Veritable was the northern pincer movement and started with XXX Corps advancing through the Reichswald (German: Imperial Forest) while the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, in amphibious vehicles, cleared German positions in the flooded Rhine plain. The Allied advance proceeded more slowly than expected and at greater cost as the American southern pincer, Operation Grenade, was delayed by the deliberate flooding of the Roer River by German forces under Alfred Schlemm, which allowed them to be concentrated against the Commonwealth advance.
On 22 February, once clear of the Reichswald, and with the towns of Kleve and Goch in their control, the offensive was renewed as Operation Blockbuster and linked up with the U.S. Ninth Army near Geldern on 4 March after the execution of Operation Grenade.[2] Fighting continued as the Germans sought to retain a bridgehead on the west bank of the Rhine at Wesel and evacuate as many men and as much equipment as possible. On 10 March the German withdrawal ended and the last bridges were destroyed.
Background
GeneralDwight D. Eisenhower, the Allied Commander, had decided that the best route into Germany would be across the relatively flat lands of northern Europe, taking the industrial heartland of the Ruhr. This first required that Allied forces should close up to the Rhine along its whole length. Montgomery's 21st Army Group had established a front along the River Maas in late 1944 and had also considered several offensive operations to enlarge and defend the Nijmegen, Gelderland bridgehead and its important bridges (captured during the operation to capture Arnhem). One such proposal, Valediction (a development of an earlier plan; Wyvern) - an assault south-eastwards from Nijmegen between the Rhine and Maas rivers, initially had been shelved by Montgomery. A conference was convened at Maastricht, in Netherlands' Limburg, on 7 December 1944 between Allied generals, to consider ways of maintaining pressure on the Germans throughout the winter. Consequently, Valediction was brought forward and allocated to the First Canadian Army. British XXX Corps was attached to the Canadians for the operation and the date was provisionally set as 1 January 1945. At this point, the name Veritable was attached to the operation in place of Valediction.[3]
In the event, Veritable was delayed by the diversion of forces to stem the German attack through the Ardennes in December, (Battle of the Bulge or the Ardennes Offensive) and the advantages to the Allies of hard, frozen ground were lost.
The objective of the operation was to clear German forces from the area between the Rhine and Maas rivers, east of the Netherlands (Dutch) / German (Deutsch) frontier, in the Rhineland. It was part of Eisenhower's "broad front" strategy to occupy the entire west bank of the Rhine before crossing the river. The Allied expectation was that the northern end of the Siegfried Line was less well defended than elsewhere and an outflanking movement around the line was possible and would allow an early assault against the Ruhr industrial region.
Veritable was the northern arm of a pincer movement. The southern pincer arm, Operation Grenade, was to be made by Lieutenant GeneralWilliam Hood Simpson's U.S. Ninth Army. The operation had complications. First, the heavily forested terrain, squeezed between the Rhine and Maas rivers, reduced Anglo-Canadian advantages in manpower and armour; the situation was exacerbated by soft ground which had thawed after the winter and also by the deliberate flooding of the adjacent Rhine flood plain.
The First Canadian Army had had a severe time clearing the approaches to Antwerp during the previous autumn. It was, numerically, the smallest of the Allied armies in northern Europe and, despite its name, contained significant British units as part of its structure. For Veritable, it was further strengthened by XXX Corps. At the start of the operation, Allied deployment was, from left to right across the Allied front:
11th Armoured Division (Temporary Major-General George Roberts) – transferred across the Maas from the British Second Army as the operation progressed.
German
Assessments by the German Army High Command were that an Allied advance through the Reichswald would be too difficult and the expected assault would be by the British Second Army from the Venlo area.[4] Reserves were therefore placed to respond to this. Alfred Schlemm, the local German commander, strongly disagreed, believing, correctly, that the Reichswald was the more likely route. He acted against the assessments of his superiors and therefore ensured that the area was well fortified, strengthened the Siegfried Line defences and quietly moved some of his reserves to be nearer this line of attack which meant that fresh and hardened troops were readily available to him.
