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Paul Splingaerd
Paul Splingaerd
Born	1842; Brussels
Died	1906; Xi'an
Other names	Lin Fuchen (林輔臣)

Paul Splingaerd (1842 in Brussels – 1906 in Xi'an, China) was the Belgian foundling who became an official or mandarin (bureaucrat) in the late Qing government. As both a Belgian and a Chinese mandarin, Paul acted as a liaison on various Sino-Belgian projects in the late nineteenth century. The best known are the negotiations for Belgium to build the first major railway in China, the Beijing-Hankou Railroad (Lu-Han Railway in China)^[1] and the development of a Belgian-Chinese industrial, mining and commercial enterprises in Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu province. Although better known in China where he was known by many names, including Lin Fuchen (林輔臣),^[2] Su Pe Lin Ge Er de (斯普林格尔德),^[3] Lin Balu Lin Bao luo, Bi lishi Lin ('Belgian Lin'), Lin Darin, Lin Ta Jen, in European circles he developed the reputation for being the "Famous Belgian Mandarin." Paul also initiated negotiations for the First Iron Bridge Across the Yellow River^[4] in Lanzhou, China, now known as Zhongshan Bridge, but died before it was built.

Biography

Early life

Paul was born in Brussels in 1842, and grew up as a foster child in the farming town of Ottenburg, southeast of the capital.

At the age of 23, in 1865, Paul left Belgium with the founding members of the Belgian missionary society, the Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae (CICM Missionaries, Scheut fathers, or Missionhurst in the US) to Mongolia as their handyman and lay helper. Paul later found work at the Prussian (German) Legation in Beijing where he met the German geographer and geologist, Ferdinand von Richthofen. Paul assisted Richthofen as guide and interpreter on exploratory journeys through 18 of China's provinces between 1868 and 1872^[5] to report on the minerals, flora, fauna and peoples of the various regions.

Paul the mandarin

While subsequently running a fur and wool trading business in Mongolia^[6](1872–1881), Paul was called by viceroy Li Hongzhang to serve as Customs Inspector at the far western post of Jiuquan (also known as Suzhou^[7]) on the border with Xinjiang (新疆). During his 14 years as a mandarin in Jiuquan, he ran the Suzhou Small Pox clinic, and fostered understanding and appreciation of westerners, their culture and their technology (1881–1896).

Mandarin and Belgian

After his Jiuquan assignment, Paul was called upon by agents of Leopold II of Belgium to use his understanding of Chinese language and protocol to negotiate revisions to a contract for the construction of the Beijing Hankou railway. His successful efforts were rewarded with knighthood, and received a medal designating him a Chevalier de l'Ordre de la Couronne (Order of the Crown) (1897).

Death

Splingaerd was contacted by Lanzhou major Peng Yingjia to negotiate with Belgian companies for the construction of a bridge in Lanzhou. In 1906, he returned to Belgium for the first time in 40 years, to look for engineers and participating companies to construct a bridge in Lanzhou. However he couldn't get any company to sign a contract, and died from illness in Xi'an on the way back to Lanzhou.^[8]

Legacy

His son Alphonse, known in China as Lin Ah De (林阿德) or Lin Canzan (林參贊) stayed in Lanzhou together with some Belgians brought back by Splingaerd from his journey to Belgium. His son would work as an interpreter and counselor for the foreign community. He also left two more sons, Remy and Jean-Baptiste.^[8]

Many explorers, including Richthofen's student, Sven Hedin, and famous Russian geologist Vladimir Obruchev have written about their unexpected encounters with the red-bearded Belgian Mandarin.^[9]

Paul has also been the inspiration for characters in at least two novels: Vladimir Nabokov's last novel, The Gift,^[10] and the character Mo-sieu in Jean Blaise's Maator le Mongol.^[11] Belgian playwright Tone Brulin also based his musical, De staart van de mandarijn on Paul's life. On the 100th anniversary of Paul's 1906 death, the farming town of Ottenburg/Huldenberg, where he spent his first 21 years as a foster child, a statue was erected in his honor by the regional historical society. In 2008 the city of Jiuquan, where Paul served as a customs inspector for 14 years, another statue was erected in his honor.

