Quinolizidine alkaloids

Quinolizidine, the parent compound of the quinolizidine alkaloids.
Dyer's broom (Genista tinctoria)
Common Golden Rain (Laburnum anagyroides)

Quinolizidine alkaloids are natural products that have a quinolizidine structure; this includes the lupine alkaloids.[1][2][3]

Occurrence

Quinolizidine alkaloids can be found in the plant family of legumes, especially in papilionaceous plants. While the lupine alkaloids (following their name) can be found in lupines, tinctorin, for example, was isolated from the dyer's broom.[4][1]

Examples

More than 200 quinolizidine alkaloids are known which can be classified into 6 structural types:

  • the lupinine type with 34 known structures, including lupinine and its derivatives
  • the camoensine type with 6 known structures, including camoensin
  • the spartein type with 66 structures, including sparteine, lupanine, angustifoline
  • the α-pyridone type with 25 structures, including anagyrine and cytisine
  • the matrine type with 31 structures, including matrine
  • and the ormosanin type with 19 structures, including ormosanine.[2]

Properties

Cytisine is the toxic main alkaloid of laburnum. Similar to nicotine, it has a stimulating to hallucinogenic effect in low doses and a respiratory paralysing effect in higher doses. Cytisine and matrine are active ingredients of the Sophora beans from Mexico and the cow Seng and Shinkyogan drugs from China and Japan.[1]

Quinolizidine alkaloids defend plants against pests and diseases and breeding to reduce QA concentrations lowers these resistances.[5] They have various effects on warm-blooded animals and lead to poisoning of grazing livestock (sheep and cattle). Cytisin and anagyrin are particularly responsible for this. The effects of poisoning are stimulation, coordination disorders, shortness of breath, cramps and finally death from respiratory paralysis. Anagyrin acts teratogenic. The only quinolizidine alkaloid used therapeutically is sparteine,[2] which has an antiarrhythmic and labor-promoting effect.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d E. Breitmaier (1997), Alkaloide (in German), Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, pp. 45ff., ISBN 9783519035428
  2. ^ a b c Entry on Chinolizidin-Alkaloide. at: Römpp Online. Georg Thieme Verlag, retrieved 28. April 2020.
  3. ^ Ma, Xiaoqiang; Gang, David R. (2004). "The Lycopodium alkaloids". Natural Product Reports. 21 (6): 752–772. doi:10.1039/b409720n. PMID 15565253.
  4. ^ D. Knöfel, H. Schütte (1970), "Chinolizidinalkaloide: Konstitution und Konfiguration von Tinctorin aus Genista tinctoria", Journal fur praktische Chemie (in German), vol. 312, no. 5, pp. 887f., doi:10.1002/prac.19703120521
  5. ^

Read other articles:

L. A. Ravi Varma

Dr. L. A. Ravi Varma Dr. L. A. Ravi Varma (Lakshmipuram Avitomthirunal Ravi Varma), (26 October 1884 – 16 February 1958) was a historian, ophthalmologist and philosopher of the 20th century in Kerala, India. He was a critical figure who enriched the Ayurvedic literature contributing to its renaissance. In January 1940, he was appointed as Director of the joint Oriental Manuscripts Libraries of the Government of Kerala and the Kerala University.[1] He was conferred the Honorary Titl...

 

داريوس فازيل

داريوس فازيل (بالإنجليزية: Darius Vassell)‏  فازيل مع ليستر سيتي عام 2011 معلومات شخصية الاسم الكامل داريوس مارتن كلارك فازيل[1] الميلاد 13 يونيو 1980 (العمر 43 سنة)[2]سوتون كولدفيلد, إنجلترا الطول 1.70 م (5 قدم 7 بوصة)[3] مركز اللعب مهاجم / جناح الجنسية المملكة المتحدة...

 

Budapest Ghetto

Part of a series onThe HolocaustJews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May 1944 Responsibility Nazi Germany People Major perpetrators Adolf Hitler Heinrich Himmler Joseph Goebbels Heinrich Müller Reinhard Heydrich Adolf Eichmann Odilo Globocnik Theodor Eicke Richard Glücks Ernst Kaltenbrunner Rudolf Höss Christian Wirth Ion Antonescu László Ferenczy Organizations Nazi Party Gestapo Schutzstaffel (SS) Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) Einsatzgruppen Sturmabteilung (SA) Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT) We...

