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Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268
	Wreckage of AP-BCP
Accident
Date	28 September 1992
Summary	Controlled flight into terrain
Site	Bhattedanda, Nepal ; 27°31′58″N 85°17′05″E / 27.53278°N 85.28472°E
Aircraft
	; AP-BCP, the aircraft involved about seven months before the accident.
Aircraft type	Airbus A300B4-103
Operator	Pakistan International Airlines
IATA flight No.	PK268
ICAO flight No.	PIA268
Call sign	PAKISTAN 268
Registration	AP-BCP
Flight origin	Jinnah International Airport
Destination	Tribhuvan International Airport
Occupants	167
Passengers	155
Crew	12
Fatalities	167
Survivors	0

Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 was an Airbus A300, registration AP-BCP, which crashed while approaching Kathmandu's Tribhuvan International Airport on 28 September 1992. All 167 people on board were killed. Flight 268 is the worst accident in the history of Pakistan International Airlines, and the worst ever to occur in Nepal.^[1]^[2]

Background

Aircraft

The aircraft involved was a 16-year-old Airbus A300B4-103 registered as AP-BCP with serial number 025. The aircraft was built in 1976. The aircraft had a total of 39,045 flying hours and 19,172 flight cycles at the time of the accident.^[1]

Crew

The captain was 49-year-old Iftikhar Janjua, who had logged 13,192 flight hours, including 6,260 hours on the Airbus A300. The first officer was 38-year-old Hassan Akhtar, who had 5,849 flight hours, with 1,469 of them on the Airbus A300.

Two flight engineers were on board: one operating and the other observing. The operating flight engineer was a 40-year-old male named Pervaiz Malik ^[3] who had 5,289 flight hours, with 2,516 of them on the Airbus A300. The observing flight engineer, 42-year-old Muhammad Ashraf, had 8,220 flight hours, including 4,503 hours on the Airbus A300.^{[citation needed]}

Accident

Flight 268 departed Karachi at 11:13 AM Pakistan Standard Time for Kathmandu. Upon contacting Nepalese air traffic control, the aircraft was cleared for an approach from the south called the Sierra approach. An aircraft cleared to use this approach was at the time directed to pass over a reporting point called "Romeo" located 41 nautical miles (76 km) south of the Kathmandu VOR (or at 41 DME) at an altitude of 15,000 feet. The aircraft was to then descend in seven steps to 5,800 feet, passing over a reporting point known as "Sierra" located at 10 DME at an altitude of 9,500 feet, before landing at Kathmandu. This approach allowed aircraft to pass over the Mahabharat Range directly south of Kathmandu (the crest of which is located just north of the Sierra reporting point) at a safe altitude.

Shortly after reporting at 10 DME, at 2.30 pm the aircraft crashed at approximately 7,300 feet (2,200 m) into the side of the 8,250 ft (2,524 m) mountain at Bhattedanda, disintegrating on impact, instantly killing all on board; the tail fin separated and fell into the forest at the base of the mountainside.^[1]^[4]^[5]

This accident occurred 59 days after Thai Airways International Flight 311 crashed north of Kathmandu.^[6]

Victims

Nationality	Passengers	Crew	Total
United Kingdom	36	-	36
Nepal	30	-	30
Spain	30	-	30
Pakistan	11	12	23
Netherlands	14	-	14
Other Europeans	14	-	14
Bangladesh	4	-	4
United States	3	-	3
Canada	2	-	2
Unknown	2	-	2
Japan	1	-	1
New Zealand	1	-	1
Total	155	12	167^[5]

Investigation and causes

After the accident, the Nepali Military assisted with investigators to find the aircraft's black box. The investigation was handled by Andrew Robinson from the Air Accident Investigation Branch (AAIB). The black box was initially sent to Paris for decoding.^[7]

At the time of impact, eye witnesses near the accident site confirmed that there was little to no wind, rain, and no thunderstorms in the area. Investigators found no technical problems documented for the A300 and, after considering it as a cause, subsequently ruled out terrorism.^[7]

Although no pertinent flight deck conversation was recovered from Flight 268's cockpit voice recorder by investigators with the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB), which assisted with the investigation, data recovered from the flight data recorder by the TSB showed that the aircraft initiated each step of its descent one step too early.^[4] At 16 DME the aircraft was a full 1,000 feet below its cleared altitude; at 10 DME (the Sierra reporting point) it was 1,300 feet below its cleared altitude. The aircraft approached the Mahabharat Range at an insufficient altitude and crashed into the south slope.^[1] Although the pilots of Flight 268 reported their aircraft's altitude accurately to air traffic control, controllers did nothing to warn them of their inappropriate altitude until seconds before the accident.^[4]

Investigators determined that the accident had been caused mainly by pilot error. Visibility was poor due to overcast conditions and the ground proximity warning system would not have been triggered in time because of the steep terrain.^[4] The approach plates for Kathmandu issued to PIA pilots were also determined to be unclear,^[1]^[4] and Nepalese air traffic controllers were judged timid and reluctant to intervene in what they saw as piloting matters such as terrain separation.^[8] The report recommended that ICAO review navigational charts and encourage their standardisation, and that the approach to Kathmandu Airport be changed to be less complex.^[4]

Memorials

PIA paid for the Lele PIA Memorial Park at Lele, at the foot of a mountain about 10 km north of the accident site. In 2012 they ceased paying for the maintenance of the site and was left to relatives of the victims of the accident to fund. In 2023 the local district council took responsibility for the preservation and development of the site.^[9]^[10]

The Wilkins Memorial Trust, a UK charitable organisation that provides aid to Nepal, was established in memory of a family killed in the accident.^[11]

In popular culture

The accident is featured in the first episode of Season 20 of Mayday, also known as Air Crash Investigation. The episode is titled "Kathmandu Descent".^[12]