References

^ See Frochisse (1937), p. 238
^ See Megowan (2008), p. 37
^ He Duanzhong, The First Foreign Tax Officer in Jiuquan History
^ Megowan (2008), p. 161
^ see von Richthofen, vol 1, page 76 and the other, vol 2, page 52
^ See Megowan (2008), p. 75
^ Megowan (2008), p. 87
^ ^a ^b Splingaerd Megowan, Anne. "Lanzhou Bridge Centennial" (PDF).
^ See Hedin (1899), vol. 2, pp. 905–906
^ Paper read at the International Vladimir Nabokov Symposium St. Petersburg, July 18, 2002. The finds described in this paper finally led to the book Nabokov reist im Traum in das Innere Asiens In collaboration with Sabine Hartmann Reinbek: Rowohlt Verlag, 2006, 320 pages, 51 illustrations, 1 map. Paper: Chinese Rhubarb and Caterpillars by Dieter E. Zimmer. « In Nabokov's last novel, there is a brief exchange between the narrator and his first wife. She asks, "What do you call 'genius'?" His answer is, "Well, seeing things others don't see. Or rather the invisible links between things." I know you must not confuse the narrator with Nabokov, but I believe that in this instance Nabokov is voicing an important idea of his own. What I shall simply call the Tatsienlu complex in The Gift is a good example of an associative network of such "invisible links" connecting the death of Konstantin Godunov, the town of Tatsienlu, the village of Chetu, the French missionaries and Thecla bieti. It seems one of Fyodor's more or less subconscious fancies had been that his father had not perished but had stayed on in Tibet or China, just like the Belgian the two American bikers mentioned in The Gift whom his father had met in the Gobi desert and who had become a Chinese mandarin (I am speaking of Paul Splingaert in the town of Sazhou, now Jiayuguan in Ganzu, at the Western edge of the Chinese empire). That may be the reason why Fyodor's dream strangely vested his father "with a gold embroidered skullcap," that is, with a mandarin's cap »
^ see Blaise, p 183: (translation): "Regarding the characters, it suffices to say that Mo-Sieu was modeled after an interesting man named Paul Splingaert, who lived an extraordinary existence. After leaving as a simple domestic to Fr. Verbist, he acquired a useful knowledge of Chinese and Mongolian dialects, which permitted him to carry out varied and some delicate tasks. After working successively as an interpreter and guide on scientific missions, officer of Chinese customs, and even as a brigade general, he returned to Europe as a businessman to recruit engineers and personal for the exploitation of the mineral richesses of Gansu."

Bibliography

De Ridder, Koen, ed. (2000). Footsteps in Deserted Valleys. Louvain: Leuven University Press.
Frochisse, J.-M. (1937). La Belgique et la Chine, Relations diplomatiques et economiques (1839–1909). Bruxelles: L'Edition Universelles.
Hedin, Sven (1899). Through Asia. Vol. I–II. New York & London: Harper & Brothers.
Lederer, A. (1977). "Splingaerd Paul". Biographie Belge d'Outre-Mer. Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer.
Licent, Emile (1924). omptes rendus de dix annees (1914–1923) de sejour et d'exploration dans le bassin du Fleuve Jaune, du Pai Ho. Tientsin: Librairie Francaise.
Megowan, Anne Splingaerd (2008). The Belgian Mandarin. Philadelphia: Xlibris. ISBN 978-1-4257-9237-4.^{[self-published source?]}
Obrucev, V. A. (1956). Ot Kyaxty do Kul'dzi. Moscou.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Pater Mei-mei (1981). Les mosaïques de la mémoire. Bruxelles: Van Hecke.
Raskin, Albert (1982). Profils CICM. Rome.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
von Richthofen, Ferdinand (1907). Tagebücher aus China. Berlin: Reimer.
von Richthofen, Ferdinand (1907). China, Ergebnisse eigener Reisen und darauf gegrüdeter Studien. Berlin: Reimer.
Rondelez, Valeer (1960). Scheut Congrégation missionnaire, ses origines et ses débuts. Brussels: Scheut Uitgaven.
Spae, Josef (1986). Mandarijn Paul Splingaerd. Brussels: Académie Royale des sciences d'outre mer.
Steenakers, Jan-Baptist (1907). "Une existence extraordinaire". Missions en Chine et au Congo: 14-22. Brussels.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)