Stasiun metro Ruoholahti

RuoholahtiGräsvikenStasiun Helsinki MetroKoordinat60°09′47″N 024°54′52″E / 60.16306°N 24.91444°E / 60.16306; 24.91444Koordinat: 60°09′47″N 024°54′52″E / 60.16306°N 24.91444°E / 60.16306; 24.91444PemilikHelsinki City TransportJumlah jalur2Layanan  Tram Helsinki Line: 8   Bus Helsinki 15, 20, 20NKonstruksiJenis strukturBawah tanahSejarahDibuka1993Operasi layanan Stasiun sebelumnya   HKL   Stas...

 

Propylphenidate

Not to be confused with propylphenidine. Stimulant drug PropylphenidateLegal statusLegal status CA: Schedule III DE: NpSG (Industrial and scientific use only) UK: Class B Identifiers IUPAC name Propyl 2-phenyl-2-(piperidin-2-yl)acetate CAS Number1071564-47-0 YPubChem CID91844465ChemSpider52085111UNII0Q064445GTChemical and physical dataFormulaC16H23NO2Molar mass261.365 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES C1(=CC=CC=C1)C(C(=O)OCCC)C2CCCCN2 InChI InChI=1S/C...

 

Janna

For other uses, see Janna (disambiguation). For the given name, see Jana (given name). Not to be confused with Jannah, meaning an eternal place, the Islamic conception of paradise. 13th century Kannada poet JannaOld Kannada poetic inscription (1196 AD) composed by Janna in the Amrutesvara temple at Amruthapura Janna (Kannada : ಮಹಾಕವಿ ಜನ್ನ) was one of the well-known Kannada poets of the early 13th century who also served in the capacity of a minister and a builder of t...

他侬·吉滴卡宗

泰国陆军元帅他侬·吉滴卡宗ถนอม กิตติขจรPChW SR MPCh MWM第10任泰國總理任期1963年12月9日—1973年10月14日君主拉玛九世前任沙立·他那叻元帥继任訕耶·探瑪塞任期1958年1月1日—1958年10月20日君主拉玛九世前任乃朴·沙拉信继任沙立·他那叻元帥第32任泰國國防部長任期1957年9月23日—1973年10月14日前任鑾披汶·頌堪继任他威·尊拉塞（英语：Dawee Chullasapya） 个人资料出...

 

The Honourable Woman

2014 British spy thriller television series For the Ugandan satire television series, see The Honourables. The Honourable WomanGenrePolitical thrillerSpy thrillerWritten byHugo BlickDirected byHugo BlickStarringMaggie GyllenhaalPhilip ArdittiLubna AzabalAndrew BuchanEve BestLindsay DuncanJanet McTeerTobias MenziesIgal NaorGenevieve O'ReillyKatherine ParkinsonStephen ReaComposerMartin PhippsCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of episodes8 (list of episodes)ProductionExec...

 

Massachusetts Senate's 1st Essex and Middlesex district

American legislative district Map of Massachusetts Senate's 1st Essex and Middlesex district, based on the 2010 United States census. Massachusetts Senate's 1st Essex and Middlesex district in the United States is one of 40 legislative districts of the Massachusetts Senate.[1] It covers 17.8% of Essex County and 2.5% of Middlesex County population.[2][3] Republican Bruce Tarr of Gloucester has represented the district since 1995.[4] Towns represented The distri...

Cetona

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento centri abitati della Toscana non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Cetonacomune Cetona – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Toscana Provincia Siena AmministrazioneSindacoRoberto Cottini (centro-sinistra) dal 27-5-2019 TerritorioCoordinate42°58′N 11°54′E42°58′N, 11°...

 

Tour of Britain

Cycling race For the women's event, see Tour of Britain Women. Tour of Britain 2023 Tour of BritainRace detailsDateSeptemberRegionGreat BritainLocal name(s)The TourDisciplineRoadCompetitionUCI Europe Tour (2004–2021) UCI ProSeries (2021–present)TypeStage raceOrganiserSweetSpotWeb sitewww.tourofbritain.co.uk HistoryFirst edition1945 (1945)First winner Robert Batot (FRA)Most recent Wout van Aert (BEL) The Tour of Britain is a multi-stage cyc...

