Orbcomm (satellite)

Orbcomm
OperatorOrbcomm
ApplicationsCommunication
Specifications
RegimeLow Earth orbit

Orbcomm is a family of low Earth orbit communications satellites, operated by the United States satellite communications company Orbcomm. As of July 2014, 51 such satellites have orbited Earth, with 50 still continuing to do so.[not verified in body]

Satellite types

Orbcomm-CDS

Orbcomm-X
ManufacturerOSC
OperatorOrbcomm
ApplicationsTechnology Demonstrator
Specifications
Launch mass22 kg (49 lb)
RegimeLEO
Production
StatusRetired
Built1
Launched1
Failed1
Related spacecraft
DerivativesOrbcomm-CDS 1,2
Orbcomm-CDS 1,2 →
Orbcomm-CDS 1,2
ManufacturerOSC
OperatorOrbcomm
ApplicationsTechnology Demonstrator
Specifications
Launch mass13.6 kg (30 lb)
RegimeSun-synchronous
Production
StatusRetired
Built2
Launched2
Retired2
Related spacecraft
Derived fromOrbcomm-X
DerivativesOrbcomm-OG1
← Orbcomm-X Orbcomm-OG1 →
Orbcomm-CDS 3
ManufacturerPO Polyot (bus)
OSC (payload)
DesignerOHB-System
OperatorOrbcomm
ApplicationsTechnology Demonstrator
Specifications
BusSterkh
Launch mass22 kg (49 lb)
RegimeLEO
Production
StatusRetired
Built1
Launched1
Retired1
Related spacecraft
DerivativesOrbcomm-QL
Orbcomm-OG1 →

Orbcomm-CDS (Concept or Capability Demonstration Satellites) are spacecraft which were launched to test equipment and communication techniques used by the other satellites. The first three CDS satellites, Orbcomm-X, CDS-1 and CDS-2, were launched before any operational satellites, in order to validate the systems to be used in the operational constellation.

Orbcomm-X, also known as Datacomm-X, was launched in 1991. It carried communications and GPS experiments. Initially, the spacecraft was reported healthy, but communication was lost after just one orbit.[1]

CDS-3 was launched in 2008, along with the 5 Quick Launch satellites. It contained experiments for relaying signals from the United States Coast Guard Automatic Identification System through the satellite constellation.[2] It was designated Orbcomm FM-29,[2] having acquired most of the communications payload from another satellite that was never launched. The avionics bus of this unlaunched satellite was later used on the TacSat-1 satellite. TacSat-1 was never launched, either.

Orbcomm-OG1

Orbcomm-OG1
ManufacturerOSC
Country of originUnited States
OperatorOrbcomm
ApplicationsCommunications fleet
Specifications
Spacecraft typeCommunications Satellite
BusMicroStar
Launch mass40 to 45 kg (88 to 99 lb)
RegimeLEO, mostly 720 km × 720 km × 45°
Design life4 years
Production
StatusOut of production
Built36
Launched35
Operational24
Retired11
Orbcomm-QL →

Orbcomm-1 or Orbcomm-OG1 satellites make up most of the current Orbcomm constellation. 36 were built, of which 35 were launched. The unlaunched satellite, original designation Orbcomm FM-29, was first cannibalized for parts for the CDS-3 satellite and then rebuilt as TacSat-1 for the United States military.[3]

Orbcomm-QL

Orbcomm-QL
ManufacturerPO Polyot (bus)
OSC (payload)
DesignerOHB-System
OperatorOrbcomm
ApplicationsFleet replenishment
Specifications
Spacecraft typeCommunications Satellite
BusSterkh
Launch mass80 kg (180 lb)
RegimeLEO, 672 km × 661 km (418 mi × 411 mi) × 48.45°
Design life8-10 years (actual achieved ~2 years)
Production
StatusRetired
Built5
Launched5
Retired5
Related spacecraft
Derived fromOrbcomm-CDS 3
← Orbcomm-OG1 Orbcomm-OG2 →

Orbcomm Quick Launch (Orbcomm-QL) satellites are satellites which were intended to replenish the constellation. The first five such satellites were launched in 2008, with one more planned, but never launched. The satellites are based on the CDS-3 satellite, which was launched on the same rocket as the first five QL spacecraft. The sixth will be launched as a secondary payload to a Russian Government satellite, also on a Kosmos-3M. Orbcomm holds options for two further satellites.[4] The satellites experienced a power system anomaly, and Orbcomm filed an insurance claim on the satellites for $50 million.[5] Orbcomm reported in 2011 that the last remaining Quick Launch satellite had failed.[6]

