President of Singapore

For a list of the officeholders, see List of presidents of Singapore.
This article is about the office. For the incumbent officeholder, see Tharman Shanmugaratnam.

President of the Republic of Singapore
Presidential coat of arms
Presidential standard
since 14 September 2023
Head of state of the Republic of Singapore
Style
TypeHead of state
ResidenceThe Istana
AppointerParliament
(1965–1991)
Direct election
(1991–present)
Term lengthSix years, renewable
PrecursorYang di-Pertuan Negara of Singapore
Formation9 August 1965; 59 years ago (1965-08-09)
First holderYusof Ishak
DeputyChairman of the Council of Presidential Advisers
SalaryS$1,540,000 annually
WebsiteOfficial website
This article is part of a series on
Politics of Singapore
Government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Elections
flag Singapore portal

The president of the Republic of Singapore[a] is the head of state of Singapore. The president represents the country in official diplomatic functions and possesses certain executive powers over the Government of Singapore, including the control of the national reserves and the ability to revoke and appoint public service appointments.

After Singapore achieved full internal self-governance from the British Empire in 1959, the ceremonial office of the Yang di-Pertuan Negara (lit. "Lord of the State") was created. The office was later succeeded by the President of Singapore after Singapore's independence in 1965. The initial role of the president was largely ceremonial and symbolic, carrying residual powers, but the role was later vested with some executive power which includes the reserve power to veto certain bills, most notably in relation to the country's reserves as a check and balance process, as well as to revoke and appoint public service appointments among other powers listed in the Constitution.

Prior to 1991, the president was appointed by Parliament. A constitutional amendment was made that year to allow for the president to be directly elected by a popular vote, which was subsequently first held in 1993. Singapore follows a non-executive model of the Westminster parliamentary system whereby the president is not the head of government but rather the head of state. These powers are instead vested in the Cabinet, led by the prime minister. Another constitutional amendment was made in 2016, that allows for a presidential election to be reserved for an ethnic community in Singapore if no one from that community had been president for the previous five presidential terms.[note 1]

The president has far-reaching formal obligations and duty to act above party politics. Under the Constitution, the president must be a Singaporean citizen, non-partisan and elected by a popular vote. The incumbent president is Tharman Shanmugaratnam, who took office on 14 September 2023 after being duly elected in the 2023 presidential election with 70.41% of the vote.

History

The office of the President of the Republic of Singapore was created on 22 December 1965, retrospective to 9 August 1965, on which Singapore achieved independence from Malaysia.[1][2] It succeeded the office of Yang di-Pertuan Negara (lit. "Lord of the State") which was created when Singapore attained full internal self-government from the British Empire in 1959. The last Yang di-Pertuan Negara, Yusof Ishak, became the first President. After his death in 1971, he was succeeded by Benjamin Sheares who was appointed by Parliament and served until his death in 1981.

Sheares was succeeded by Devan Nair, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Anson SMC from 1979 to 1981, prior to his presidency, who then resigned in 1985. Whilst the apparent reason for Nair's resignation was to seek recovery from his alcoholism, Nair disputes the account, claiming that he was forced out of office by former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. Nair was succeeded by Wee Kim Wee, who served as the Ambassador of South Korea and Japan from 1980 to 1984 prior to his presidency until 1993 and was the first president to exercise custodial powers pursuant to the constitutional amendments in 1991.

In the early 1980s, the People's Action Party (PAP), who at the time occupied all the parliamentary seats in Singapore, suffered their first parliamentary loss in 15 years to J. B. Jeyaretnam of the Worker's Party (WP). As such, then-Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew became worried that there would one day be a "freak election result" where the PAP would no longer have control over the Parliament and opposition parties would have unfettered access to the government's reserves.[3][4] As such, in January 1991, a constitutional[note 2] amendment was passed by Parliament to redefine the role of the president.

The amendment provided that the president would be elected by a popular vote, subject to strict eligibility requirements. The president was also empowered by the amendment to veto the use of the country's reserves and revoke or appoint public service appointments. The president can also examine the government's usage of the Internal Security Act[5] and Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act,[6] and concur with the director of the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) to investigate persons for corrupt practices, even if the prime minister refuses consent.

The first elected president was Ong Teng Cheong, who served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1985 to 1993 prior to his presidency, won the 1993 presidential election. He served as president from 1993 to 1999. The Singapore Government officially regarded Ong's predecessor Wee Kim Wee as the first elected president on the basis that he held and exercised the powers of the elected president.[7] This was a result of transitional provisions in the Constitution of Singapore in 2017,[8] which were affirmed by the High Court following a legal challenge by then-presidential candidate Tan Cheng Bock.[9][10][11] Tan appealed against this decision, but the appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeal.[12]

The sixth and the oldest to become president was S. R. Nathan, who served as the Ambassador of the United States from 1990 to 1996 prior to his presidency. He ran unopposed, and became president by virtue of being the sole candidate deemed qualified by the Presidential Elections Committee (PEC). He served his first term of office from 1999 to 2005 before being re-elected unopposed again for a second term, and he served until 2011.

After S. R. Nathan stepped down, Tony Tan, who served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1995 to 2005 prior to his presidency, won the 2011 presidential election by a narrow margin in a four-cornered fight. He was sworn in as the seventh president of Singapore on 1 September 2011. Ong Teng Cheong and Tony Tan are the only Deputy Prime Minister who became presidents.

In 2016, further amendments to the Constitution were passed providing for "reserved elections" for a particular ethnic community, if that community has not provided a president in the past five presidential terms.

