PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Punctum
	Punctum minutissimum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Superorder:	Eupulmonata
Order:	Stylommatophora
Family:	Punctidae
Genus:	Punctum; Morse, 1864
Type species
	Helix minutissima; I. Lea, 1841
Synonyms
	Patula (Patulastra) L. Pfeiffer, 1879 (junior synonym); Patulastra L. Pfeiffer, 1879; Punctum (Pseudopunctum) J. P. E. Morrison, 1935· accepted, alternate representation; Punctum (Punctum) Morse, 1864· accepted, alternate representation;

Punctum is a genus of very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the subfamily Punctinae of the family Punctidae, the dot snails.^[2]

Distribution

This genus is found throughout the Holarctic ecozone, and also in South Africa and Mexico.^[3]

Species

The genus Punctum includes the following species:

The type species is Helix minutissima Lea, 1841

Punctum abbadianum (Bourguignat, 1883)
Punctum adami Bruggen & Goethem, 2001
† Punctum alveus Pierce, 1992
Punctum amblygonum (Reinhardt, 1877)
Punctum apertum Pilsbry & Y. Hirase, 1904
Punctum atomus Pilsbry & Hirase, 1904
Punctum azoricum De Winter, 1988^[4]
Punctum blandianum Pilsbry, 1900
Punctum boreale Pilsbry & Y. Hirase, 1905
Punctum bristoli (Gulick,1904)
Punctum brucei (Jickeli, 1874)
Punctum californicum Pilsbry, 1898
Punctum camerunense de Winter, 2017
Punctum depressum Odhner, 1922
Punctum elachistum Pilsbry & Y. Hirase, 1904
Punctum hainanensis (Möllendorff, 1887)
Punctum hannai B. Roth, 1985
Punctum horneri Ancey, 1904
Punctum infans Pilsbry & Y. Hirase, 1904
Punctum japonicum Pilsbry, 1900
Punctum kilimanjaricum Verdcourt, 1978
Punctum lepta (Westerlund, 1883)
Punctum lozeki Horsák & Meng, 2018
Punctum micropleuros (Paget, 1854)
Punctum minutissimum I. Lea, 1841 – but Helix minutissima may be considered as a synonym of Punctum pygmaeum^[5]
Punctum mokotoense Abdou & Bouchet, 2000
Punctum morseanum Pilsbry, 1902
Punctum nimbaense de Winter, 2017
† Punctum oligocaenicum Zinndorf, 1901
Punctum orphana (Heude, 1882)
Punctum pallidum Connolly, 1922^[6]
† Punctum parvulum Gottschick, 1920
† Punctum parvulum A. B. Leonard, 1972 (unreplaced junior homonym; junior homonym of † Punctum parvulum Gottschick, 1920; no replacement name is available))
† Punctum patagonicum Miquel & P. E. Rodriguez, 2016
Punctum petiti Fischer-Piette & Vukadinovic, 1971
Punctum polynesicum Solem, 1983
† Punctum propygmaeum Andreae, 1904
† Punctum pumilio Jooss, 1918
Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud, 1801)^[7]^[4] – type species
Punctum randolphi Dall, 1895
Punctum rota Pilsbry & Hirase, 1904
Punctum seychellarum Gerlach, 1998
Punctum smithi Morrison, 1935
Punctum taiwanicum Pilsbry & Hirase, 1905
Punctum ugandanum (E. A. Smith, 1903)^[6]
Punctum ussuriense Likharev & Rammelmeyer, 1952
Punctum vitreum H. B. Baker, 1930

Synonyms

Punctum (Toltecia) Pilsbry, 1926: synonym of Paralaoma Iredale, 1913
Punctum abyssinicum (Jickeli, 1874): synonym of Trachycystis abyssinica (Jickeli, 1874)
Punctum clappi Pilsbry, 1898: synonym of Planogyra clappi (Pilsbry, 1898) (original combination)
Punctum conicum Odhner, 1922: synonym of Sinployea conica (Odhner, 1922) (original combination)
Punctum conspectum (Bland, 1865): synonym of Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852) (junior synonym)
Punctum cryophilum (E. von Martens, 1865): synonym of Toltecia pusilla (Lowe, 1831): synonym of Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852)
Punctum homalospira (Morelet, 1883): synonym of Psichion homalospira (Morelet, 1883) (superseded combination)
Punctum hottentotum (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1891): synonym of Paralaoma hottentota (Melvill & Ponsonby, 1891) (superseded combination)
Punctum lederi (O. Boettger, 1880): synonym of Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852) (invalid combination)
† Punctum victoris (Michaud, 1862): synonym of † Lucilla victoris (Michaud, 1862)

References

^ Morse E. S. 1864. Observations on the terrestrial Pulmonifera, including a catalogue of all species of terrestrial and fluviatile Mollusca known to inhabit the state. Journal of the Portland Society of Natural History 1 (1): 1–63, Pl. I-II [= 1–2 ], 3–10.
^ ^a ^b MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Punctum Morse, 1864. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=866756 on 3 March 2022
^ Pilsbry H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Monographs, 3, vol. 2 part 2: 521–1113.
^ ^a ^b "Species in genus Punctum" Archived 17 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine (n=2). AnimalBase, accessed 5 July 2011.
^ "Synonyms of Helix pygmaea. accessed 5 July 2011.
^ ^a ^b Wronski T. & Hausdorf B. (2010). "Diversity and body-size patterns of land snails in rain forests in Uganda". Journal of Molluscan Studies 76(1): 87–100. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyp048.
^ Draparnaud J. P. R. 1801. Tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. pp. [1–2], 1–116. Montpellier, Paris. (Renaud; Bossange, Masson & Besson).

Fujie, A. (2000). Holocene Fossil Assemblages of Minute Land Molluscs from Sand Dunes on Kikaijima lsland in the Amami Archipelago, Japan. Venus (Journal of the Malacological Society of Japan). 59 (4): 317–324