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Putuo Zongcheng Temple
Putuo Zongcheng Temple
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese	普陀宗乘之庙
Traditional Chinese	普陀宗乘之廟
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Pǔtuó Zōngchéng zhī miào
Wade–Giles	P'u-t'ou Tsung-ch'eng chih miao
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese	小布达拉宫
Literal meaning	Little Potala Palace
Transcriptions
Transcriptions
Tibetan name
Tibetan	གྲུ་འཛིན་་་བསྟན་པའི་རྩ་བའི་ལྷ་ཁང༌།
Wylie
Transcriptions
Wylie	Chunzin Dainbaiza Pailhakang

Putuo Zongcheng Temple
Putuo Zongcheng Temple
	The Putuo Zongcheng Temple of Chengde, built in the 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
Religion
Affiliation	Buddhist
Province	Hebei
Region	China
Status	Preserved
Location
Municipality	Chengde
Architecture
Style	Tibetan and Chinese
Completed	1771

The Putuo Zongcheng Temple (Chinese: 普陀宗乘之庙; pinyin: Pǔtuó Zōngchéng zhī miào, Tibetan: གྲུ་འཛིན་་་བསྟན་པའི་རྩ་བའི་ལྷ་ཁང༌།, Wylie: Chunzin Dainbaiza Pailhakang) of Chengde, Hebei province, China is a Qing dynasty era Buddhist temple complex built between 1767 and 1771,^[1] during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796). It is located near the Chengde Mountain Resort, which is south of the Putuo Zongcheng. Along with the equally famed Puning Temple, it is one of the Eight Outer Temples of Chengde. The temple was modeled after the Potala Palace of Tibet, the residence of the Dalai Lama built a century earlier.^[1]^[2] Since it was modeled after the Potala palace, the temple represents a fusion of Chinese and Tibetan architectural styles. The temple complex covers a surface area of some 220,000 square metres (2,400,000 sq ft), making it one of the largest in China. Many of its halls and pavilions are adorned with copper and gold tiled roofs, adding to the splendor of the site.

History

The Putuo Zongcheng Temple is part of the "Eight Outer Temples" located in Chengde, which are part of the World Heritage List along with the Chengde Mountain Resort. These temples were administered by the Lifan Yuan, an administrative department for the affairs of ethnic minorities such as the Mongolians and Tibetans, hence the different combinations of architectural style which could be seen throughout these Eight Outer Temples in Chengde.

The Putuo Zongcheng Temple was originally dedicated to the Qianlong Emperor to celebrate his birthday, as well as provide Hebei with a temple of equal size and splendor as the Potala Palace in Lhasa. The Putuo Zongcheng temple served more functions than just Buddhist ceremonies and festivals; it was also the location that the emperor would gather meetings of different ethnic envoys from within the empire. The location served as a peaceful getaway in contrast to the bustling life of the capital Beijing, as well as complimented the nearby hunting grounds that the emperor would enjoy with his guests.

As of 1994, the Chengde Mountain Resort and Chengde's Eight Outer Temples (including the Putuo Zongcheng Temple) were established as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Today, the temple remains a site of tourism and local festivities.

The replica of the Golden temple

To the left the main hall Wanfaguiyi (picture from 2018). In the middle the replica in scale 1:1 in Chicago 1933. To the right the smaller replica in scale 1:10 at the Museum of Ethnography, Sweden.

Swedish explorer Sven Hedin, Gösta Montell, Georg Söderbom and chinese architect Liang Weihua (W. H. Liang) came to Putuo Zongcheng in June 1930.^[3] This was part of the Sino-Swedish expedition and the mission was to procure a Lamaistic temple to the World Exhibition in Chicago in 1933, Century of Progress.^[4] An exact model in full scale 1:1 was manufactured at Liang’s workshops in Beijing. Two smaller models in scale 1:10 were also made. The full scale model was set up in Chicago. One of the smaller models was also sent to Chicago to help set up the full scale temple. The other small model was taken to the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm.^[5]^[6]

Gates, halls, and towers

Another aerial view
Entrance to the complex
The Qianlong Tablet Pavilion, located behind the front entrance
The Five Pagodas Gate, located behind the Qianlong Tablet Pavilion,
Gateway with multi-colored tiles, located behind the Five Pagodas Gate
Main hall of the temple, surrounding the Wanfaguiyi Hall at its center.
The golden rooftop of Wanfaguiyi Hall
Corner pavilion of Wanfaguiyi
Cihangpudu with the Wanfaguiyi Hall
Doubled-layered, cylindrical tower.

Notes

^ ^a ^b Foret, 155.
^ Rawski, 253.
^ Hedin, Sven (1931). Jehol, kejsarstaden : skildringar från de stora mandschukejsarnas hov.
^ "History of the Expedition in Asia, 1927-1935 : vol.2 - National Institute of Informatics / Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books". dsr.nii.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
^ Model of the Golden Temple, Wan fa Gui yi Hall - Download Free 3D model by Världskulturmuseerna (@varldskulturmuseerna), 2019-11-28, retrieved 2023-05-19
^ "1935.50.4633 :: modell". collections.smvk.se. Retrieved 2023-05-19.

References

Foret, Philippe. (2000). Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2293-5 (Paperback).
Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida. (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22837-5 (Paperback).
Montell, Gösta: The Lama Temple Potala of Jehol. Plan of the Monastery-Ground. In: Geografiska Annaler, Band 17, Supplement: Hyllningsskrift Tillagnad Sven Hedin (1935), S. 175-184. (Putuo Zongcheng Temple)
Hedin, Sven and Bergman, Folke: History of the expedition in Asia 1927-1935, in: Reports from the scientific expedition to the north-western provinces of China under leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. The Sino-Swedish expedition. Publication 24: Part II 1928–1933. Stockholm 1943-1945, page 121ff. and page 184ff.. See also: Sino-Swedish Expedition of Sven Hedin and the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago 1933/1934 (German).
Montell, Gösta, Hedin, Sven: The Chinese lama temple Potala of Jehol. Exhibition of historical and ethnographical collections. Made by Dr. Gösta Montell, member of Dr. Sven Hedin's Expeditions, and donated by Vincent Bendix. Chicago: Century of Progress Exposition 1932.