Orbcomm-OG2

Orbcomm-OG2
ManufacturerSierra Nevada Corporation (prime)
Argon ST (payload)
Country of originUnited States
OperatorOrbcomm
ApplicationsCommunications
Specifications
Spacecraft typeCommunications Satellite
BusSN-100A[7]
Launch mass172 kg (379 lb)
Power400 watts[7]
EquipmentOrbcomm and AIS
RegimeLow Earth orbit, 750 km × 750 km × 45°
Design life5 years (planned) [7]
Production
StatusOperational
Built18
Launched18
Operational12
Retired5
Failed1
← Orbcomm-QL
SpaceX's Falcon 9 launch vehicle launched the ORBCOMM-OG2 on 14 July 2014.

Orbcomm Generation 2 (Orbcomm-OG2) second-generation satellites are intended to supplement and eventually replace the current first generation constellation. Eighteen satellites were ordered by 2008 — nominally intended to be launched in three groups of six during 2010–2014 — and by 2015 have all been launched, Orbcomm three flights. Orbcomm has options for a further thirty OG2 satellites.[8] The satellites were launched by SpaceX on the Falcon 9 launch vehicle. Originally, they were to launch on the smaller Falcon 1 launch vehicle.[9]

The first (Orbcomm OG2-1) of these satellites was launched on 8 October 2012 as secondary payload on a SpaceX Falcon 9 v1.0 flight. The primary payload was for NASA to the International Space Station (ISS).[10][11] On this launch, the Falcon 9 had a failure in one of its nine first stage engines 79 seconds after liftoff from Cape Canaveral, Florida. This prevented the OG2-1 prototype satellite from being deployed into the proper orbit.[12] The satellite functioned as planned during the short time it was in orbit. This allowed a subset of satellite systems to be flight-test validated. The orbit of the satellite was unable to be raised to a sustainable altitude due to contractual limitations put on SpaceX by the primary payload owner, NASA. Two days after its launch the OG2-1 prototype re-entered and burned up in the atmosphere of Earth. Orbcomm claimed the mission a total loss for launch insurance purposes.[13][14]

The second launch, with a constellation of six OG2 satellites, launched on 14 July 2014.[7][15] The satellites were launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 v1.1 launch vehicle. Following the end of the use of the first stage for the Orbcomm orbital mission, SpaceX used the booster stage — which would ordinarily be destroyed on reentering the Earth's atmosphere and impact with the ocean — for a flight test of a number of reusable launch vehicle technologies to safely reenter and execute a "soft vertical landing" on the ocean surface, where it successfully decelerated, made a successful reentry, landing burn and deployment of its landing legs. The first stage was not recovered as the hull integrity was breached on landing or on the subsequent "tip over and body slam".[16]

The third launch, with the final 11 second-generation OG2 satellites, was successfully completed December 21, 2015.[17] It was initially scheduled for late-2014, but ORBCOMM delayed the launch until at least mid-2015 [18] finally resetting the launch timeframe to mid-August through late-September 2015.[19] The launch date was further delayed by the rocket failure on the SpaceX Falcon 9 Flight 19 launch in June 2015, which ultimately delayed the OG2 launch further out to late 2015.[17][20] The satellites were placed by the Falcon 9 launch vehicle "within a fraction of a degree in inclination and 5 km (3.1 mi) in altitude of the intended orbit", and by 9 January 2016, were in the middle of on-orbit testing, while executing propulsion maneuvers that had spread the 11 satellites over a 6,400 km (4,000 mi) orbital arc.[21]

The ORBCOMM OG2 satellites are being manufactured by an industry team led by Sierra Nevada Corporation and Argon ST, a Boeing subsidiary. A total of 18 ORBCOMM next-generation OG2 satellites were in production as of February 2013. ORBCOMM OG2 satellites will provide enhanced ORBCOMM messaging capabilities, increased capacity, and automatic identification systems (AIS) service. The agreement with SpaceX to launch 18 satellites on its Falcon 9 rockets was signed in December 2012 for a total cost of US$42.6 million.[22]