The eighth president, Halimah Yacob, who served as Speaker of Parliament from 2013 to 2017, prior to her presidency, took office on 14 September 2017. She was the sole eligible candidate under the new reform terms which took effect earlier that year. Yacob was also the first Malay head of state in 47 years since the death of the first president of Singapore, Yusof Ishak, and the first female President of Singapore.[13][14]

On 1 September 2023, Tharman Shanmugaratnam, who served as Senior Minister from 2019 to 2023, prior to his presidency, won the 2023 presidential election and was elected the ninth President of Singapore after receiving 70.41% of the votes cast.[15]

In November 2023, the parliament of Singapore passed a bill to amend the constitution to allow the President of Singapore to hold international positions in their private capacity, only if the position is of national interest.[16]

Constitutional role

The president is the head of state of Singapore.[17] In addition to being the head of state, it is also the function of the president to safeguard the national reserves and the integrity of the public service of Singapore.[18] The executive authority of Singapore is vested in the president and exercisable by them or by the Cabinet or any minister authorised by the Cabinet.[19] However, the Constitution vests "general direction and control of the Government" in the Cabinet.[20] In most cases, the president is bound to exercise their powers in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or of a minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet.[21]

However, the president is able to exercise some powers in their personal discretion[22] such as preventing the government of the day from drawing on the reserves which were not accumulated during its current term of office, revoking or appointing any of the public offices under Article 22 of the Constitution such as Chief Justice, Attorney-General, Chief of Defence Force and Commissioner of Police, amongst others.,[23] exercising oversight over the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) and decisions of the Executive under the Internal Security Act[5] and the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act.[6]

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev speaking to President S. R. Nathan during the former's visit in 2009

As a component of the legislature together with Parliament, the president is also jointly vested with legislative authority.[24] The president's primary role in the exercise of legislative power to make laws is assenting to bills passed by Parliament.[25]

As the president exercises this constitutional function in accordance with the Cabinet's advice and not in their personal discretion except in certain circumstances,[26] they may not refuse to assent to bills that Parliament has validly passed. The words of enactment in Singapore Statutes are: "Be it enacted by the president with the advice and consent of the Parliament of Singapore, as follows:".[27] The president usually opens each parliamentary session with an address drafted by the Cabinet setting out the government's agenda for the session,[28] and may address Parliament and send messages to it.[29]

The president has been called "Singapore's No. 1 diplomat".[30] Ambassadors and high commissioners accredited to Singapore present their credentials to the president, and the president is called upon by visiting foreign dignitaries. In addition, the president contributes to the nation's external relations by undertaking overseas trips on Cabinet's advice. The president also serves as the ex officio chancellor of both the National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technological University.

Presidents have also used the office to champion charitable causes. Wee Kim Wee promoted sports and volunteerism; Ong Teng Cheong promoted culture and the arts, particularly music; and S. R. Nathan established the President's Challenge with the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports and its statutory board, the National Council of Social Service. As of 2011, the endeavour had raised more than S$100 million for charities supporting disabled and needy people.[30]

Powers

Main article: Powers of the president of Singapore
The president has personal discretion as to whether to approve budgets or financial transactions of specified statutory boards and state-owned companies that are likely to draw on past reserves. The Monetary Authority of Singapore, photographed here in September 2009, is one such statutory board.

The powers of the president are divided into those which the president may exercise in their own discretion, and those which must be exercised in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or of a minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet.[31] In addition, the president is required to consult the Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA) when performing some of their functions. In other cases, they may consult the CPA if they wish to but is not bound to do so.[32]

The Constitution confers on the president certain executive functions to block attempts by the government of the day to draw down reserves that it did not accumulate. Thus, a guarantee may only be given or a loan raised by the government if the president concurs,[33] and their approval is also needed for budgets of specified statutory boards and state-owned companies that draw on their past reserves.[34]

The president also possesses personal discretion to withhold assent to any bill in Parliament providing directly or indirectly for the direct or indirect variation, changing or increase in powers of the Central Provident Fund Board to invest moneys belonging to it;[35] and the borrowing of money, the giving of any guarantee or the raising of any loan by the government if in the president's opinion the bill is likely to draw on reserves not accumulated by the Government during its current term of office.[36] In addition, the president may withhold assent to any Supply Bill, Supplementary Supply Bill or Final Supply Bill for any financial year if in their opinion the estimates of revenue and expenditure, supplementary estimates or statement of excess are likely to lead to a drawing on past reserves.[37]

The president is also empowered to approve changes to key political appointments, such as the chief justice, attorney-general, chairman and members of the Public Service Commission, Chief of Defence Force and the Commissioner of Police.[38] They also appoint the Prime Minister, a Member of Parliament (MP) who, in their opinion, is likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs.[39] The president has certain powers of oversight over the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau[40] and decisions of the Executive under the Internal Security Act[41] and the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act.[42]

Under the Singapore Armed Forces Act, the president has the authority to raise and maintain the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). The president also has the power to form, disband or amalgamate units within the SAF.

The term of office of the first elected president, Ong Teng Cheong, was marked by the differences between the government and him, concerning the extent of his discretionary fiscal powers.[43] Discussions culminated in the government issuing a non-binding white paper entitled The Principles for Determining and Safeguarding the Accumulated Reserves of the Government and the Fifth Schedule Statutory Boards and Government Companies (1999).[44]

In 2009, the government had to request for the approval from President S. R. Nathan to draw $4.9 billion from past financial reserves to meet current budget expenditure, the first time it had done so. The sum was used to fund the government's Resilience Package consisting of two schemes aimed at preserving jobs and businesses during the Great Recession.[45]

Election

Main article: Presidential elections in Singapore

Qualifications

A person who wishes to run for the office of president has to fulfil stringent qualifications set out in the Constitution, which are as follows:

  • The president must be a citizen of Singapore.[46]
  • The president must not be less than 45 years of age.[47]
  • The president's name must appear in a current register of electors.[48]
  • The president must be resident in Singapore at the date of their nomination for election, and must have been so resident for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than ten years prior to that date.[49]
  • The president must not be subject to any of the following disqualifications:[50]
(a) being and having been found or declared to be of unsound mind;
(b) being an undischarged bankrupt;
(c) holding an office of profit;
(d) having been nominated for election to Parliament or the office of President or having acted as election agent to a person so nominated, failing to lodge any return of election expenses required by law within the time and in the manner so required;
(e) having been convicted of an offence by a court of law (whether in Singapore or not) and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than one year or to a fine of not less than S$10,000 (or equivalent in foreign currency) and having not received a free pardon. The person if convicted by a foreign court of law shall not be disqualified unless the offence is also one which, had it been committed in Singapore, would have been punishable by a court of law in Singapore;[51]
(f) having voluntarily acquired the citizenship of, or exercised rights of citizenship in, a foreign country, or having made a declaration of allegiance to a foreign country;[52]
(g) being disqualified under any law relating to offences in connection with elections to Parliament or the office of President by reason of having been convicted of such an offence or having in proceedings relating to such an election been proved guilty of an act constituting such an offence.

