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Peach-fronted parakeet
	On a termite mound in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Psittacidae
Genus:	Eupsittula
Species:	E. aurea
Binomial name
	Eupsittula aurea; (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
Synonyms
	Psittacus aureus (protonym);

The peach-fronted parakeet (Eupsittula aurea), known as the peach-fronted conure in aviculture, is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots.^[4] It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, and Suriname.^[5]

Taxonomy and systematics

The peach-fronted parakeet was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus aurius.^[6]^[7] Gmelin based his description on earlier publications. In 1758 the English naturalist George Edwards had described and illustrated the species with the English name "golden-crowned parakeet".^[8] The peach-fronted parakeet in now one of five parakeets placed in the genus Eupsittula that was introduced in 1853 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.^[9] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek eu meaning "good" with the Modern Latin psittula meaning "little parrot". The specific epithet aurea is Latin meaning "golden".^[10] The species is monotypic; no subspecies are recognized.^[4]

Description

The peach-fronted parakeet is 23 to 28 cm (9.1 to 11 in) long and weighs 74 to 94 g (2.6 to 3.3 oz). The sexes are the same. Adults have a peachy orange forehead (the "front") and forecrown; their hindcrown is dull blue. Bare yellow skin surrounds their eye. Their nape, upperparts, and tail are dull green. Their cheeks and throat are pale olive-brown that transitions through their breast and belly to a greenish yellow vent and undertail coverts. Their wings are mostly green on top and yellow green on the bottom, with greenish blue flight feathers. Immature birds are similar to adults but have less orange and blue on their head.^[11]^[12]

Distribution and habitat

The peach-fronted parakeet is found from extreme southern Suriname south through most of the eastern half of Brazil to eastern Bolivia, extreme southeastern Peru, central and eastern Paraguay, and slightly into northeastern Argentina. It inhabits a variety of landscapes from semi-open to wooded, including Mauritia palm groves, cerrado, gallery forest, campo rupestre (a savanna-like grassland with shrubs and scattered trees), and urban areas.^[11]^[12]

Behavior

Movement

The peach-fronted parakeet appears to make local movements according to the availability of food, but has no regular movement pattern.^[11]

Feeding

The peach-fronted parakeet does much foraging on the ground. Its primary food is seeds from a wide variety of plants; it also feeds on termites and insect larvae. It feeds in agricultural fields, both before harvest and to glean after harvest.^[11]

Breeding

The peach-fronted parakeet breeds in June and July in Peru and between September and December in central Brazil; its season elsewhere has not been defined. It typically excavates its nest in a termitarium, both those on the ground and in trees. The clutch size is two to four eggs. In captivity the incubation period is 23 days and fledging occurs 48 days afer hatch.^[11]

Songs and calls

Listen to peach-fronted parakeet on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The peach-fronted parakeet's call is a "rolling 'vreet vreet-vreet-vreet-vreet', irregularly breaking from low to very high pitch."^[12]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the peach-fronted parakeet as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range and though its population size is not known it is believed to be stable. The only apparent major threat is the pet trade.^[1] It is considered common in Suriname and abundant in Paraguay. In Brazil it is the most common species of Eupsittula parakeet; and may benefit from forest clearance for agriculture. However, it "suffers extensively from taking of nestlings for sale as pets, with very high mortality in rearing stages."^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2016). "Peach-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula aurea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685742A93084808. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685742A93084808.en. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^ Gmelin, JF, 1788. Psittacus aureus (protonym). Systema Naturae, ed. 13, vol. 1, part 1. BHL
^ ^a ^b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. 30 January 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved January 30, 2023
^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 329.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
^ Edwards, George (1758). Gleanings of Natural History, Exhibiting Figures of Quadrupeds, Birds, Insects, Plants &c. Vol. 1. London: Printed for the author. p. 50, Plate 235.
^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1853). "Notes sur les collections rapportées en 1853, par M. A. Delattre". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 37: 806–810 [807].
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 153, 61. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Collar, N. and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Peach-fronted Parakeet (Eupsittula aurea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pefpar1.01 retrieved March 15, 2023
^ ^a ^b ^c van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.