Launches

Launch Date/Time (GMT) Carrier Rocket Launch Site Satellite Alternative
Designation 		Remarks
01:46, 17 July 1991 Ariane 4 (40) ELA-2, CSG Orbcomm-X Datacomm-X Early loss of communication
14:30, 9 February 1993[23] Pegasus NB-52B, KSC SLF Orbcomm CDS-1 OXP No longer operational
13:56, 25 April 1993 Pegasus NB-52B, Edwards AFB Orbcomm CDS-2 VSUME No longer operational
13:48, 3 April 1995[23] Pegasus-H L-1011, Vandenberg AFB Orbcomm-F1 FM1 No longer operational
Orbcomm-F2 FM2 No longer operational
19:11, 23 December 1997[23] Pegasus-XL/HAPS L-1011, Wallops Island Orbcomm-A1 FM5
Orbcomm-A2 FM6
Orbcomm-A3 FM7
Orbcomm-A4 FM8
Orbcomm-A5 FM9
Orbcomm-A6 FM10
Orbcomm-A7 FM11
Orbcomm-A8 FM12
13:20, 10 February 1998 Taurus LC-576E, Vandenberg AFB Orbcomm-G1 FM3 No longer operational
Orbcomm-G2 FM4
16:24, 2 August 1998[23] Pegasus-XL/HAPS L-1011, Wallops Island Orbcomm-B1 FM13
Orbcomm-B2 FM14
Orbcomm-B3 FM15
Orbcomm-B4 FM16 No longer operational. Experienced in-orbit break-up on 22 December 2018 resulting in 34 trackable objects.[24][25]
Orbcomm-B5 FM17 No longer operational
Orbcomm-B6 FM18
Orbcomm-B7 FM19
Orbcomm-B8 FM20
05:06, 23 September 1998[23] Pegasus-XL/HAPS L-1011, Wallops Island Orbcomm-C1 FM21
Orbcomm-C2 FM22 No longer operational
Orbcomm-C3 FM23
Orbcomm-C4 FM24 No longer operational
Orbcomm-C5 FM25 No longer operational
Orbcomm-C6 FM26 No longer operational
Orbcomm-C7 FM27
Orbcomm-C8 FM28 No longer operational
18:53, 4 December 1999[23] Pegasus-XL/HAPS L-1011, Wallops Island Orbcomm-D2 FM30
Orbcomm-D3 FM31
Orbcomm-D4 FM32 Semi-operational
Orbcomm-D5 FM33 No longer operational
Orbcomm-D6 FM34
Orbcomm-D7 FM35
Orbcomm-D8 FM36 No longer operational. Experienced in-orbit break-up on 11 March 2023 resulting in a number of untracked objects.[26]
06:36, 19 June 2008 Kosmos-3M Site 107, Kapustin Yar Orbcomm CDS-3 FM29 No longer operational
Orbcomm-QL1 FM37 No longer operational
Orbcomm-QL2 FM38 No longer operational
Orbcomm-QL3 FM39 No longer operational
Orbcomm-QL4 FM40 No longer operational
Orbcomm-QL5 FM41 No longer operational
05:31, 12 October 2011 PSLV-CA FLP, Satish Dhawan VesselSat-1 FM42 No longer operational (since end of 2015)
03:17, 9 January 2012 Long March 4B LC-9, Taiyuan VesselSat-2 FM43 No longer operational (since January 2016)
00:35, 8 October 2012 Falcon 9 v1.0 (Flight 4) SLC-40, Cape Canaveral Orbcomm OG2-1 FM101 Demo unit launch as a secondary payload, at low cost and with attendant lower launch services. The primary payload owner did not allow the second orbit raising burn, and thus OG2-1 was placed in a much lower orbit. Various tests of the new satellite design were completed, but OG2-1 never became fully operational. The sat reentered in only four days.[13][27]
15:15, 14 July 2014 Falcon 9 v1.1 (Flight 10) SLC-40, Cape Canaveral Orbcomm OG2 × 6
  • FM103
  • FM104
  • FM106
  • FM107
  • FM109
  • FM111
 FM104, FM106, and FM111 are no longer operational [28]
01:19, 22 December 2015 Falcon 9 FT (Flight 20) SLC-40, Cape Canaveral Orbcomm OG2 × 11
  • FM105
  • FM108
  • FM110
  • FM112
  • FM113
  • FM114
  • FM115
  • FM116
  • FM117
  • FM118
  • FM119
 FM105 and FM119 are no longer operational.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Orbcomm-X". NASA. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  2. ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Orbcomm-CDS 3 (Orbcomm J1, Orbcomm FM29)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  3. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Orbcomm 1 - 43". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  4. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Orbcomm 37 - 41". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  5. ^ Jai C.S., ORBCOMM Reaches Settlement on Satellite Insurance Claim Archived 2010-01-01 at the Wayback Machine December 28, 2009
  6. ^ "ORBCOMM Inc. - FORM 8-K - January 31, 2011". Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d Graham, William (14 July 2014). "SpaceX's Falcon 9 set for fourth attempt to launch Orbcomm OG2 mission". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  8. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Orbcomm (2nd generation)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  9. ^ "SpaceX Wins Orbcomm Contract to Launch 18 Satellite Constellation". Satellite Today. 3 September 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