The strictness of these qualifications led to the 1999, 2005, and 2017 elections being walkovers as only one candidate had qualified on nomination day.[59][60]

In November 2016, further amendments provide for "reserved elections" for a particular racial group (Chinese, Malay and Indian/other minority) — if that community has not been represented for five presidential terms.[61][62] Other amendments were made to expand the list of key government companies eligible for the candidacy,[56] and, for candidates using their private sector experience, the use of $500 million of shareholder equity instead of $100 million in paid-up capital.[57] The changes went into effect in April 2017.[63] Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong later explained that while he expected the "reserved election" policy to be unpopular among the population, he believed it was "the right thing to do".[64]

Election procedure

The Elections Department, which oversees elections in Singapore

The president holds office for a term of six years from the date on which they assume office.[65] The office falls vacant upon the expiry of the incumbent's term or if the president is for some reason unable to complete their term; for example, due to death, resignation, or removal from office for misconduct or mental or physical infirmity.[66] If the office of president becomes vacant before the incumbent's term expires, a poll for an election must be held within six months.[67] In other cases, an election can take place any time from three months before the expiry of the incumbent's term of office.[68]

The procedure for elections is laid out in the Presidential Elections Act.[69] The process begins when the prime minister issues a writ of election to the returning officer specifying the date and place of nomination day.[70] Potential candidates must obtain certificates of eligibility from the Presidential Elections Committee (PEC), the function of which is to ensure that such persons have the necessary qualifications to be nominated as a candidate for the election.[71] In particular, the PEC must be satisfied that the potential candidates are persons of integrity, good character and reputation;[53] and if they have not previously held certain key government offices or acted as chairman of the board of directors or CEO of a company incorporated or registered under the Companies Act with shareholders' equity of at least $500 million, that they held a position of comparable seniority and responsibility in the public or private sector that has given them experience and ability in administering and managing financial affairs.[58] The PEC consists of the chairman of the Public Service Commission, who is also the chairman of the PEC,[72] the chairman of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority, and a member of the Presidential Council for Minority Rights.[73] For the 2017 presidential election, the members of the PEC are Eddie Teo (chairman), Lim Soo Hoon, Chan Heng Chee, Po'ad Shaik Abu Bakar Mattar, Tay Yong Kwang, and Peter Seah.[74]

In addition, candidates must obtain political donation certificates from the registrar of political donations stating that they have complied with the Political Donations Act,[75] and file their nomination papers with the returning officer on nomination day.[76] A deposit must also be paid.[77] The candidate is declared to have been elected president if only one candidate is nominated.[78] Otherwise, the returning officer issues a notice of contested election specifying when polling day will be.[79]

During the election period, a candidate may not spend more than $600,000 or 30 cents for each person on the electoral register, whichever is greater.[80] Permits must be obtained to hold election meetings[81] and display posters and banners,[82] and a number of acts are unlawful, including bribery,[83] dissuading electors from voting,[84] making false statements about candidates,[85] treating[86] and undue influence.[87] Legal changes introduced in 2010 made the eve of polling day a "cooling-off day" – campaigning must not take place on that day and on polling day itself.[88]

Polling day is a public holiday,[89] and voting is compulsory.[90] Voters must go to the polling stations assigned to them.[91] After the poll closes, the presiding officer of each polling station seals the ballot boxes without opening them. Candidates or their polling agents may also affix their own seals to the ballot boxes.[92] The ballot boxes are then taken to counting centres to be opened and the ballots counted.[93] A candidate or his or her counting agent may ask the returning officer for a recount of votes if the difference between the number of votes for the candidate with the most votes and any other candidate's number of votes is 2% or less.[94] After all counts, and recounts if any, have been completed, the returning officer ascertains whether the total number of electors registered to vote overseas is less than the difference between the number of votes for the two candidates with the highest number of votes. If so, the returning officer declares the candidate with the highest number of votes to be elected as president. If not, the overseas votes may be decisive. The returning officer then states the number of votes cast for each candidate and the date and location where the overseas votes will be counted.[95]

Last contested election

The 2023 presidential election was the first election with a ballot since the 2011 election. The election was won by Tharman Shanmugaratnam with 1,746,427 (70.40%) of valid votes.

Sample counts were announced at about 22:42 and showed that Tharman Shanmugaratnam was leading with 70% of the votes, followed by Ng Kok Song with 16%, and Tan Kin Lian with 14%.[96][97] At about 23:15, Ng conceded during a press conference and congratulated Tharman, stating that there was a clear result and there was no need to wait for the final results.[98] At about 23:30, Tan congratulated Tharman, but refused to concede until the actual results were announced.[99] The local results were announced at about 00:23 the next day.[100]

The final turnout (excluding the overseas electorate) was 2,530,912 (93.41%), lower than 2011's and 2020's turnouts of 94.80% and 95.81%, respectively. The Elections Department published the overseas vote count on 12 September. Only 3,799 votes were accepted for counting, of which only 78 votes were rejected. Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Ng Kok Song, and Tan Kin Lian garnered 2,834, 595, and 292 votes, respectively, which saw only a 0.01% change in Tharman's and Tan's respective voting percentages. ELD also said that 2,997 postal votes had been downloaded and 2,263 mails were received as of the cut-off date of 11 September, of which only 1,345 had been accepted.[101] The final turnout was 2,534,711, increasing its percentage by 0.14%, from 93.41% to 93.55%.[102][100]