 

1976 Palauan status negotiations referendum

1976 Palauan status negotiations referendum September 1976 Results Choice Votes % Yes 2,780 87.70% No 390 12.30% Valid votes 3,170 96.94% Invalid or blank votes 100 3.06% Total votes 3,270 100.00% Registered voters/turnout 3,270 100% Politics of Palau Constitution Human rights LGBT rights Executive President Surangel Whipps Jr. Vice President Uduch Sengebau Senior Legislative National Congress Senate President: Hokkons Baules House of Delegates Speaker: Sabino Anastacio Judiciary Supreme Cou...

Dental and alveolar ejective stops

Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨tʼ⟩ in IPA This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Dental and alveolar ejective stops – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Alveolar ejective stoptʼAudio sample source · helpEnc...

 

NeXTSTEP

Operating system from NeXT Computer For other uses, see Next Step. Operating system NeXTSTEPNeXTSTEP graphical user interfaceDeveloperNeXTWritten inC, Objective-COS familyUnix (4.3BSD-Tahoe)Working stateHistoric as original code base for macOS, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS and tvOSSource modelClosed source with some open-source componentsInitial releaseSeptember 18, 1989; 34 years ago (1989-09-18)Final release3.3 / 1995 (1995)Final preview4.2 Pre-release 2 / September 1997Marke...

 

法國國家男子排球隊

法國國家男子排球隊协会FFVB大洲联合会欧洲排球联合会總教練 安德烈·吉亞尼球衣 　 主場 　 客場 　 第三 夏季奧運參賽次數4（首次參賽：1988年）最佳成績 冠軍：（2021年）世界排球锦标赛參賽次數16（首次參賽：1970）最佳成績 季軍：(2002年)www.ffvb.org 法國國家男子排球隊（法語：Équipe de France de volley-ball）是法國的國家男子排球隊。法國男排在2015年首度成為�...

Hamiltonian mechanics

Formulation of classical mechanics using momenta Sir William Rowan Hamilton Part of a series onClassical mechanics F = d p d t {\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}} Second law of motion History Timeline Textbooks Branches Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical mechanics Fundamentals Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia&#...

 

2014年ソチオリンピック

2014年ソチオリンピック 第22回オリンピック冬季競技大会XXII Olympic Winter Games 開催国・都市 ロシア ソチ参加国・地域数 83ヶ国＋5地域(88地域)[1]参加人数 2873名競技種目数 7競技 98種目[2]開会式 2014年2月7日閉会式 2014年2月23日開会宣言 ウラジーミル・プーチン大統領選手宣誓 ルスラン・ザハロフ（英語版、フランス語版、ロシア語版）審判宣誓 ヴャチェスラフ�...

 

Maria Berger

Austrian politician This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Maria BergerJudge of the Court of Justice of the European CommunitiesIncumbentAssumed office 7 October 2009Member of the European Parliamentfor AustriaIn office11 December 2008 – 13 ...

The Symbol of the Unconquered

1920 film by Oscar Micheaux The Symbol of the Unconquered(The Wilderness Trail)Contemporary newspaper advertisement.Directed byOscar MicheauxWritten byOscar MicheauxProduced byOscar MicheauxStarringIris HallRelease date November 29, 1920 (1920-11-29) Running time54 minutes; 7 reels (silentera has it at 8 reels, IMDb says 5 reels)CountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles) The Symbol of the Unconquered (also known as The Wilderness Trail) is a 1920 silent race film ...

 

Luxury apartment

Apartment with higher-than-average price and quality Part of a series onLiving spaces MainHouse: detachedsemi-detachedterracedApartmentBungalowCottageEcohouseGreen homeHousing projectHuman outpostI-houseRanchTenementCondominiumMixed-use development (live-work)HotelHostel (travellers' hotel)CastlePublic housingSquatFlophouseShackSlumShanty townVilla IssuesAffordabilityAffordability in the United StatesExecutive housingEnvironmental:designplanningracismEnvironmental securityEvictionFair housing...