  10. ^ "Orbcomm Eagerly Awaits Launch of New Satellite on Next Falcon 9" (Press release). SpaceNews. 25 May 2012. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  11. ^ "International Space Station Program Status" (PDF). NASA. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ^ Clark, Stephen (8 October 2012). "Orbcomm satellite in wrong orbit after Falcon 9 launch". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  13. ^ a b de Selding, Peter B. (11 October 2012). "Orbcomm Craft Launched by Falcon 9 Falls out of Orbit". SpaceNews. Retrieved 14 April 2023. Orbcomm requested that SpaceX carry one of their small satellites (weighing a few hundred pounds, vs. Dragon at over 12,000 pounds)... The higher the orbit, the more test data [Orbcomm] can gather, so they requested that we attempt to restart and raise altitude. NASA agreed to allow that, but only on condition that there be substantial propellant reserves, since the orbit would be close to the space station. It is important to appreciate that Orbcomm understood from the beginning that the orbit-raising maneuver was tentative. They accepted that there was a high risk of their satellite remaining at the Dragon insertion orbit. SpaceX would not have agreed to fly their satellite otherwise, since this was not part of the core mission and there was a known, material risk of no altitude raise.
  14. ^ "Falcon Launch Report - Orbcomm craft falls to Earth, company claims total loss". Spaceflight Now. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  15. ^ "OG2 Launch". 16 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  16. ^ https://twitter.com/elonmusk "Rocket booster reentry, landing burn and leg deploy were good, but lost hull integrity right after splashdown (aka kaboom) ... Detailed review of rocket telemetry needed to tell if due to initial splashdown or subsequent tip over and body slam". Elon Musk SpaceX CEO
  17. ^ a b de Selding, Peter B. (16 October 2015). "SpaceX Changes its Falcon 9 Return-to-flight Plans". SpaceNews. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  18. ^ "The Next Generation in Satellite M2M Technology: OG2 Mission 2 Coming Soon". Orbcomm. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  19. ^ de Selding, Peter B. (8 May 2015). "Orbcomm to SpaceX: Launch our Satellites Before October". SpaceNews. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  20. ^ "SpaceX ORBCOMM-2 Mission" (PDF). press kit. SpaceX. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015. This mission also marks SpaceX's return-to-flight as well as its first attempt to land a first stage on land. The landing of the first stage is a secondary test objective.
  21. ^ OG2 Mission 2 Launch Update ORBCOMM, 8 January 2016, accessed 10 January 2016
  22. ^ Messier, Doug (27 December 2012). "Orbcomm, SpaceX Reach New Launch Agreement on OG2 Satellite Launch". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Wade, Mark. "Pegasus". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  24. ^ U.S. Air Force’s 18 Space Control Squadron [@18spcs] (1 January 2019). "#18SPCS confirmed breakup of ORBCOMM OG1 sat FM 16, #25417, on 22 Dec @ 0712 UTC - tracking 34 pieces - no indication caused by collision" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019 – via Twitter.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "FIRST UP Satcom: Orbcomm satellite breaks up". Space News. 2 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  26. ^ @planet4589 (17 March 2023). "Breakup of the Orbcomm FM36 satellite reported by @18thSDS - no objects cataloged yet. TLEs show a 0.4 km downward jump in orbital height on the reported breakup date of Mar 11" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  27. ^ Orbcomm craft falls to Earth, company claims total loss
  28. ^ Veronica Magan (7 August 2015). "Orbcomm's Record Growth Not Stopped by OG2 Satellite Loss". Via Satellite.

