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Peel's Acts (as they are commonly known) were Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. They consolidated provisions from a large number of earlier statutes which were then repealed. Their purpose was to simplify the criminal law. The term refers to the Home Secretary who sponsored them, Sir Robert Peel.

Some writers apply the term Peel's Acts to the series of acts passed between 1826 and 1832.^[1] Other writers apply the term Peel's Acts specifically to five of those acts, namely chapters 27 to 31 of the session 7 & 8 Geo. 4 (1827).^[2]

According to some writers, the Criminal Law Act 1826 (7 Geo. 4. c. 64) was the first of Peel's Acts.^[3]

The acts were the product of a failed^[4] attempt to codify the criminal law.

Background

In the United Kingdom, Acts of Parliament remain in force until expressly repealed. Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, published in the late 18th-century, raised questions about the system and structure of the common law and the poor drafting and disorder of the existing statute book.^[5]

In 1806, the Commission on Public Records passed a resolution requesting the production of a report on the best mode of reducing the volume of the statute book.^[6] From 1810 to 1825, The Statutes of the Realm was published, providing for the first time the authoritative collection of acts.^[6] In 1816, both Houses of Parliament, passed resolutions that an eminent lawyer with 20 clerks be commissioned to make a digest of the statutes, which was declared "very expedient to be done." However, this was never done.^[7]

In 1822, Sir Robert Peel entered the cabinet as home secretary and in 1826 introduced a number of reforms to the English criminal law, which became known as Peel's Acts. This included efforts to modernise, consolidate and repeal provisions from a large number of earlier statutes, including:^[8]

Benefit of Clergy
Larceny and other Offences of Stealing
Burglary, Robbery and Threats for the Purpose of Robbery or of Extortion
Embezzlement, False Pretences, and the Receipt of Stolen Property
Malicious Injuries to Property
Remedies against the Hundred

The acts 7 & 8 Geo. 4. cc. 27 to 31

These Acts are:

The Criminal Statutes Repeal Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 27)
The Criminal Law Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 28)
The Larceny Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 29)
The Malicious Injuries to Property Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 30)
The Remedies against the Hundred Act 1827^[9] (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 31), also called the Riot Act 1827^[10]

Similar provisions were made for Ireland:^[11]

The Criminal Statutes (Ireland) Repeal Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4 c. 53)
The Criminal Law (Ireland) Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 54)
The Larceny (Ireland) Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 55)
The Malicious Injuries to Property (Ireland) Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 56)

The acts replaced by the Criminal Law Consolidation Acts 1861

James Edward Davis said that the Criminal Law Consolidation Acts 1861 are new editions of Peel's Acts.^[12] The acts listed below were replaced by the Criminal Law Consolidation Acts 1861. There were two separate sets of broadly identical acts for England and Ireland respectively.

The first four acts on this list consolidated 316 acts, representing almost four-fifths of all offences.^{[citation needed]}

England

The Criminal Statutes Repeal Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 27) (48 statutes)
The Larceny Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 29) (92 statutes)
The Malicious Injuries to Property Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 30) (effectively replacing the statutes abolished by c. 27 and c. 29)
The Offences against the Person Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 31) (56 statutes)
The Forgery Act 1830 (11 Geo. 4 & 1 Will. 4. c. 66) (120 statutes)
The Coinage Offences Act 1832 (2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 34)

Ireland

The Criminal Statutes (Ireland) Repeal Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 53)
9 Geo. 4. c. 55, sometimes referred to as the Larceny Act 1828^[13] or the Larceny (Ireland) Act 1828^[14]^[15]
9 Geo. 4. c. 56, sometimes referred to as the Malicious Injuries to Property Act 1828 or the Malicious Injuries to Property (Ireland) Act 1828^[16]

10 Geo. 4. c. 34,^[17] sometimes referred to as the Offences Against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829^[18]^[19] and as the Offences Against the Person Act (Ireland) 1829^[20]^[21]