The final results are as follows:

CandidateVotes%
Tharman Shanmugaratnam1,749,26170.41
Ng Kok Song390,63615.72
Tan Kin Lian344,58413.87
Total2,484,481100.00
Valid votes2,484,48198.02
Invalid/blank votes50,2301.98
Total votes2,534,711100.00
Registered voters/turnout2,709,45593.55
Source: [103][104][102]

Assumption of office and disabilities

The person elected to the office of president assumes office on the day his predecessor ceases to hold office or, if the office is vacant, on the day following the election. Upon assumption of office, the president is required to take and subscribe in the presence of the chief justice or of another justice of the Supreme Court the Oath of Office, which states:[105]

I, [name], having been elected President of the Republic of Singapore, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge my duties as such to the best of my ability without fear or favour, affection or ill-will, and without regard to any previous affiliation with any political party, and that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic, and that I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore.

If the President is a Christian, He or She may utter the phrase in the last sentence, "So help me God".

Once elected, the president shall:[106]

  • not hold any other office created or recognised by the Constitution;
  • not actively engage in any commercial enterprise;
  • not be a member of any political party; and
  • not serve in Parliament.

Succession

In the case when the president is unable to perform their duties, their powers are temporarily transferred to the chairman of the Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA). If the chairman of the Council of Presidential Advisers is not available, the speaker of the Parliament performs the duties of the president. If both are unavailable the presidential functions are performed by an individual appointed by the Parliament.

Salary and entitlements

President Ong Teng Cheong received by Carlos Menem.

The Parliament of Singapore is required to provide a civil list for the maintenance of the president,[107] and it does so by way of the Civil List and Gratuity Act.[108] With effect from 17 February 2012, the sum under Class I of the list, which includes the president's personal pay ($1,568,900, known by the British term the "privy purse"), an entertainment allowance ($73,000) and an allowance for an acting president ($4,500), is $1,646,400. The privy purse was reduced from $4,267,500 after the president accepted the Ministerial Salaries Review Committee's recommendations on the matter.[109]

The salaries for the president's personal staff (Class II) amount to $4,532,400. Speaking in Parliament on 10 March 2011, Minister for Finance Tharman Shanmugaratnam explained that this sum was to cater for the salaries of an additional staff officer to support the work of the Council of Presidential Advisers, and a butler manager; and to meet higher variable staff salary payments due to the nation's strong economic growth.[110][111] The allowance for the Istana's household expenses (Class III) is $2,762,308, an increase from $694,000. This allowance is used to cover the maintenance of the Istana, vehicles, utilities and other supplies, as well as for ceremonies and celebrations. The increase was to cater for higher expenses for maintaining computer systems, buildings and land, and to account for inflation.[109]

Class IV expenses for "special services" are $550,000. In previous years, this sum was used to cover various expenses such as the cost of replacing state cars and installing a new document repository.[112] Overall, the current civil list of $9,491,100 represents a decrease of about 18% from the sum for the past fiscal year of $11,605,000.[113]

List of presidents

Main article: List of presidents of Singapore

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In Singapore, its citizens are organised under the CMIO (Chinese–Malay–Indian–Other) system of categorisation.
  2. ^ Now the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint).

References

  1. ^ Malay: Presiden Republik Singapura, Chinese: 新加坡共和国总统; pinyin: Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó Zǒngtǒng, Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு குடியரசுத் தலைவர், romanized: Ciṅkappūr Kuṭiyaracu Kuṭiyaracut Talaivar