Read other articles:

Flessione (meccanica)

Questa voce sugli argomenti ingegneria e meccanica è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. La flessione è uno degli sforzi o sollecitazioni elementari cui può essere soggetto un corpo, insieme alla compressione, la trazione, il taglio e la torsione. La sollecitazione che la provoca è detta momento flettente. Per semplicità, si può dire che un corpo è soggetto ad uno sforzo di flessione qu...

 

 

النيزك الكبير 1783

النيزك الكبير 1783   المكان الجزر البريطانية  التاريخ 18 أغسطس 1783  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   لوحة تصور ظهور النيزك الكبير 1783. كان النيزك الكبير 1783 شهاب متفجر مشع ظهر في سماء الجزر البريطانية بشكل غريب وتم مشاهدته في 18 أغسطس 1783، وفي ذلك الوقت كانت مثل هذه الظواهر غير مفهومة...

 

 

Metal viking

Metal vikingEnslaved di Festival Rock Norwegia 2010Sumber aliran Black metal folk metal Musik rakyat Nordik musik Eropa power metal rok viking Sumber kebudayaanAkhir 1980-an – pertengahan 1990-an; Eropa UtaraAlat musik yang biasa digunakan Gitar listrik gitar bas drum keyboard Nordik Instrumen rakyat Bentuk turunanPagan metalVersi regional Nordic countries Austria Canada Germany Netherlands Russia United Kingdom United States Topik lainnya Daftar grup musik Mitologi nordik Paganisme nordik ...

Roasio

Roasio commune di Italia Tempat Negara berdaulatItaliaRegion di ItaliaPiedmontProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Vercelli NegaraItalia Ibu kotaRoasio PendudukTotal2.221  (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah27,92 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian278 m Berbatasan denganBrusnengo Curino Gattinara Lozzolo Sostegno Rovasenda Villa del Bosco SejarahSanto pelindungSanto Mauritius Informasi tambahanKode pos13060 Zona waktuUTC+1 UTC+2 Kode telepon0163 ID ISTAT002116 Kode kadaster ItaliaH365 Lain-lai...

 

 

Focus (Croatian political party)

Croatian political party Focus FokusAbbreviationFokusPresidentDavor NađiFounded27 March 2020 (2020-03-27)Split fromHNS-LDHeadquartersSavska cesta 41ZagrebMembership (2022)571[1]IdeologyClassical liberalismEconomic liberalismBright green environmentalismPolitical positionCentre to centre-rightEuropean affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for EuropeColours  Light blue  Dark blueSloganFocus on the ImportantSabor2 / 151European Parliament0 / 12...

 

 

Jan Gualtherus van Breda Kolff

Jan Gualtherus van Breda Kolff Rekam medali Mewakili  Belanda Sepak bola Pria Kompetisi Tim Stockholm 1912 {{{2}}} Untuk cucunya yang pelatih basket, lihat Jan Michael van Breda Kolff. Jan van Breda Kolff Olimpiade Musim Panas 1912 Jan Gualtherus van Breda Kolff (18 Januari 1894 – 6 Februari 1976) adalah pemain sepak bola amatir Belanda. Van Breda Kolff membuat debut dalam tim nasional sepak bola Belanda sebagai pemain di HVV Den Haag pada tanggal 2 April 1911 pada usia ...

Torture Garden (fetish club)

Fetish club in London, England Performer of the club at Olympia Exhibition (2007) Torture Garden (abbreviated as TG) is a fetish club in London, England. The club started in 1990 and is now Europe's largest fetish club. It features dance floors, musical acts, performance art, fashion shows, and a BDSM dungeon. Initially threatened with closure by the police,[1] it is now described as legendary and a capital institution by Time Out magazine.[2] It has also been described as a c...

 

 

コルク

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（このテンプレートの使い方）出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL（2017年4月） コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓 コルク（木栓、...

 

 

Harquahala Mountains

Landform in southwestern Arizona, US Harquahala MountainsHarquahala Mountains viewed from north side following an unusually wet spring. Bright yellow shrubs are Brittle Bush, (Encelia farinosa).Highest pointPeakHarquahala PeakElevation5,681 ft (1,732 m)Prominence3,461 ft (1,055 m)DimensionsLength32 km (20 mi) NE-SWWidth20 km (12 mi)GeographyRange coordinates33°49′N 113°19′W / 33.817°N 113.317°W / 33.817; -113.317...

