Reber Plan

Proposed barriers in the San Francisco Bay

The Reber Plan was a late 1940s plan to fill in parts of the San Francisco Bay. It was designed and advocated by John Reber—an actor and theatrical producer.[1]

San Francisco Bay Project

Under the plan, which was also known as the San Francisco Bay Project, the mouth of the Sacramento River (from Suisun Bay) would be channelized by dams and would feed two vast freshwater lakes within the bay, providing drinking and irrigation water to the residents and farmers of the Bay Area. The barriers would support rail and highway traffic and would create the two freshwater lakes. Between the lakes, Reber proposed the reclamation of 20,000 acres (81 km2) of land that would be crossed by a freshwater channel. West of the channel would be airports, a naval base, and a pair of locks comparable in size to those of the Panama Canal. Industrial plants would be developed on the east.[2]

The San Francisco Chronicle endorsed the plan's concept of a causeway to replace or supplement the San Francisco Bay Bridge, stating:

There are a great many difficulties to be surmounted, just as there were for the Bay and Golden Gate bridges, but they can be surmounted by application of the same kind of drive and technical know-how that brought the present great spans into being.[3]

Feasibility tested

In 1946, the Alameda County Committee for a Second Bay Crossing and noted civil engineer Glenn B. Woodruff estimated the plan would cost $2.5 billion, more than 10 times Reber's estimate. Woodruff, who had helped design the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, blamed a misunderstanding of the geology of the bay for the massive discrepancy.[4]

In 1953 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recommended more detailed study of the plan and eventually constructed a hydraulic model of the Bay Area to test it. The barriers, which were the plan's essential element, failed to survive this critical study.[5][6][7][8] The scrapping of the Reber Plan in the early 1960s was one sign, perhaps, of the end of an era of grandiose civil works projects aimed at totally restructuring a region's natural environment, and the birth of the environmental era.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ Moffitt, Mike (2021-04-22). "The spectacularly doomed plan to fill the San Francisco bay with a 36-lane freeway". San Francisco Chronicle.
  2. ^ "Bridging the Bay, Bridging the Campus: Salt Water Barriers". UC Berkeley Library. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
  3. ^ unsigned editorial (August 17, 1946). "Causeway to the Future". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  4. ^ Hope, Dave (August 14, 1946). "Board hears Objections to Crossing Plan". Oakland Tribune. pp. 1–2. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  5. ^ "The Man Who Helped Save the Bay by Trying to Destroy It". 15 April 2015.
  6. ^ California State Assembly, First Report of the Interim Fact-Finding Committee on Tideland Reclamation and Development in Northern California, Related to Traffic Problem and Relief of Congestion on Transbay Crossings (Sacramento, 1949), 23–25, 27
  7. ^ John L. Savage, Report on Development of the San Francisco Bay Region (San Francisco, 1951), 1–2, 24–78
  8. ^ W. Turrentine Jackson and Alan M. Paterson, The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: The Evolution and Implementation of Water Policy (Davis: California Water Resources Center, 1977), 63–65.
  9. ^ https://psmag.com/environment/the-fitness-of-physical-models-38084 December 5, 2011 The Fitness of Physical Models

Read other articles:

Stasiun Nambo

Stasiun Nambo B26 Tampak depan bangunan utama Stasiun NamboLokasiJalan Raya NamboBantarjati, Klapanunggal, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16874IndonesiaKoordinat6°27′51″S 106°54′21″E / 6.46417°S 106.90583°E / -6.46417; 106.90583Koordinat: 6°27′51″S 106°54′21″E / 6.46417°S 106.90583°E / -6.46417; 106.90583Ketinggian+220 mOperator KAI Commuter KAI Logistik Letakkm 51+077 lintas Jakarta–Manggarai–Nambo[1] Jumlah peronSatu per...

 

Nasi pindang

Nasi PindangTempat asalIndonesiaDaerahKudus, Jawa TengahDibuat olehSuku JawaSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Nasi Pindang (Hanacaraka: ꦱꦼꦒ​ꦥꦶꦤ꧀ꦢꦁ, Jawa: Sega pindang) adalah masakan yang berupa nasi dan daging disajikan dengan kuah pindang dan daun melinjo atau daun so. Nasi Pindang adalah makanan khas dari orang Kabupaten Kudus,[1] tepatnya di Desa Colo. Sejarah Nasi Pindang biasanya disajikan tiap masyarakat Kudus mempuny...