This was an inexperienced and under-equipped division re-formed after its destruction at Falaise in Normandy. It was augmented by the well-equipped Luftwaffe 2nd Parachute Regiment, which was placed between the western tip of the Reichswald and the Maas. Two regiments, 1062nd Grenadier Regiment and 1051st Grenadier Regiment, covered the edge of the forest facing the Allies and the 1052nd Grenadier Regiment defended the Rhine flood plain on the German right. Two more, ineffective, units were held in the rear area: the Sicherungs Battalion Münster (a small unit of elderly men used to guard static installations) and the 276th Magen ("Stomach") Battalion, whose personnel had chronic digestive ailments that made them unsuited for active roles in the defence.
655th Heavy Anti-Tank Battalion
Around 36 self propelled assault guns, the only German armour immediately available in the Reichswald.
Army Group H's armoured reserve, at Dülken, south-east of Venlo. After the fighting in the Ardennes, its two divisions, the 116th Panzer and the 15th Panzer Grenadier, were at just over 50 per cent strength with no more than 90 tanks between them.
RP-3 rockets being loaded into Land Mattress launchers in preparation for the offensive in the Reichswald, Germany
The Allied advance was from Groesbeek (captured during Operation Market Garden) eastwards to Kleve and Goch, turning south eastwards along the Rhine to Xanten and the US advance. The whole battle area was between the Rhine and Maas rivers, initially through the Reichswald and then across rolling agricultural country.
The Reichswald is a forest close to the Dutch/German border. The Rhine flood plain, 2–3 miles (3.2–4.8 km) wide (and which, at the time of the operation, had been allowed to flood after a wet winter), is the northern boundary of the area and the Maas flood plain is the southern boundary. The Reichswald ridge is a glacial remnant which, when wet, easily turns to mud. At the time of the operation, the ground had thawed and was largely unsuitable for wheeled and tracked vehicles. These conditions caused breakdowns to a significant number of tanks.
Routes through the forest were a problem for the Allies, both during their advance through the forest and later for supply and reinforcements. The only main roads passed to the north (Nijmegen to Kleve) and south (Mook to Goch) of the forest - no east–west metalled route passed through it. There were three north–south routes: two radiating from Hekkens to Kranenburg (between two and five kilometres behind the German frontline) and to Kleve; and Kleve to Goch, along the eastern edge of the Reichswald. The lack of suitable roads was made worse by the soft ground conditions and the deliberate flooding of the flood plains, which necessitated the use of amphibious vehicles. The few good roads were rapidly damaged and broken up by the constant heavy traffic that they had to carry during the assaults.
The Germans had built three defence lines. The first was from Wyler to the Maas along the western edge of the Reichswald, manned by the 84th Division and the 1st Parachute Regiment; this was a "trip-wire" line intended only to delay an assault and alert the main forces. The second, beyond the forest, was Rees, Kleve, Goch and the third ran from Rees, through the Uedemer Hochwald to Geldern.
Operation Veritable (Battle of the Reichswald)
Preparations for the operations were complicated by the poor condition of the few routes into the concentration area, its small size, the need to maintain surprise and, therefore, the need to conceal the movements of men and materiel. A new rail bridge was constructed that extended rail access to Nijmegen, a bridge was built across the Maas at Mook and roads were repaired and maintained.[5] Elaborate and strict restrictions were placed on air and daytime land movements; troop concentrations and storage dumps were camouflaged.
Operation Veritable was planned in three separate phases:
"Phase 1 The clearing of the Reichswald and the securing of the line Gennep-Asperden-Cleve.
"Phase 2 The breaching of the enemy's second defensive system east and south-east of the Reichswald, the capture of the localities Weeze-Uedem-Kalkar-Emmerich and the securing of the communications between them.
"Phase 3 The 'break-through' of the Hochwald 'lay-back' defence lines and the advance to secure the general line Geldern-Xanten."[6]
British infantrymen advance through the Reichswald during Operation Veritable, 8 February 1945.
