	2	0.01%	199,982
Sisaket^[71]	1,047,650	99.21%	1,677	0.16%	5,818	0.55%	196	0.02%	30	0.01%	41	0.01%	312	0.03%	255	0.02%	–	–	1,055,979
Songkhla^[72]	1,102,830	74.46%	374,728	25.30%	2,635	0.18%	218	0.01%	214	0.01%	37	0.01%	271	0.01%	88	0.01%	–	–	1,481,021
Sukhothai^[73]
Suphan Buri^[74]
Surat Thani^[75]	978,368	96.93%	22,521	2.23%	2,313	0.23%	460	0.05%	238	0.02%	42	0.01%	2,469	0.24%	2,940	0.29%	–	–	1,009,351
Surin^[76]
Tak^[77]
Trang^[78]	511,698	85.44%	85,609	14.29%	1,216	0.20%	74	0.01%	13	0.01%	26	0.01%	200	0.03%	40	0.01%	–	–	598,877
Trat^[79]
Ubon Ratchathani^[80]
Udon Thani^[81]
Uthai Thani^[82]
Uttaradit^[83]
Yala^[84]	100,778	23.27%	331,747	76.59%	453	0.10%	69	0.02%	61	0.01%	40	0.01%	–	–	16	0.01%	3	0.01%	433,167
Yasothon^[85]	482,651	98.91%	453	0.09%	4,689	0.96%	140	0.03%	28	0.01%	15	0.01%	–	–	–	–	–	–	487,976
Total	61,746,429	100%	3,259,340	100%	789,376	100%	41,808	100%	16,718	100%	11,124	100%	66,922	100%	46,122	100%	3,820	100%	65,981,660

Dharmic religions

Buddhism

Buddhism in Thailand is largely of the Theravada school. Over 90% of Thailand's population adheres to this school.

Thai Buddhism is practised alongside various indigenous religions, such as Chinese indigenous religion by the large Thai of Chinese origins, Hinduism among Thai of Indian origin and Siamese Thai people,^[86] Thai folk religion among Northeastern Thai, Northern Thai and Northern Khmer people, and Peranakan folk religion for Peranakans.

Buddhist temples in Thailand are characterised by tall golden stupas, and the Buddhist architecture of Thailand is similar to that in other Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia and Laos, which share a cultural and historical heritage with Thailand.

Hinduism

Several thousand Hindus of Indian origin live in Thailand, mainly in the larger cities. Besides this group of "traditional Hindus", Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots, and the influence among Thais remains even today. There are also some ethnic Cham Hindus living in Thailand.^[87] The popular Ramakien epic based on Buddhist Dasaratha Jataka is very similar to the Hindu Ramayana. The former capital of Ayutthaya was named for Ayodhya, the Indian birthplace of the Rama, the protagonist of the story. There is a class of brahmins who perform rituals for Hindu gods.^[86] Brahmin rituals are still common. Hindu-Buddhist deities are worshipped by many Thais and statues and shrines of Brahma, Ganesh, Indra, Shiva, Vishnu, Lakshmi and other Hindu-Buddhist gods are a common sight (for example the Erawan Shrine area). Another relic of Hinduism is Garuda, now a symbol of the monarchy.

Sikhism

The first Sikh known to have come to Thailand was Ladha Singh, who arrived in 1890. Other Sikhs joined him in the early 1900s, and by 1911 more than a hundred Sikh families had settled in Thailand, mainly in Thonburi Region. There were at that time no gurdwaras (Sikh temples), and religious prayers were held in private homes every Sunday and on gurpurab days. The Sikh community continued to grow, and in 1912 it was decided to build a gurdwara. It stands today in Bangkok's Pahurat area and imitates the Golden Temple in Amritsar Punjab, India. A tiny but influential community of Sikhs live in the country's cities, most engaged in retail commerce.

Folk religions

Chinese folk religion

Many within the large Thai Chinese population (excluding the Peranakans) practise various Chinese religions, including the worship of local gods, Chinese ancestral worship, Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese salvationist religions.^[4] One of the latter, Yiguandao (Thai: Anuttharatham), spread to Thailand since the 1970s, and it has grown so popular to come into conflict with Buddhism; in 2009 there were more than 7,000 Yiguandao churches in the country and approximately 200.000 people convert each year into the religion.^[88] Despite the large number of followers and temples these religions have no state recognition, their temples are not counted as places of worship, and their followers are counted as "Theravada Buddhists" in officially released religious figures.^[4] Chinese temples are called sanchao in Thai language.^[4]

The Chinese folk religion of Thailand has developed local features, including the worship of local gods.^[4] Major Chinese festivals such as Nian, Zhongqiu, and Qingming, are widely celebrated, especially in Bangkok, Chonburi, and other parts of Thailand where there are large Chinese populations.^[89] Thai of Teochew and Hoklo origin generally worship Guanyin and Mazu, while Cantonese origin worship Guan Yu.

Peranakan folk religion

The Peranakans in the city of Phuket practise a nine-day vegetarian festival between September and October. During the festive season, devotees will abstain from meat and mortification of the flesh by Chinese mediums is also commonly seen. The rites and rituals are devoted to the veneration of Tua Pek Kong. Such traditions were developed during the 19th century in Phuket by the local Chinese with influences from Malay and Southern Thai culture.^[90]

Thai folk religion

Most of Northeastern Thai (as well as Northern Thai, Northern Khmer and some Siamese Thai) practise distinctive indigenous religions characterised by worship of local gods and ancestors. They are very similar to the Chinese folk religion.