Citations

  1. ^ Republic of Singapore Independence Act (Original Enactment: Act 9 of 1965)
  2. ^ "The Istana | President in Office".
  3. ^ Singapore, Prime Minister's Office (24 December 2018). "PMO | PM Lee Hsien Loong at the Parliamentary Debate on the Constitution (Amendment) Bill". Prime Minister's Office Singapore. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  4. ^ Tan, Kevin (2015). Constitution of Singapore: A Contextual Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  5. ^ a b Internal Security Act (Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed.).
  6. ^ a b Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act (Cap. 167A, 2001 Rev. Ed.) ("MRHA").
  7. ^ Kotwani, Monica (6 July 2017). "Tan Cheng Bock's legal challenge on the reserved presidential election explained". Channel NewsAsia. ChannelNewsAsia. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  8. ^ Constitution, Art. 163(1).
  9. ^ Loh, Quentin (29 June 2017). "TAN CHENG BOCK v ATTORNEY GENERAL [2017] SGHC 160 DECISION DATE: 07 Jul 2017 HC/OS 495/2017" (PDF). High Court of the Republic of Singapore. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  10. ^ "Law allows Parliament to count Wee Kim Wee's term in triggering reserved presidential election: High Court". 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  11. ^ "Tan Cheng Bock's constitutional challenge dismissed by High Court". Channel NewsAsia. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  12. ^ "Perpetual presidential hopeful Tan Cheng Bock bows out gracefully". Mothership.sg. 23 August 2017. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  13. ^ Lee, Justina (12 September 2017). "Singaporeans miffed by 'reserved' presidential election – Nikkei Asian Review". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  14. ^ "Halimah Yacob set to be Singapore's first female president: A timeline of her career". The Straits Times. 11 September 2017. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  15. ^ "Tharman Shanmugaratnam to be Singapore's 9th President after 70.4% landslide win". Channel News Asia. 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023.
  16. ^ Goh, Yan Han (22 November 2023). "Constitution amended to let president take global roles in private capacity if in national interest". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  17. ^ Constitution, Art. 17(1).
  18. ^ Constitution, Art. 17(2).
  19. ^ Constitution, Art. 23(1).
  20. ^ Constitution, Art. 24(2).
  21. ^ Constitution, Art. 21(1).
  22. ^ Constitution, Art. 21(2).
  23. ^ Constitution, Art. 22.
  24. ^ Constitution, Art. 38.
  25. ^ Constitution, Art. 58(1).
  26. ^ Constitution, Art. 21(2)(c).
  27. ^ Constitution, Art. 60.
  28. ^ Standing Orders of Parliament (as amended on 19 October 2004) (PDF), Parliament of Singapore, 19 October 2004, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2010, retrieved 2 November 2009, Standing Order 15(1).
  29. ^ Constitution, Art. 62.
  30. ^ a b Tommy Koh (15 June 2011), "Demystifying the presidential office" (PDF), The Straits Times, p. A21, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2012.
  31. ^ Constitution, Arts. 21(1) and (2).
  32. ^ Constitution, Arts. 22(3) and (4). The Legislature can pass a law requiring the President to act after consultation with, or on the recommendation of, any person or body of persons other than the Cabinet in the exercise of their functions other than those exercisable in his personal discretion or in respect of the Constitution has made other provision: Art. 21(5).
  33. ^ Constitution, Art. 144(1).
  34. ^ Constitution, Arts. 21(2)(e), 21(2)(f), 22B and 22D.
  35. ^ Constitution, Art. 22E.
  36. ^ Constitution, Art. 144(2).
  37. ^ Constitution, Arts. 148A and 148D.
  38. ^ Constitution, Art. 22(1).
  39. ^ Constitution, Art. 25(1).
  40. ^ Constitution, Art. 22G. The Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau's powers of investigation derive from the Prevention of Corruption Act (Cap. 241, 1993 Rev. Ed.).
  41. ^ Constitution, Arts. 21(2)(g) and 151(4); Internal Security Act (Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed.), s. 13A.
  42. ^ Constitution, Arts. 21(2)(h), 22I; MRHA, s. 12.
  43. ^ Hu, Richard Tsu Tau (Minister for Finance), Ministerial Statement, "Issues Raised by President Ong Teng Cheong at his Press Conference on 16th July 1999", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (17 August 1999), vol. 70, cols. 2018–2029; Roger Mitton (10 March 2000), "'I had a job to do' whether the Government liked it or not, says ex-President Ong – extended interview with Roger Mitton", Asiaweek, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 28–29, archived from the original on 10 February 2001.
  44. ^ The Principles for Determining and Safeguarding the Accumulated Reserves of the Government and the Fifth Schedule Statutory Boards and Government Companies [Cmd. 5 of 1999], Singapore: Printed for the Government of Singapore by the Government Printers, 1999, OCLC 226180358.
  45. ^ Zakir Hussain (23 January 2009), "A Budget first: Govt to draw $4.9b from past reserves", The Straits Times, p. 4 – via NewspaperSG; "Concerns about economy go back to mid-2008: President makes public for first time his decision to allow use of reserves", The Straits Times, 18 February 2009; Chua Mui Hoong (20 February 2009), "Turning of the second key went smoothly", The Straits Times.
  46. ^ Constitution, Art. 19(2)(a).
  47. ^ Constitution, Art. 19(2)(b).
  48. ^ Constitution, Art. 19(2)(c) read with Art. 44(2)(c).
  49. ^ Constitution, Art. 19(2)(c) read with Art. 44(2)(d).
  50. ^ Constitution, Art. 19(2)(d) read with Art. 45.
  51. ^ The disqualification of a person under clauses (d) and (e) may be removed by the President and shall, if not so removed, cease at the end of five years beginning from the date on which the return mentioned in clause (d) was required to be lodged or, as the case may be, the date on which the person convicted as mentioned in clause (e) was released from custody or the date on which the fine mentioned in clause (1) (e) was imposed on such person: Constitution, Art. 45(2).
  52. ^ A person shall not be disqualified under this clause by reason only of anything done by him before he became a citizen of Singapore: Constitution, Art. 45(2). In clause (f), "foreign country" does not include any part of the Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland: Art. 45(3).
  53. ^ a b Constitution, Art. 19(2)(e).
  54. ^ Constitution, Art. 19(2)(f).
  55. ^ Constitution, Art. 19(3)(a).
  56. ^ a b Constitution, Art. 19(3)(b) read with the Fifth Schedule.
  57. ^ a b Constitution, Art. 19(4), read with Art. 19(7).
  58. ^ a b Constitution, Art. 19(3)(c) and Art 19(4)(b).
  59. ^ Chua Mui Hoong (21 August 1999), "See you in six years' time", The Straits Times, p. 6; "Why only President Nathan qualifies", The Straits Times, p. 4, 14 August 2005.
  60. ^ Han, Kirsten (12 September 2017). "How Singapore elected a president without a vote". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  61. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2016 (28/2016). 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  62. ^ Constitution, Art. 19B.
  63. ^ "Elected Presidency: Amendments to Constitution passed in Parliament". Channel NewsAsia. 9 November 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  64. ^ Yuen-C, Tham (30 September 2017). "PM Lee spells out why he pushed for reserved election". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  65. ^ Constitution, Art. 20(1).
  66. ^ Constitution, Arts. 22L(1)(a) to (c). The office of President also becomes vacant if it is determined that the election of the President was void and no other person was duly elected as President, or if on the expiration of the incumbent's term the person declared elected as President fails to take office: Arts. 22L(1)(d) and (e).
  67. ^ Assuming a writ for a presidential election has not yet been issued before the vacation of office or, if it has been issued, has been countermanded: Constitution, Art. 17(3)(a).
  68. ^ Constitution, Art. 17(3); Presidential Elections Act (Cap. 240A, 2007 Rev. Ed.) ("PEA"), s. 6(1).
  69. ^ Presidential Elections Act (Cap. 240A, 2007 Rev. Ed.).
  70. ^ PEA, ss. 6(2) and (3).
  71. ^ Constitution, Art. 18(1).
  72. ^ Constitution, Art. 18(3).
  73. ^ Constitution, Arts. 18(2)(a) to (c).
  74. ^ "Presidential Elections Committee" (PDF). Elections Department Singapore. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  75. ^ Political Donations Act (Cap. 236, 2001 Rev. Ed.).
  76. ^ PEA, ss. 9(4)(ba) and 11(1).
  77. ^ PEA, s. 10(1) read with the Cap. Parliamentary Elections Act, 2007 Rev. Ed., s. 28(1).
  78. ^ PEA, s. 15.
  79. ^ PEA, s. 16(5).
  80. ^ PEA, s. 50(1).
  81. ^ PEA, s. 62A(2), inserted by the Presidential Elections (Amendment) Act 2010 (No. 11 of 2010) ("PEAA").
  82. ^ Presidential Elections (Posters and Banners) Regulations (Cap. 240A, Rg 3, 2000 Rev. Ed.), archived from the original on 2 September 2010, regs. 2 and 3(1).
  83. ^ PEA, s. 41.
  84. ^ PEA, s. 63.
  85. ^ PEA, ss. 42(1)(d) and (e).
  86. ^ PEA, s. 39.
  87. ^ PEA, s. 40.
  88. ^ PEA, ss. 59, 60A, 62 and 62A.
  89. ^ PEA, s. 17.
  90. ^ PEA, s. 26(1).
  91. ^ PEA, s. 22(1).
  92. ^ PEA, s. 31(2).
  93. ^ PEA, s. 31(3).
  94. ^ PEA, ss. 32B(1) and (4). Rejected and tendered votes are excluded. A tendered vote is a vote that is permitted to be cast by a person claiming to be a voter named in the electoral register who turns up at a polling station after someone also claiming to be that voter has already voted: s. 29.
  95. ^ PEA, s. 32(8).
  96. ^ "Singapore presidential poll: counting begins in vote seen as test of PAP support". South China Morning Post. 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  97. ^ "PE2023 sample count: Tharman tentatively victorious with 70% of votes". mothership.sg. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  98. ^ "PE 2023: Ng Kok Song concedes defeat to Tharman after 'clear result' in sample count". TODAY. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  99. ^ "PE 2023: Tan Kin Lian doesn't concede defeat after sample count, but congratulates Tharman for 'success in contest'". TODAY. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  100. ^ a b "Tharman wins 76% of overseas votes cast in Singapore's Presidential Election". CNA. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  101. ^ Iau, Jean (18 September 2023). "2 in 5 postal votes for presidential election that arrived on time disallowed for counting: ELD". The Straits Times. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  102. ^ a b "PRESS RELEASE TOTAL VOTES CAST FOR PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2023" (PDF). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  103. ^ Oh, Tessa (2 September 2023). "Tharman Shanmugaratnam elected as Singapore's 9th president in 70.4% landslide". Business Times. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  104. ^ Hamzah, Aqil (2 September 2023). "Presidential Election 2023: More than 2.7 million eligible to vote". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  105. ^ Constitution, Arts. 20(1) to (3) and the 1st Sch.
  106. ^ Constitution, Arts. 19(3)(a) to (d).
  107. ^ Constitution, Art. 22J(1).
  108. ^ Civil List and Gratuity Act (Cap. 44, 2002 Rev. Ed.).
  109. ^ a b Josephine Teo (Minister of State for Finance), "Civil List (Motion)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (17 February 2012), vol. 88, cols. 1202–1203.
  110. ^ Tharman Shanmugaratnam (Minister for Finance), "Civil List (Motion)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (10 March 2011), vol. 87, col. 4699.
  111. ^ Zakir Hussain (11 March 2011), "President's pay approved", The Straits Times, p. A12; "Parliament approves increase in President's salary, expenditure", Today, p. 4, 11 March 2011, archived from the original on 18 May 2011
  112. ^ "Funds approved for Office of the President", The Straits Times, p. C6, 23 January 2009.
  113. ^ Civil List and Pension Act: Resolution Passed at Parliament Meeting 2012 (S 137/2012), archived from the original on 31 August 2017.