The operation started as an infantry frontal assault, with armoured support, against prepared positions, in terrain that favoured the defenders. On 7 February more than 750 RAF heavy bombers deluged Kleve and Goch with high explosive.[7][8] In order to reduce the defenders' advantages, a large scale artillery bombardment was employed, the biggest British barrage since the Second Battle of El Alamein. Men were literally deafened for hours by the noise of 1,034 guns.[9] It was hoped that this would not only destroy the German defences throughout the Reichswald but also destroy the defenders' morale and their will to fight. Air raids were also undertaken to isolate the battle area from further reinforcement.[10]
Operation Veritable began on 8 February 1945, at 10:30 five infantry divisions, 50,000 men with 500 tanks, attacked in line – respectively from the north, the 3rd and 2nd Canadian, the 15th (Scottish) in the center and the 53rd (Welsh) and 51st (Highland) on the right.[11] The next day the Germans released water from the largest Roer dam, sending water surging down the valley, and irreparably jammed the sluices to ensure a steady flow for many days. The next day they added to the flooding by doing the same to dams further upstream on the Roer and the Urft. The river rose at two feet an hour and the valley downstream to the Maas stayed flooded for about two weeks.
XXX Corps advanced with heavy fighting along the narrow neck of land between the Meuse and the Waal east of Nijmegen, but Operation Grenade had to be postponed for two weeks when the Germans released the waters from the Roer dams and river levels rose. The U.S. Ninth Army was unable to move and no military actions could proceed across the Roer until the water subsided. During the two weeks of flooding, Hitler forbade Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt to withdraw east behind the Rhine, arguing that it would only delay the inevitable fight. Von Rundstedt was ordered to fight where his forces stood. The imposed US standstill allowed German forces to be concentrated against the Anglo-Canadian assault.
At first, XXX Corps made rapid progress across most of its front but after the first day, German reinforcements appeared and violent clashes were reported with a regiment of the 6th Parachute Division and armored detachments. Horrocks ordered the 43rd (Wessex) Division to advance past Kleve into the German rear. This resulted in the greatest traffic jam in the history of modern warfare. With only one road available, units of the 43rd, 15th and Canadian divisions became inextricably mixed in a column 10 miles (16 km) long.[12]
The 15th Division had orders to capture Kleve, but on the night of 9 February they were held up on the outskirts. The 47 Panzer Corps under General Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz was directed to Kleve and the Reichswald. On 11 February the 15th had cleared the town. Having expanded the front line to 14 miles (23 km), the II Canadian Corps, with the 2nd and 3rd Divisions and the 4th Armoured Division, became responsible for the drive along the Rhine to Kalkar and Xanten. XXX Corps was to operate on the right and take Goch before swinging towards the Rhine and linking with the Americans – once Operation Grenade had been launched.[13]
The 3rd Division used Buffalo amphibious vehicles to move through the flooded areas; the water rendered the German field defences and minefields ineffective and isolated their units on islands where they could be picked off, one by one. XXX Corps had rehearsed forest warfare tactics and were able to bring armour forward with them (despite a high rate of damage due to the natural conditions combined with the age of the tanks).[14] The German defences had not anticipated such tactics, so these tanks, including Churchill Crocodile flame-throwers, had great shock value.
A Valentine Mk XI Royal Artillery OP tank (left) and a Churchill tank (right) in Goch, 21 February 1945
Once the Reichswald had been taken, the Allied forces paused to regroup before continuing their advance towards the Hochwald (High Forest) ridge, plus Xanten to the east of it, and the US 9th Army. This stage was Operation Blockbuster. As planned, it would start on 22 February when the 15th (Scottish) Division would attack woods north-east of Weeze; two days later, the 53rd (Welsh) Division would advance southwards from Goch, take Weeze, and continue south-westward. Finally, the II Canadian Corps would launch, on 26 February, the operation intended to overcome the German defences based on the Hochwald and then exploit to Xanten.[15]
By the time the waters from the Roer dams had subsided and the US 9th Army crossed the Roer on 23 February, other Allied forces were also close to the Rhine's west bank. Rundstedt's divisions which had remained on the west bank of the Rhine were cut to pieces in the Rhineland and 230,000 men were taken prisoner.[16]
Aftermath
After the battle, 34 Armoured Brigade conducted a review of its own part in the forest phase of the battle, in order to highlight the experiences of the armoured units and learn lessons.[14]
After the war, Eisenhower commented this "was some of the fiercest fighting of the whole war" and "a bitter slugging match in which the enemy had to be forced back yard by yard". Montgomery wrote "the enemy parachute troops fought with a fanaticism un-excelled at any time in the war" and "the volume of fire from enemy weapons was the heaviest which had so far been met by British troops in the campaign."[17]
^First Canadian Army losses from "8 February ... [to] ... 10 March were ... 1,049 officers and 14,585 other ranks; the majority of these were British soldiers". Canadian losses amounted to 379 officers and 4,925 other ranks, the vast majority being lost during Operation Blockbuster. Total allied losses in Operations Veritable/Blockbuster and Grenade amounted to 22,934 men.[1]
^Canadian First Army captured 22,239 prisoners during the operation, and the intelligence section estimated the number of German soldiers killed or made "long-term wounded" to have amounted to 22,000 men. In conjunction with Operation Grenade, the combined allied effort inflicted approximately 90,000 casualties on the German army.[1]
^"Geilenkirchen to the Rhine". A Short History of the 8th Armoured Brigade. 2000. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
^Note, Kleve was bombed by a force of 295 Lancasters and 10 Mosquitoes of No. 1 and No. 8 Groups, Goch by 292 Halifaxes, 156 Lancasters and 16 Mosquitoes of No. 4, No. 6 and No. 8 Groups. The attack on Goch was stopped after 155 aircraft had bombed as the smoke from the resulting fires on the ground was stopping the Master Bomber from controlling the remaining crews bombing accurately. The attack on Kleve had been offered to Horrocks by the RAF. He had accepted the offer, and was later to state it was "the most terrible decision I had ever taken in my life".