 

Potentiel hydrogène

« pH » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir PH (homonymie). Indicateur de pH coloré pH de solutions du quotidien : Substance pH approximatif Acide chlorhydrique (à 37 %m) −1,1 Acide chlorhydrique (1 mol/L) 0 Drainage minier acide (DMA) <1,0 Acide d'un accumulateur ou batterie <1,0 Acide gastrique 2,0 Jus de citron 2,4 – 2,6 Cola[1] 2,5 Vinaigre alimentaire (de 6 à 8 %) 2,5 – 2,9 Jus d'orange ou de pomme 3,5 Vin 4,0 Bière 4,5 Café...

Val d'Aveto

Val d'AvetoStati Italia Regioni Liguria  Emilia-Romagna Province Genova  Piacenza Località principaliRezzoaglio, Santo Stefano d'Aveto in Liguria e Ferriere, Cerignale e Corte Brugnatella in Emilia FiumeAveto Modifica dati su Wikidata · ManualeCoordinate: 44°32′N 9°23′E / 44.533333°N 9.383333°E44.533333; 9.383333 La val d'Aveto è una vallata situata tra le regioni Liguria ed Emilia-Romagna, inserita tra la città metropolitana di Genova...

 

Julio César Chávez

Nama ini menggunakan cara penamaan Spanyol: nama keluarga pertama atau paternalnya adalah Chávez dan nama keluarga kedua atau maternalnya adalah González. Julio César ChávezChávez pada 2017StatistikNama asliJulio César Chávez GonzálezNama panggilan J.C. Superstar El César del Boxeo (The Caesar of Boxing)[1] El Gran Campeón Mexicano (The Great Mexican Champion)[2] Mr. KO El León de Culiacán (The Lion of Culiacán) Dinilai pada Super featherweight Lightweight Li...

 

Sant Quirze Safaja

Municipality in Catalonia, SpainSant Quirze SafajaMunicipalitySant Quirze Safaja with its church FlagCoat of armsSant Quirze SafajaLocation in CataloniaShow map of Province of BarcelonaSant Quirze SafajaSant Quirze Safaja (Spain)Show map of SpainCoordinates: 41°43′49″N 2°9′16″E / 41.73028°N 2.15444°E / 41.73028; 2.15444Country SpainCommunity CataloniaProvince BarcelonaComarcaMoianèsGovernment • MayorAnna Guixà Fisas (2015)[1...

Ernst Toller

German playwright (1893–1939) Ernst TollerPresident of the Bavarian Soviet RepublicIn office6 April 1919 – 12 April 1919Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byEugen Leviné Personal detailsBorn(1893-12-01)1 December 1893Samotschin, Posen, GermanyDied22 May 1939(1939-05-22) (aged 45)New York City, US Ernst Toller during his imprisonment in the Niederschönenfeld fortress (early 1920s) Ernst Toller (1 December 1893 – 22 May 1939) was a German author, playwright, left-wing ...

 

Indigenous Australian literature

Literature produced by Indigenous Australians David Unaipon (1872-1967), the first Aboriginal author to be published Indigenous Australian literature is the fiction, plays, poems, essays and other works authored by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia. While a letter written by Bennelong to Governor Arthur Phillip in 1796 is the first known work written in English by an Aboriginal person, David Unaipon was the first Aboriginal author to be published, in 1924–5. Since th...

 

Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli 1983-1984

Voce principale: Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli. SSC NapoliStagione 1983-1984 Sport calcio Squadra Napoli Allenatore Pietro Santin (1ª-20ª) Rino Marchesi (21ª-30ª) All. in seconda Alberto Delfrati Presidente Corrado Ferlaino Serie A11º Coppa ItaliaPrimo turno Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Dirceu, Ferrario (30)Totale: Dirceu, Ferrario (35) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: De Rosa (6)Totale: De Rosa (8) StadioSan Paolo Abbonati33 958[1] Maggior numero di spettatori78 62...

Naval Air Station Chatham

Airport in Chatham, MassachusettsNaval Air Station ChathamNavy B-class blimp flying over the Chatham Naval Air Station in the summer of 1919.IATA: noneICAO: noneSummaryAirport typeMilitary: Naval Air StationOperatorUnited States NavyLocationChatham, MassachusettsBuilt1917In use1917–1922OccupantsNavyElevation AMSL1 ft / 0 mCoordinates41°43′0.58″N 069°57′55.92″W / 41.7168278°N 69.9655333°W / 41.7168278; -69.9655333Runways Direction Length Su...