Sources

John Frederick Archbold. Peel's Acts, and all the other Criminal Statutes passed from the First Year of the Reign of George IV to the Present Time. Third Edition. Saunders and Benning. Fleet Street, London. 1835. Volume 1.
John Frederick Archbold. Peel's Acts. William Benning. London. 1828. Google Books: Peel's Acts, with the Forms of Indictments, Etc., and the Evidence Necessary to Support Them Peel's Acts, with the Forms of Indictments, Etc., and the Evidence Necessary to Support Them.
An Alphabetical Arrangement of Mr. Peel's Acts, Lord Lansdowne's Act, &c. &c. Second Edition. J & W T Clarke. Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn, London. 1830. Google Books: An Alphabetical Arrangement of Mr Peel's Acts, Lord Lansdowne's Act, &c. &c. ... and other statutes relating to the criminal law ... Second edition ... By a Barrister. [i.e. John Frederick Archbold.] An Alphabetical Arrangement of Mr. Peel's Acts, Lord Lansdowne's Act, Etc., Etc., Relating to the Better Administration of Criminal Justice, the Consolidation of Larceny; Malicious Injuries to Property; the Regulation of Remedies Against the Hundred; the Consolidation of Offenses Against the Person; and the New Acts Relating to Poaching, Smuggling, and Setting Spring Guns, Etc., and Other Statutes Relating to the Criminal Law. With Explanatory Notes, Forms of Indictments, and the Evidence in Support of Each Indictment An Alphabetical Arrangement of Mr. Peel's Acts, Lord Lansdowne's Act, Etc., Etc., Relating to the Better Administration of Criminal Justice, the Consolidation of Larceny; Malicious Injuries to Property; the Regulation of Remedies Against the Hundred; the Consolidation of Offenses Against the Person; and the New Acts Relating to Poaching, Smuggling, and Setting Spring Guns, Etc., and Other Statutes Relating to the Criminal Law. With Explanatory Notes, Forms of Indictments, and the Evidence in Support of Each Indictment.
An Alphabetical Arrangement of Mr. Peel's Acts. Printed for J & W T Clarke. Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn, London. 1827 Google Books.
Isaac Espinasse. The Five Acts called Mr. Peel's Acts. London. 1827. The Five Acts Called Mr. Peel's Acts (7 and 8 Geo. IV. C. 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,) Reduced to Distinct Heads, and Adapted to the Arrangement of Burn's Justice
George Pyne Andrewes. An Abridgement of Mr. Peel's five important Acts of Parliament just passed for the improvement of the Criminal Law. London. 1827. Catalogue.
The Late Acts of Parliament amending the Criminal Law of England, commonly called Peel's Acts. James Ross. Hobart Town. 1830. Catalogue. Bibliography.
John Tidd Pratt. A Collection of the late Statutes, passed for the Administration of Criminal Justice in England; comprising 7 Geo. IV., Cap. 64, 7 & 8 Geo. IV., Cap. 18, 27, 28, 29, 30 & 31. Second Edition. W Benning. Fleet Street, London. 1827. Google Books.
The Six Acts Passed in the Seventh and Eighth Years of the Reign of His Present Majesty for Further Improving the Administration of Criminal Justice in England. Edward Dunn and Son. Fleet Street, London. 1827. Google Books.
The Annual Register . . . of the Year 1827, pages 185 to 187.
William C M'Dermott. The Criminal Code for Ireland, as amended by the late Enactments. Printed for John Cumming. Dublin. 1829. Google Books.

Citations

^ James Fitzjames Stephen. A History of the Criminal Law of England. Macmillan and Co. London. 1883. Volume 2. Pages 216 and 217. Encyclopædia Britannica. Eleventh Edition. 1911. Volume 7. Page 485. "Stephen's History of the Criminal Law" (1883) 133 Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine 731 at 735 (No 812 June). "Art IX - The Criminal Law of England" (1864) 18 Law Magazine and Law Review 139 at 153 and [1].
^ William Robinson. An Analysis of, and Digested Index to the Criminal Statutes. Saunders and Benning. London. 1829. Page v.
^ "Preliminary Note". Halsbury's Statutes of England. (The Complete Statutes of England). First Edition. 1929. Volume 4. Page 255.
^ No Criminal Code was passed
^ Farmer, Lindsay (2000). "Reconstructing the English Codification Debate: The Criminal Law Commissioners, 1833-45". Law and History Review. 18 (2): 397–425. doi:10.2307/744300. ISSN 0738-2480. JSTOR 744300.
^ ^a ^b Ilbert, Courtenay (1901). Legislative methods and forms. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 57. Retrieved 9 September 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner (5 June 1967). "Consolidation Bills". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 283. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. col. 179.
^ Britain, Great (1829). The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1827-. H.M. statute and law printers. p. 436.
^ Arnold, Thomas James (1894). The Law Relating to Municipal Corporations in England and Wales. Shaw and Sons.
^ Evan James MacGillivray. Insurance Law relating to all Risks other than Marine. Sweet and Maxwell, Limited. Chancery Lane, London. 1912. Page xi
^ "Criminal Laws - Ireland" in "Abstract of Important Public Acts". The Companion to the Almanac, or Year-Book of General Information; for 1829. (The British Almanac). Charles Knight. London. Page 161. Thomas Stephen. The Book of the Constitution of Great Britain. Glasgow. 1835. Pages 319 and 320.
^ James Edward Davis. The Criminal Law Consolidation Statutes of the 24 & 25 of Victoria, Chapters 94 to 100. Butterworths. London. Hodges, Smith & Co. 1861. Pages vi and vii.
^ Dyson and Green. "The properties of the law". Dyson (ed). Unravelling Tort and Crime. Cambridge University Press. 2014. Chapter 14. pp 389–400.
^ Vaughan, William Edward (2009). Murder Trials in Ireland, 1836–1914. New History of Ireland (Irish Legal History Society). Vol. 19. Four Courts Press. pp. 433, 448. ISBN 9781846821585.
^ O'Connor, James; Farran, Edmond Chomley; Byrne, William; Kough, C. Norman (1911). The Irish Justice of the Peace. Dublin: E. Posonby. p. xii.
^ William Edward Vaughan. Murder Trials in Ireland, 1836–1914. pp. 384 and 448.
^ The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 1225. His Majesty's Statute and Law Printers. 1829 – via Google Books.
^ Turner (editor). Russell on Crime (12th ed.). Stevens. 1964. Volume I. Page cxxxiv.
^ The Irish Jurist, 1968, vol. 3, p 150
^ R v Brown [1994] 1 AC 212 at 248, (1993) 157 JP 360, HL, per Lord Lowry
^ 86 Journal of the House of Commons 165