Abrahamic religions

Islam

According to the 2015 census, Thailand has 2,892,311 Muslims, or 4.29% of the total population. 2,227,613 of these Muslims are concentrated in the southern region of the country, where they represent up to 24.33% of the population.^[7]

Christianity

Christianity was introduced by European missionaries as early as the 1550s, when Portuguese mercenaries and their chaplain arrived in Ayutthaya. Historically, it has played a significant role in the modernisation of Thailand, notably in social and educational institutions.^[91] As of 2015 just over one percent of the population of Thailand are Christians.^[7] Of that group, 400,000 are estimated to be Catholics.^[92]

Thailand's Department of Religion, currently under the Ministry of Culture, has formally recognised five major Christian churches/denominations: the Catholic Church, the Southern Baptists, the Seventh-day Adventists, the Church of Christ in Thailand, and the Evangelical Fellowship of Thailand. Although not officially recognised, missionaries of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) have been active in Thailand for decades, though their converts are comparatively few. Also present are Jehovah's Witnesses, with over 5,200 members and 140 congregations.

Judaism

Judaism in Thailand dates back to the 17th century, with the arrival of a few Baghdadi Jewish families. The present community consists of both Ashkenazi (for instance the expatriate community plus some descendants of refugees from imperial Russia and later the Soviet Union), and Sephardi Jews, who were born in such places as Afghanistan, Iran and Syria, and wealthy gem traders. Most of the Jewish community in Thailand, consisting of an estimated 2,000 residents, reside in Bangkok,^[93] although there are at any given time thousands of tourists (some long-term) coming primarily from Israel. There are Jewish synagogues in Phuket, Chiang Mai, and Ko Samui, but no community there.

Freedom of religion

The constitution “prohibits discrimination based on religious belief," and allows all persons to practise any religion of their choice. Religious groups can operate freely with or without government registration.

The government has a quota for the number of foreign missionaries working in the country: 1,357 Christian, six Muslim, 20 Hindu, and 41 Sikh. Benefits include longer visa stays.

In 2022, violence against religious groups was reported in the Deep South; however it is difficult to separate this from ethnic violence.^[94] Due to this violence, in 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom.^[95]

Notes

^ Including Thai, Chinese and Peranakan indigenous religions.

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c "Global Religion – Religious Beliefs Across the World" (PDF). Ipsos. May 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Population by religion, region and area, 2018". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.^{[dead link‍]}
^ "US State Dept 2022 report".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kataoka 2012.
^ "Losing Our Religion? Two Thirds of People Still Claim to Be Religious". Gallup International. 2015-06-08. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
^ "Population by religion, region and area, 2010" (PDF). NSO. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Population by religion, region and area, 2015" (PDF). NSO. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ "Population by religion, region and area, 2015" (PDF). NSO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Bangkok: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Amnat Charoen: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ang Thong: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Bueng Kan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Buriram: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chachoengsao: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chai Nat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chaiyaphum: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chanthaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chiang Mai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chiang Rai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chonburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Chumphon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Kalasin: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Kamphaeng Phet: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Kanchanaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Khon Kaen: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Krabi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Lampang: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Lamphun: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Loei: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Lopburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Mae Hong Son: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Maha Sarakham: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Mukdahan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Nayok: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Pathom: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Phanom: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Ratchasima: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Sawan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Si Thammarat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Narathiwat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nong Bua Lamphu: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nong Khai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nonthaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Pathum Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Pattani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phang Nga: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phatthalung: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phayao: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phetchabun: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phetchaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phichit: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phitsanulok: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phrae: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phuket: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Prachinburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Prachuap Khiri Khan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ranong: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ratchaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Rayong: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Roi Et: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sa Kaeo: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sakon Nakhon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Samut Prakan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Samut Sakhon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Samut Songkhram: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Saraburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Satun: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sing Buri: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sisaket: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Songkhla: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sukhothai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Suphan Buri: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Surat Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Surin: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Tak: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Trang: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Trat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ubon Ratchathani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Udon Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Uthai Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Uttaradit: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Yala: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Yasothon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ ^a ^b "The new Brahmins". Bangkok Post. 15 October 2015.
^ "Hinduism Around the World" (PDF). Hindu American Foundation. 2014: 3. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Yusheng Lin (2015). "Yiguandao and Buddhism in Thailand" (PDF). Kyoto University's Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research.
^ Tong Chee Kiong; Chan Kwok Bun (2001). Rethinking Assimilation and Ethnicity: The Chinese of Thailand. pp. 30–34. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Jean Elizabeth DeBernardi (2006). The Way That Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirits Mediums in Penang, Malaysia. Stanford University Press. pp. 25–30. ISBN 0-8047-5292-3.
^ Spitz, Maternus (1912). "Siam". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 10 January 2018.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Pope Francis to visit Thailand November 20–23". Thai PBS. Agence France-Presse. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
^ "The Jewish Community of Thailand". Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. US State Dept 2022 report.
^ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08

Sources

Kataoka, Tatsuki (December 2012). "Religion as Non-religion: The Place of Chinese Temples in Phuket, Southern Thailand". Southeast Asian Studies. 1 (3). Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University: 461–485. hdl:2433/167311.