Rick Tyler

American pastor (born 1957) For the DC Comics character, see Hourman (Rick Tyler). Rick TylerRichard Tyler Jr., July 7, 2020 mug shotBornRichard Seburn Tyler, Jr. (1957-10-10) October 10, 1957 (age 66)Miami, Florida, United StatesNationalityAmericanKnown forwhite nationalismPolitical partyIndependent (before 2019)American Freedom Party (2019 - present) Richard Seburn Tyler Jr.[1] (born October 10, 1957) is an American pastor and far-right political candidate from Tennessee. ...

 

 

Krim cukur

Krim cukur disiapkan dengan kuas cukur Pria yang memakai krim cukur Krim cukur atau krim bercukur adalah sebuah kategori kosmetik yang dipakai untuk persiapan cukur. Tujuan krim cukur adalah melembutkan rambut dengan melakukan pelumasan. Referensi Schoen, Linda Allen, ed. (1978). The AMA Book of Skin and Hair Care. J.B. Lippincott Company. ISBN 0380018713.  Roberson, George (1985). Men's Hair. New York: Rawson Associates. ISBN 0892562757. 

 

 

Swedish Sign Language family

Language family of sign languages Swedish Sign Language familyEast Scandinavian SignGeographicdistributionEurope, AfricaLinguistic classification? British SignSwedish Sign Language familySubdivisions Swedish Sign Portuguese Sign Finnish Sign Finland-Swedish Sign Eritrean Sign Cape Verdian Sign Language ? São Tomé and Príncipe Sign Language Glottologswed1257  Part of the Swedish Sign Language family   Secondarily influenced by the Swedish Sign Language family The Swedish...

العلاقات الساموية النيجيرية

العلاقات الساموية النيجيرية ساموا نيجيريا   ساموا   نيجيريا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الساموية النيجيرية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين ساموا ونيجيريا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة س...

 

 

Jean-Pierre Dutilleux

Belgian film director (born 1949) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (November 2021) Jean-Pierre Dutilleux (born 13 October 1949) is a Belgian author, activist, film director,[1] actor and editor of films. Career This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding rel...

 

 

2013 City of London Corporation election

An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist. If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links. (To hide this tag, set the invisible field to true)List of blacklisted links: https://portsokenlabour.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/140321-press-release-1401.pdf Triggered by \bfiles\.wordpress\.com\b on the global blacklist 2013 City of London ...

Plique polonaise

Plique polonaise au musée de la Faculté de médecine de l'université Jagellonne à Cracovie en Pologne. Depuis plusieurs siècles, la plique a été comparée au feutrage de fourrure chez des animaux (ici chez un chien) (p. 22 de la thèse de Gadowski (1814)[1] La plique polonaise ou plie[2] (parfois assimilée au trichoma) ou aussi dénommée plica polonica, plica mas, plica femina, plica filia, morbus cirrhorum[2] ou tricae incuborum[2] (noms latins) ; kołtun en polonais ou Weichse...

 

 

Patrick Kostner

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada September 2016. Patrick Kostner Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Patrick KostnerTanggal lahir 28 Februari 1988 (umur 36)Tempat lahir Vienna, AustriaPosisi bermain KiperInformasi klubKlub saat ini Kapfenberger SVNomor 26Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2010– K...

 

 

丹波市

この項目では、兵庫県丹波市について説明しています。 その他の「丹波市」については「丹波市 (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。 ポケットモンスターシリーズに登場する「タンバシティ」については「ジョウト地方」をご覧ください。 「丹波篠山市」あるいは「京丹波町」とは異なります。 たんばし 丹波市 円通寺の紅葉 丹波市旗2004年11月1日制定 丹波市章 国 日...

Word painting

Use of musical composition to emulate lyrics or narrative For paintings and other art incorporating text, see Word art. Word painting, also known as tone painting or text painting, is the musical technique of composing music that reflects the literal meaning of a song's lyrics or story elements in programmatic music. Historical development Tone painting of words goes at least as far back as Gregorian chant. Musical patterns expressed both emotive ideas and theological meanings in these chants...

 

 

Demilitarisation

Reduction of state armed forces Part of a series onWar(outline) History Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical castles Early modern pike and shot napoleonic Late modern industrial fourth-gen Military Organization Command and control Defense ministry Army Navy Air force Marines Coast guard Space force Reserves Regular / Irregular Ranks Standing army / Militia Specialties: Rifleman Staff Engineers Intelligence Recon Medical Police Diving Comms Pilot Land units: Infantry Armor Cavalry Artillery Spec...