Sources

Legislation

Further reading

Articles

  • Lee, Yvonne C.L. (2007), "Under Lock and Key: The Evolving Role of the Elected President as a Fiscal Guardian", Singapore Journal of Legal Studies: 290–322, SSRN 1139305.
  • Wan, Wai Yee (1994), "Recent Changes to the Westminster System of Government and Government Accountability", Singapore Law Review, 15: 297–332.

Books

  • Chan, Helena H[ui-]M[eng] (1995), "The Executive", The Legal System of Singapore, Singapore: Butterworths Asia, pp. 22–29, ISBN 978-0-409-99789-7.
  • Ho, Khai Leong (2003), Shared Responsibilities, Unshared Power: The Politics of Policy-making in Singapore, Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, ISBN 978-981-210-218-8.
  • Low, Linda; Toh, Mun Heng (1989), The Elected Presidency as a Safeguard for Official Reserves: What is at Stake? [IPS occasional paper; no. 1], Singapore: Times Academic Press in association with the Institute of Policy Studies, ISBN 978-981-00-1014-0.
  • Report of the Select Committee on the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Bill (Bill No. 23/90) [Parl. 9 of 1990], Singapore: Printed for the Government of Singapore by Singapore National Printers, 1990, OCLC 212400288.
  • Safeguarding Financial Assets and the Integrity of the Public Services: The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Bill [Cmd. 11 of 1990], Singapore: Printed for the Government of Singapore by Singapore National Printers, 1990, OCLC 39716236.
  • Tan, Kevin [Yew Lee]; Lam, Peng Er (1997), Managing Political Change in Singapore: The Elected Presidency, Singapore: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-15632-5.
  • Tan, Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] (2009), "State and Institution Building through the Singapore Constitution 1965–2005", in Thio, Li-ann; Tan, Kevin Y L (eds.), Evolution of a Revolution: Forty Years of the Singapore Constitution, London; New York, N.Y.: Routledge-Cavendish, pp. 50–78 at 68–71, ISBN 978-0-415-43862-9.