Stacey, Colonel Charles Perry; Bond, Major C.C.J. (1960). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War: Volume III. The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945. The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa.
Aeromar IATA ICAO Kode panggil VW TAO AEROMAR Didirikan1987PenghubungMexico City International AirportPenghubung sekunderGeneral Heriberto Jara International AirportProgram penumpang setiaMileagePlusLounge bandaraSalon Diamante VIPArmada16Tujuan24Perusahaan indukGrupo AeromarKantor pusatMexico City International AirportMexico City, MexicoTokoh utamaAmi Lindenberg (President)Situs webaeromar.us Aeromar adalah nama maskapai penerbangan Meksiko. Dengan kode IATA VW dan kode ICAO TAO. Maskapai in...
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Kambing Jantan: The Movie. Kambing Jantan: Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar Bodoh Sampul bukuPengarangRaditya DikaIlustratorRaditya DikaPerancang sampulNanks CHSNegaraIndonesiaBahasaIndonesiaGenrekomediPenerbitGagasMediaTanggal terbit2006Jenis mediaPrint (buku bersampul tipis)Halaman235ISBNISBN 979-3600-69-1Diikuti olehCinta Brontosaurus 2006 Kambing Jantan: Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar Bodoh adalah buku karya Raditya Dika yang diterbitkan pa...
Danish politician Lisbeth Bech-NielsenMember of the FolketingIncumbentAssumed office 15 September 2011ConstituencyNorth Jutland Personal detailsBorn (1982-12-01) 1 December 1982 (age 41)Sønderborg, DenmarkPolitical partySocialist People's Party Lisbeth Bech-Nielsen (née Lisbeth Bech Poulsen; born 1 December 1982 in Sønderborg) is a Danish politician, who is a member of the Folketing for the Socialist People's Party. She was elected into the Folketing in the 2011 Danish general ele...
Stadion Harras El HodoudStadion El Max Informasi stadionPemilikHaras El-Hodood ClubLokasiLokasiEl Max, Iskandariyah, MesirData teknisPermukaanRumputKapasitas22,000PemakaiHaras El-Hodood ClubEl Raja Marsa MatruhSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Stadion Harras El Hodoud (Stadion Garda Perbatasan) adalah sebuah stadion serba guna di Iskandariyah, Mesir. Stadion tersebut sekarang banyak dipakai untuk pertandingan sepak bola dan dipakai untuk Kejuaraan Sepak Bo...
Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak dikembangkan, artikel ini akan dihapus. Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Fergus Bowes-Lyon – berita · surat kabar...
Spanish footballer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Mora and the second or maternal family name is Mariné. Pere Valentí Mora Personal informationFull name Pere Valentí Mora MarinéDate of birth (1947-12-18) 18 December 1947 (age 76)Place of birth Vilaplana, SpainHeight 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) GoalkeeperYouth career Reus1965–1967 BarcelonaSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1967–1968 Atlètic Catalunya 1968–1979 Barcelona 71 (0)1...
