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Refuse Act
Other short titles	Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Act of 1899
Long title	An Act making appropriations for the construction, repair, and preservation of certain public works on rivers and harbors, and for other purposes.
Nicknames	Refuse Act of 1899
Enacted by	the 55th United States Congress
Effective	March 3, 1899
Citations
Public law	Pub. L. 55–425
Statutes at Large	30 Stat. 1121 aka 30 Stat. 1152
Codification
Titles amended	33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
U.S.C. sections created	33 U.S.C. ch. 9, subch. I § 407
Legislative history
	Signed into law by President William McKinley on March 3, 1899;

The Refuse Act is a United States federal statute governing use of waterways. The Act, a section of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, prohibited "dumping of refuse" into navigable waters, except by permit.^[1]

Implementation history

The Army Corps of Engineers administered the Act and initially focused on controlling debris that obstructed navigation.^[2]^: 3

Pollution control litigation in the 1960s

In the 1960s, due to increasing public and governmental concern about water pollution, the federal government began to use the Act to control pollution.^[3] The government pursued court cases to prosecute dischargers of industrial waste to waterways. Notable cases include United States v. Republic Steel Corp. (1960) ^[4] and U.S. v. Standard Oil Co. (1966).^[5]

1970 Discharge permit program

Congress had enacted the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) in 1948 to address water pollution problems, but this law gave the government limited enforcement authority. The Department of Interior, which administered the FWPCA (prior to 1972), developed a policy with the Department of Justice and the Army Corps of Engineers to use the Refuse Act as an enforcement tool, to complement the FWPCA. In 1970 President Richard Nixon issued an Executive Order creating a new permit program under the Refuse Act. The focus of the new permit program was on industrial pollution.^[2]^: 3–6^[6]

The Corps of Engineers began to issue the new discharge permits, but in 1971 a legal challenge halted the program.^[7]

1972 FWPCA Amendments

Congress enacted major amendments to the FWPCA in 1972. (See Clean Water Act.) Included in the legislation was a new discharge permit program, called the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), which replaced the Refuse Act permit program.^[8] The amendments assigned lead responsibility for implementation of NPDES to the newly formed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Congress did not repeal the Refuse Act. The law is still used by the Corps of Engineers to prevent obstructions to navigation. In some pollution enforcement cases, the federal government has used it as a supplemental authority along with the FWPCA.