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Quercus ilicifolia
	Scrub oak in Nottingham, Pennsylvania, in June 2011
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Fagaceae
Genus:	Quercus
Subgenus:	Quercus subg. Quercus
Section:	Quercus sect. Lobatae
Species:	Q. ilicifolia
Binomial name
	Quercus ilicifolia; Wangenh. 1787 not Salisb. 1864 nor Koord. & Valeton ex Seemen 1900
	The geographic presence of Quercus ilicifolia in the Northeastern United States (highlighted in green)
Synonyms
	List Quercus banisteri Michx. ; Quercus discolor var. banisteri (Michx.) Spach ; Quercus ilicifolia var. georgiana A.Wood ; Quercus nana (Marshall) Sarg. 1895 not Willd. 1805 ; Quercus nigra var. ilicifolia Kuntze ; Quercus nigra var. pumila Marshall ; Quercus pumila Sudw. 1898 not Walter 1788 ; Quercus rubra var. nana Marshall ;

Quercus ilicifolia, commonly known as bear oak or scrub oak, is a small shrubby oak native to the Eastern United States and, less commonly, in southeastern Canada. Its range in the United States extends from Maine to North Carolina, with reports of a few populations north of the international frontier in Ontario.^[3] The name ilicifolia means "holly-leaved."

Description

Quercus ilicifolia is a deciduous tree or shrub growing occasionally reaching a height of 6 meters (20 feet) but usually much smaller.^[4]^[5] It is gangly and can form a dense thicket. The plant grows from a large taproot, which reach 20 centimeters (8 inches) in thickness. The taproot lives a long time, producing several generations of above ground parts. The alternately arranged leaves are each up to 15 cm (6 in) in length by 10 cm (4 in) in width. The species is monoecious with plants bearing both male catkins and solitary or clustered female flowers. The egg-shaped acorn is 1 to 2 cm (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in) long with a saucer-shaped cap. The plant reproduces sexually by seed and also vegetatively by sprouting new stems.^[5]^[4]

Distribution and habitat

Quercus ilicifolia is a dominant plant species in a number of regions and habitat types. In Maine, it is found in deciduous forests alongside red maple (Acer rubrum), gray birch (Betula populifolia), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). In Massachusetts, it codominates with black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) on the shrublands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. On Cape Cod, it occurs with pitch pine (Pinus rigida) and broom crowberry (Corema conradii). It is common in New Jersey's Pine Barrens and the pine barrens of Long Island. It also occurs in fire barrens on granite and gneiss further north in Canada.^[6] Quercus ilicifolia is also present in the Piedmont of North Carolina, where it is listed as a state endangered plant.^[7]

It is an oak that is adapted to disturbance in the habitat, such as wildfire and browsing. As a result, it does not tolerate shade and requires disturbance to remove other plant species so it can receive sunlight. It sprouts prolifically after fire burns away its above ground parts.^[5]

Ecology

Quercus ilicifolia provides food and shelter for many animal species. Bears consume the bitter acorns,^[8] especially when preparing for hibernation. White-tailed deer eat the acorns and the stems and foliage. Many types of squirrels cache the acorns. Many birds depend on them; wild turkeys prefer them over other types of food. A large number of insect species live on the oak. This oak species is the primary or sole larval host for 29% of the rare or endangered Lepidopterans in southern New England and southeastern New York.^[5]

Uses

Quercus ilicifolia has been used in revegetation projects on the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island.^[5]

References

^ Wenzell, K.; Kenny, L.; Jerome, D. (2017). "Quercus ilicifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T194173A111335600. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T194173A111335600.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ "Quercus ilicifolia". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
^ "Quercus ilicifolia". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
^ ^a ^b Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus ilicifolia". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Gucker, Corey L. (2006). "Quercus ilicifolia". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
^ Catling, Paul M and Vivian R. Brownell. 1999. The flora and ecology of southern Ontario granite barrens. Pages 392-405 in Anderson, R.C., J.S. Fralish, and J.M. Baskin (eds). Savannas, Barrens, and Rock Outcrop Plant Communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
^ Gadd, Laura (2012). Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina. Raleigh, North Carolina: NC Natural Heritage Program. p. 43.
^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 391. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.