 

Speedway National League Division Three

Speedway National League Division ThreeSportSpeedwayFounded1947Ceased1951replaced by the Southern LeagueCountryEngland The National League Division Three was the third division of Speedway in the United Kingdom.[1] The league was created as a third tier of the National League in 1947 but ran for only five years.[2] In 1952 it was replaced by the Southern League.[3] Champions Season Champions Second 1947 Eastbourne Eagles Cradley Heath Cubs 1948 Exeter Falcons Cradley ...

 

2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會波蘭代表團

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl（英文）（波兰文）2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会（東京）2021年7月23日至8月8日（受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟，但仍保留原定名称）運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式：帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基（游泳）和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡（自行车）[1]闭幕式：卡罗利娜·纳亚（皮划艇）&#...

Great Valley High School

Secondary school in Malvern, Pennsylvania, United StatesGreat Valley High SchoolGreat Valley High School in Malvern, PennsylvaniaAddress225 Phoenixville PikeMalvern, PennsylvaniaUnited StatesCoordinates40°03′24″N 75°34′02″W / 40.056763°N 75.567095°W / 40.056763; -75.567095InformationSchool typePublic, SecondaryEstablished1962School districtGreat Valley School DistrictPrincipalHeidi CapetolaTeaching staff92.82 (FTE)[1]Grades9–12Enrollment1,319 (201...

 

Android Beam

Former Android OS feature Android BeamA screenshot of Android Beam running on Android Oreo.Developer(s)GoogleInitial release2011; 13 years ago (2011)Operating systemAndroid OSSuccessorNearby ShareService nameFile sharingTypeUtility softwareLicenseApache License 2.0 Android Beam is a discontinued feature of the Android mobile operating system that allowed data to be transferred via near field communication (NFC).[1] It allowed the rapid short-range exchange of web boo...

 

SMA Negeri 8 Semarang

Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: SMA Negeri 8 Semarang – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Januari 2024)SMA Negeri 8 SemarangInformasiDidirikan3 September 1979AkreditasiA (Unggul)[1]Nomor Statistik Sekolah30103630100...

بردياني سي إس إف فايزاني

بردياني سي إس إف فايزانيمعلومات عامةرمز UCI  القائمة ... VBF(2024 - )BCF(2020 - 2023)BRD(2017 - 2019)BAR(2013 - 2016)COG(2010 - 2012)CSF(2008 - 2009)PAN(2000 - 2007)NAV(1999 - 1999)SCR(1996 - 1998)NAV(1993 - 1995) الرياضة سباق الدراجات على الطريق البلد  إيطاليا جمهورية أيرلندا إيطاليا التأسيس 1982 الوضع القانوني  القائمة ... فريق درا�...

 

بوابة:إسبانيا

بوابة المملكة الإسبانية ترحب بكم علم إسبانيا شعار إسبانيا إسبانيا (بالإسبانية: España)‏، رسمياً مملكة إسبانيا (بالإسبانية: Reino de España)‏ هي دولة عضو في الاتحاد الأوروبي تقع في جنوب غرب أوروبا في شبه الجزيرة الأيبيرية. يحد برها الرئيسي من الجنوب والشرق البحر الأبيض المتوسط، وي�...

 

Brion (Indre)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Brion. Brion La mairie en 2013. Administration Pays France Région Centre-Val de Loire Département Indre Arrondissement Châteauroux Intercommunalité Communauté de communes de la Région de Levroux Maire Mandat Thierry Fourré 2020-2026 Code postal 36110 Code commune 36026 Démographie Gentilé Brionnais Populationmunicipale 609 hab. (2021 ) Densité 14 hab./km2 Population agglomération 85 674 hab. (2010) Géographie Coordonnées 46°...

Kiskinizs

Place in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, HungaryKiskinizsLocation of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county in HungaryKiskinizsLocation of KiskinizsCoordinates: 48°15′04″N 21°02′04″E / 48.25113°N 21.03444°E / 48.25113; 21.03444Country HungaryCountyBorsod-Abaúj-ZemplénArea • Total7.18 km2 (2.77 sq mi)Population (2004) • Total360 • Density50.13/km2 (129.8/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)U...

 

Азерекс

КоммунаАзерексAzereix Герб 43°12′33″ с. ш. 0°00′23″ з. д.HGЯO Страна  Франция Регион Юг — Пиренеи Департамент Верхние Пиренеи Кантон Осён Мэр Мишель Рико(2014—2020) История и география Площадь 15,2 км² Высота центра 325–463 м Часовой пояс UTC+1:00, летом UTC+2:00 Население Население...