[1] James Fitzjames Stephen. A History of the Criminal Law of England. Macmillan and Co. London. 1883. Volume 2. Pages 216 and 217. Encyclopædia Britannica. Eleventh Edition. 1911. Volume 7. Page 485. "Stephen's History of the Criminal Law" (1883) 133 Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine 731 at 735 (No 812 June). "Art IX - The Criminal Law of England" (1864) 18 Law Magazine and Law Review 139 at 153 and [1].

[2] William Robinson. An Analysis of, and Digested Index to the Criminal Statutes. Saunders and Benning. London. 1829. Page v.

[3] "Preliminary Note". Halsbury's Statutes of England. (The Complete Statutes of England). First Edition. 1929. Volume 4. Page 255.

[4] No Criminal Code was passed

[:7-5] Farmer, Lindsay (2000). "Reconstructing the English Codification Debate: The Criminal Law Commissioners, 1833-45". Law and History Review. 18 (2): 397–425. doi:10.2307/744300. ISSN 0738-2480. JSTOR 744300.

[:02-6] Ilbert, Courtenay (1901). Legislative methods and forms. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 57. Retrieved 9 September 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[:2-7] Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner (5 June 1967). "Consolidation Bills". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 283. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. col. 179.

[:0-8] Britain, Great (1829). The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1827-. H.M. statute and law printers. p. 436.

[9] Arnold, Thomas James (1894). The Law Relating to Municipal Corporations in England and Wales. Shaw and Sons.

[10] Evan James MacGillivray. Insurance Law relating to all Risks other than Marine. Sweet and Maxwell, Limited. Chancery Lane, London. 1912. Page xi

[11] "Criminal Laws - Ireland" in "Abstract of Important Public Acts". The Companion to the Almanac, or Year-Book of General Information; for 1829. (The British Almanac). Charles Knight. London. Page 161. Thomas Stephen. The Book of the Constitution of Great Britain. Glasgow. 1835. Pages 319 and 320.

[12] James Edward Davis. The Criminal Law Consolidation Statutes of the 24 & 25 of Victoria, Chapters 94 to 100. Butterworths. London. Hodges, Smith & Co. 1861. Pages vi and vii.

[13] Dyson and Green. "The properties of the law". Dyson (ed). Unravelling Tort and Crime. Cambridge University Press. 2014. Chapter 14. pp 389–400.

[14] Vaughan, William Edward (2009). Murder Trials in Ireland, 1836–1914. New History of Ireland (Irish Legal History Society). Vol. 19. Four Courts Press. pp. 433, 448. ISBN 9781846821585.

[15] O'Connor, James; Farran, Edmond Chomley; Byrne, William; Kough, C. Norman (1911). The Irish Justice of the Peace. Dublin: E. Posonby. p. xii.

[16] William Edward Vaughan. Murder Trials in Ireland, 1836–1914. pp. 384 and 448.

[17] The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 1225. His Majesty's Statute and Law Printers. 1829 – via Google Books.

[18] Turner (editor). Russell on Crime (12th ed.). Stevens. 1964. Volume I. Page cxxxiv.

[19] The Irish Jurist, 1968, vol. 3, p 150

[20] R v Brown [1994] 1 AC 212 at 248, (1993) 157 JP 360, HL, per Lord Lowry

[21] 86 Journal of the House of Commons 165

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