News reports

  • Ho, Kwon Ping (7 July 2011), "Soft powers of a president", The Straits Times, p. A27.
  • Wan, Wai Yee (21 July 2011), "Don't politicise role of President", The Straits Times, p. A25.
  • Ho, Kwon Ping (23 July 2011), "Elected presidency: Navigating uncharted waters [letter]", The Straits Times.
  • Tan, Kin Lian (25 July 2011), "Elected president can be voice of the people [letter]", The Straits Times, p. A21.
  • Goh, Richard (28 July 2011), "Be clear about president's role [online letter]", The Straits Times.
  • Gwee, Kim Leng (28 July 2011), "People's voice: 'If Mr Tan wanted it his way, he should have stood in the GE' [letter]", The Straits Times, p. A28.
  • Liew, Shiau Min (28 July 2011), "Hard to confine an elected president to his custodial role [letter]", The Straits Times, p. A28.
  • Ng, Ya Ken (28 July 2011), "Stick to Constitution: 'State what contributions they would render in the purview, if elected' [letter]", The Straits Times, p. A28.
  • Tin, Eric (28 July 2011), "Presidential hopeful's contradictions [letter]", The Straits Times, p. A28.
  • Chia, Daniel (30 July 2011), "Accept EP's role or don't stand [letter]", The Straits Times, p. A45.
  • Foo, Stephanie (30 July 2011), "Why a campaign promise may ring hollow [letter]", The Straits Times, p. A45.
  • Tan, Cheng Bock (1 August 2011), "Why elected president must be the people's voice [letter]", The Straits Times, p. A27.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presidents of Singapore.

Read other articles:

Adecco

Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Adecco – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (November 2009) Adecco S.A.JenisUmum (SIX: ADEN, Euronext: ADE)IndustriPerekrutanDidirikan1996KantorpusatOpfikon, SwissWilayah operasiSelur...

 

 

List of teams and cyclists in the 2008 Tour de France

Country representation in 2008 Tour de France. Light green: 1–9; Green: 10+ Main article: 2008 Tour de France The list of teams and cyclists in the 2008 Tour de France contains the professional road bicycle racers who will compete at the 2008 Tour de France from July 5 to July 27, 2008. Of the 18 UCI ProTour teams, only Astana was not invited. Additionally, Agritubel, Barloworld and Slipstream–Chipotle were given entries. The 20 teams invited to the race will enter a team of nine riders ...

 

 

Solvation

Association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute Not to be confused with salvation. A sodium ion solvated by water molecules Solvation describes the interaction of a solvent with dissolved molecules. Both ionized and uncharged molecules interact strongly with a solvent, and the strength and nature of this interaction influence many properties of the solute, including solubility, reactivity, and color, as well as influencing the properties of the solvent such as its vis...

Hampshire Senior Cup

For the rugby union competition, see Hampshire Cup (rugby union). Football tournamentHampshire Senior CupFounded1887RegionHampshire, Isle of Wight, Dorset, Wiltshire, Channel IslandsNumber of teamsvariesCurrent championsBasingstoke Town (8 titles)Most successful club(s)Southampton (17 titles)WebsiteHampshire Senior Cup The Hampshire Senior Cup is a cup competition open to football teams affiliated with the Hampshire Football Association. The competition was founded in 1887 and has been c...

 

 

Brad Pettitt

Australian politician (born 1972) The HonourableBrad PettittMLCMember of the Western Australian Legislative CouncilIncumbentAssumed office 22 May 2021ConstituencySouth Metropolitan RegionMayor of FremantleIn office17 October 2009 – 6 April 2021Preceded byPeter TagliaferriSucceeded byHannah Fitzhardinge Personal detailsBorn (1972-07-14) 14 July 1972 (age 51)Political partyGreens Western AustraliaAlma materMurdoch University Bradley William Pettitt (born 14 July 1972) is an ...

 

 

Danelaw

Danelaw ditunjukan berwarna emas pada peta. Danelaw (atau Danelagh, Bahasa Inggris Kuno: Dena lagu; Denmark: Danelagen), menurut catatan peristiwa Anglo-Saxon adalah bagian dari Britania Raya, kini Inggris utara dan timur, yang ditaklukan oleh bangsa Viking yang melakukan ekspansi pada abad ke-9. Dengan meningkatnya populasi dan produktivitas di Skandinavia, prajurit Viking mencari harta karun dan kejayaan di dekat Britania. Pranala luar [1] News Item: BBC Blood of the Vikings [2] BBC Viking ...

Strada statale 290 di Alimena

Strada statale 290di AlimenaLocalizzazioneStato Italia Regioni Sicilia Province Palermo Enna DatiClassificazioneStrada statale InizioSS 120 presso bivio Madonnuzza FineSS 121 presso stazione di Enna Lunghezza47,520[1] km Provvedimento di istituzioneD.M. 16/11/1959 - G.U. 41 del 18/02/1960[2] GestoreANAS Manuale La strada statale 290 di Alimena (SS 290) è una strada statale italiana della Sicilia che prende il nome dall'omonimo comune. Indice 1 Percorso 1.1 Tabe...

 

 

Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor

Indian politician This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this ...

 

 

Cary Grant

Cary GrantGrant sekitar tahun 1940-anLahirArchibald Alec Leach(1904-01-18)18 Januari 1904Horfield, Bristol, Britania RayaMeninggal29 November 1986(1986-11-29) (umur 82)St. Luke's Hospital, Davenport, Iowa, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif1931–1966Suami/istriVirginia Cherrill ​ ​(m. 1934⁠–⁠1935)​ Barbara Hutton ​(m. 1942⁠–⁠1945)​ Betsy Drake ​(m. 1949&...

