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Raranimus; Temporal range: Middle Permian, 272 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Holotype skull from the sides
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Synapsida
Clade:	Therapsida
Genus:	†Raranimus; Liu et al., 2009
Type species
	†Raranimus dashankouensis; Liu et al., 2009

Raranimus is an extinct genus of therapsids of the Middle Permian. It was described in 2009 from a partial skull found in 1998 from the Dashankou locality of the Qingtoushan Formation, outcropping in the Qilian Mountains of Gansu, China. The genus is the most basal known member of the clade Therapsida, to which the later Mammalia belong.^[1]

Description

Raranimus shares a number of features with later therapsids and ancestral Sphenacodontia. The skull consists of a well preserved rostrum. The teeth suggest a carnivorous lifestyle for Raranimus, as the incisors are recurved and the second canines are serrated on their posterior edges. The incisors are morphologically similar to those seen in more derived theriodonts. The presence of two linguo−labially compressed canines is a diagnostic feature of Raranimus. The presence of two functional canines is characteristic of sphenacodontids, and this condition is seen in no other therapsid other than Rananimus. However, the slender, compressed shape of these canines is a derived characteristic of therapsids, with the canines of similarly sized sphenacodontids being more massively built. The precanines are small and anteriorly serrated, similar to what is seen in the synapsids Dimetrodon and Tetraceratops.^[2]^[3]

In the palate region of the skull, the anterior process of the vomer ventrally overlies the premaxilla at the anterior margin of the choana. This overlap is also seen in dinocephalians. However, unlike any other therapsid, the choanae are short and extend only from the level of the fourth incisor back to the first canine.^[1]

Phylogenetics

According to a phylogenetic analysis conducted along with its initial description, Raranimus is considered to be the basalmost therapsid.^[1] There has been some controversy as to whether Tetraceratops is a therapsid or a more basal pelycosaur. If Tetraceratops is a therapsid, as has recently been proposed, it would be the oldest and most basal one known, surpassing Raranimus in age by several million years.^[3] However, later studies have questioned the placement of Tetraceratops within Therapsida, and the 2009 phylogenetic analysis using Raranimus places the genus outside of the clade.^[1]^[4]^[5]

Raranimus occurs in strata that were deposited during the early Roadian stage of the Middle Permian.^[6] The sphenacodontids were most diverse before the Roadian in the Early Permian, yet therapsids did not appear as a diverse group until near the Roadian-Wordian boundary. This has left a morphological and temporal gap in the fossil record during which the origin of therapsids must have occurred^[7] called Olson’s Extinction.^[8]^[9]

With the general absence of therapsid remains from Olson's Extinction, different hypotheses have developed in order to explain the group's origins and initial diversification. One theory suggests that therapsids diversified quickly through rapid apomorphy accumulation sometime during the gap, while the other proposes that therapsids evolved gradually over the course of up to 35 Ma.^[7]^[10] Only recently have remains of basal therapsids such as Raranimus been found from China that occur during Olson's Extinction. Other therapsids that are known to have existed during the gap include Sinophoneus and Stenocybus.^[11]

Below is a cladogram modified from Liu et al., 2009 depicting the phylogenetic relationships of Raranimus with therapsids that occur in Olson's Gap highlighted:^[1]

Synapsida

Haptodus

Dimetrodon

Tetraceratops

Therapsida

Raranimus

Biarmosuchia

	Proburnetia

	Burnetia

Theriodontia

to mammals

	Gorgonops

	Lycaenops

	Cyonosaurus

Anomodontia

Biseridens

	Patranomodon

	Suminia

Dinocephalia

Stenocybus

	Syodon

	Titanophoneus

Estemmenosuchus

	Styracocephalus

	Jonkeria

Taxa occurring in "Olson's Gap"

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Liu, J.; Rubidge, B; Li, J. (2009). "New basal synapsid supports Laurasian origin for therapsids" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 393–400. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0071. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
^ Romer, A. S.; Price, L. I. (1940). "Review of the Pelycosauria". Geological Society of America Special Papers. 28: 1–538. doi:10.1130/spe28-p1.
^ ^a ^b Laurin, M.; Reisz. R. R. (1996). "The osteology and relationships of Tetraceratops insignis, the oldest known therapsid". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16: 95–102. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011287.
^ Sidor, C. A.; Hopson, J. A. (1998). "Ghost lineages and "mammalness": Assessing the temporal pattern of character acquisition in the Synapsida". Paleobiology. 24: 254–273. JSTOR 2401242.
^ Conrad, J.; Sidor, C. A. (2001). "Re−evaluation of Tetraceratops insignis (Synapsida: Sphenacodontia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21: 1–117. doi:10.1080/02724634.2001.10010852.
^ The hypothesized age for this locality is supported by the presence of the dissorophoid temnospondyl Anakamacops, the bolosaurid Belebey, and the basal therapsids Biseridens, Sinophoneus, and Stenocybus.
^ ^a ^b Abdala, Fernando; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Heever, Juri A. van den (2008). "The oldest therocephalians (Therapsida, Eutheriodontia) and the early diversification of Therapsida". Palaeontology. 51 (4): 1011–1024. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00784.x.
^ Lucas, S. G. (2004). "A global hiatus in the Middle Permian tetrapod fossil record". Stratigraphy. 1: 47–64.
^ Ivakhnenko, M. F. (2005). "Comparative survey of Lower Permian tetrapod faunas of eastern Europe and South Africa". Paleontological Journal. 39 (1): 66–71.
^ Kemp, T. S. (2006). "The origin and early radiation of the therapsid mammal−like reptiles: a palaeobiological hypothesis". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 19 (4): 1231–1247. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01076.x. PMID 16780524.
^ Cheng, Z.; Li, J. (1997). "A new genus of primitive dinocephalian—the third report on Late Permian Dashankou lower tetrapod fauna". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 35: 35–43.