Nuclear power plant in Obninsk, Russia (operates 1954–2002) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting mac...
Sundanese writing system For other uses, see Sundanese script (disambiguation). Sundanese ScriptAksara Sunda Bakuᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓScript type Abugida Time periodc. 14th–18th centuries (as Old Sundanese script)1996-present (as Sundanese script)DirectionLeft-to-right LanguagesSundaneseRelated scriptsParent systemsEgyptianProto-SinaiticPhoenicianAramaicBrahmi scriptPallavaOld KawiOld SundaneseSundanese ScriptSister systems Balinese Batak script Baybayin scripts J...
« Schrödinger » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir Schrödinger (homonymie). Erwin SchrödingerErwin Schrödingeren 1933.BiographieNaissance 12 août 1887Vienne (Autriche-Hongrie)Décès 4 janvier 1961 (à 73 ans)VienneSépulture AlpbachNom de naissance Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander SchrödingerNationalité AutrichienDomiciles Dublin (1940-1945), Dublin (à partir de 1949), Vienne (à partir de 1956)Formation Université d'OxfordUniversité de VienneAkademisc...
Head of Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran President of theIslamic Republic of Iranرئیسجمهور ایران (Persian)Seal of the Presidential Administration of IranIncumbentMohammad MokhberActing since 20 May 2024Presidential AdministrationStyleMr. President[1]TypeHead of governmentMember ofCabinetExpediency Discernment CouncilSupreme National Security CouncilSupreme Council of the Cultural RevolutionResidencePresidential Administration(working)Sa'dabad ...
Paul Elvstrøm Medallista olímpico Paul Elvstrøm (1972)Datos personalesNombre completo Paul Bert ElvstrømNacimiento Gentofte, Dinamarca25 de febrero de 1928Fallecimiento Hellerup, Dinamarca7 de diciembre de 2016 (88 años)Carrera deportivaRepresentante de Dinamarca DinamarcaDeporte Vela Medallero Finn masculino Evento O P B Juegos Olímpicos 3 0 0 Campeonato Mundial 2 1 0 Campeonato Europeo 1 0 0 ...
A brass vase spun by hand. Mounted to the lathe spindle is the mandrel for the body of the vase; a shell sits on the T rest. The foreground shows the mandrel for the base. Behind the finished vase are the spinning tools used to shape the metal. Metal spinning, also known as spin forming or spinning or metal turning most commonly, is a metalworking process by which a disc or tube of metal is rotated at high speed and formed into an axially symmetric part.[1] Spinning can be performed b...
Questa voce sull'argomento centri abitati del Goiás è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Carmo do Rio Verdecomune LocalizzazioneStato Brasile Stato federato Goiás MesoregioneCentro Goiano MicroregioneCeres AmministrazioneSindacoDelson José Santos TerritorioCoordinate15°21′15″S 49°42′25″W15°21′15″S, 49°42′25″W (Carmo do Rio Verde) Altitudine629 e 598 m s.l.m. Superficie418,544 km² Abitanti8 ...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع الضلعة (توضيح). ' قرية الضلعة - قرية - تقسيم إداري البلد اليمن المحافظة محافظة حضرموت المديرية مديرية الضليعة العزلة عزلة الضليعة السكان التعداد السكاني 2004 السكان 86 • الذكور 38 • الإناث 48 • عدد الأسر 11 • عدد المساكن 15 مع�...
American television sitcom (2009–2015) This article is about the television series. For a list of parks and recreation departments, see Department of Parks and Recreation. Parks and RecreationAlso known asParks and RecGenre Sitcom Mockumentary Political satire Cringe comedy[1] Created by Greg Daniels Michael Schur ShowrunnerMichael SchurStarring Amy Poehler Rashida Jones Paul Schneider Aziz Ansari Nick Offerman Aubrey Plaza Chris Pratt Adam Scott Rob Lowe Jim O'Heir Retta Billy Eich...
Contribution (en %) de la croissance des pays à celle mondiale (2011). La croissance économique désigne la variation positive de la production de biens et de services dans une économie sur une période donnée, généralement une longue période. En pratique, l'indicateur le plus utilisé pour la mesurer est le produit intérieur brut (PIB). Il est mesuré « en volume » ou « à prix constants » pour corriger les effets de l'inflation. Le taux de croissance, lu...