Pertempuran Brenta

Pertempuran BrentaBagian dari Serangan bangsa Hungaria ke EropaPasukan Hungaria (abad ke-10) dari Patriarkat Aquileia (lukisan dinding)Tanggal24 September 899LokasiTepi sungai Brenta, ItaliaHasil Kemenangan HungariaPihak terlibat Kerajaan Italia Kepangeranan HungariaTokoh dan pemimpin Berengar I Tidak diketahuiKekuatan 15.000 5.000Korban Hampir semua pasukan Italia Sedikit lbsSerangan bangsa Hungaria ke Eropa Brenta Pressburg Eisenach Lechfeld (910) Rednitz Inn Achelous Püchen Drava Riade W....

 

 

Der Gerechte kömmt um (motet)

Motet with arrangement attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach Der Gerechte kömmt umMotetFirst page of Der Gerechte kömmt um, No. 39 in Wer ist der, so von Edom kömmtEnglishThe righteous perishesKeyE minorOccasionGood Friday; Funeral?Writtenarrangement attributed to Johann Sebastian BachTextIsaiah 57:1–2LanguageGermanBased onTristis est anima mea attributed to Johann KuhnauVocalSSATBInstrumental 2 traversos 2 oboes strings continuo Der Gerechte kömmt um ('The righteous perishes...

 

 

Portrait of Jennie

1948 film by William Dieterle This article is about the 1948 film. For the Robert Nathan work on which the film was based, see Portrait of Jennie (novella). For the 1970 Dizzy Gillespie album, see Portrait of Jenny. Portrait of JennieMovie posterDirected byWilliam DieterleScreenplay byPaul OsbornPeter BerneisLeonardo Bercovici (adaptation)Based onPortrait of Jennieby Robert Nathan[1]Produced byDavid O. SelznickDavid HempsteadStarringJennifer JonesJoseph CottenEthel BarrymoreNarrated b...

Hammarby IF Fotboll

För damlaget, se Hammarby IF Fotboll (damer). Hammarby IF Fotboll Lagfoto tagen på Hammarby IP år 1934Grundad1915HemortStockholm, SverigeHemmaarenaTele2 ArenaKapacitet30 000Ordförande Mattias FriVD Richard von YxkullSportchef Mikael HjelmbergTränare Kim HellbergAss. tränare David Selini Douglas Jakobsen Hemmaställ Bortaställ Tredjeställ MeriterSvenska mästare1 (2001)Svenska cupen1 (2021)Allsvenskasäsonger55 (senast 2023)Placering iallsvenskansmaratontabell8:eSäsonger iS...

 

 

Beaumont-du-Lac

Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Beaumont-du-Lac.  = Kawasan perkotaan  = Lahan subur  = Padang rumput  = Lahan pertanaman campuran  = Hutan  = Vegetasi perdu  = Lahan basah  = Anak sungaiBeaumont-du-Lac merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Haute-Vienne di Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Haute-Vienne Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Haute-Vienne Aixe-sur-Vienne Ambazac Arnac-la-Poste Augne Aureil Azat-le-Ris Balledent La...

 

 

Аскеранский район (НКР)

Эта статья о районе непризнанной НКР; о районе НКАО Азербайджанской ССР см. Аскеранский район (НКАО). районАскеранский районарм. Ասկերանի շրջան 39°56′12″ с. ш. 46°49′58″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  НКР Адм. центр Аскеран История и география Дата упразднения 1 января 2024 Площ�...

Vili (peuple)

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. La typographie de cet article ou de cette section ne respecte pas les conventions de Wikipédia (mars 2024). Vous pouvez corriger, en discuter sur l’Atelier typographique ou créer la discussion. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Vili. Vili Jeune garçon de type Vili au début du XXe siècle (vers 1905) Populations importantes par région République du Congo 100 000 Gabon 20 000 Autres Langues V...

 

 

Ludwig Hoffmann (architect)

German architect Ludwig HoffmannLudwig HoffmannBornLudwig Ernst Emil Hoffmann(1852-07-30)30 July 1852Darmstadt, HesseDied11 November 1932(1932-11-11) (aged 80)BerlinNationalityGermanOccupationArchitectAwardsHonorary citizen of Berlin Ludwig Ernst Emil Hoffmann (30 July 1852 – 11 November 1932) was a German architect and was one of the most famous architects of Berlin. Life and career Portraits of Hoffmann and Ernst Friedel by Evelyn Hartnick at the Märkisches Museum Sign on the Ludwig...

 

 

Diagramme de Penrose-Carter

Diagramme de Penrose d'un espace de Minkowski infini. Deux dimensions d'espace ont été éliminées et la dimension (spatiale) infinie est représentée sur un segment (fini) horizontal. L'axe temporel est vertical. Un diagramme de Penrose-Carter[1],[2],[3] est un diagramme bidimensionnel utilisé, en relativité générale, pour faciliter l'étude des propriétés causales d'un espace-temps[3]. Ils sont une façon de représenter plusieurs métriques spatio-temporelles (solutions de l'équa...

4. Luftwaffen-Feld-Division

La 4. Luftwaffen-Feld-Division [1] (4e division de campagne de la Luftwaffe) a été l'une des principales divisions de la Luftwaffe allemande durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cette division a été formée en septembre 1942 à Groß-Born à partir du Flieger-Regiment 14.. En janvier 1943, la Panzer-Jäger-Abteilung Luftwaffen-Feld-Division 4, la Artillerie-Abteilung Luftwaffen-Feld-Division 4 et la Flak-Abteilung Luftwaffen-Feld-Division 4 sont réunis dans le Luftwaffen-Artillerie-Re...

 

 

Prudnik Castle

Historic site in Opole Voivodeship, PolandPrudnik CastleNative names Polish: Zamek w Prudniku German: WogendrüsselModel of the castleLocationPrudnik, Opole Voivodeship, PolandCoordinates50°19′23″N 17°34′42″E / 50.322958°N 17.578392°E / 50.322958; 17.578392Built1255Built forWok of RosenbergDemolished27 August 1806Architectural style(s)GothicLocation of Prudnik Castle in PolandShow map of PolandPrudnik Castle (Opole Voivodeship)Show map of Opole Voivodeship ...