Onitsha Ọ̀nị̀chà Mmílí Port City
Metropolis
From Top to Left to Right: Onitsha Stock Exchange; Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity; DMGS Roundabout; Dennis Memorial Grammar School; Onitsha International Market; Second Niger Bridge; First Niger Bridge; All Saints Cathedral.
Nickname(s):  Port City, Onitsha(Osha), Otu, Otu Nkwo
Anthem: "With all our hearts, We Pray and ask"
Onitsha Location of Onitsha in Nigeria Show map of Nigeria Onitsha Onitsha (Africa) Show map of Africa
Coordinates: 6°10′N 6°47′E / 6.167°N 6.783°E / 6.167; 6.783
Country	Nigeria
State	Anambra State
LGA(s)[note 1]	List of LGAs Mainland: Onitsha North, Onitsha South[note 2] Urban Conurbations: Parts of Anambra East, Idemili North, Idemili South, Ogbaru, Oyi
Founded	1550
Settled	15th century
Incorporated city	19th century
Government
• Type	Constitutional Monarchy, Executive Government, Local Government
• Governor	Charles Chukwuma Soludo (APGA)
• Legislature	Anambra State House of Assembly
• Anambra North District	N: Tony Nwoye (LP)
• Constitutional Monarchy	HRH, Alfred Achebe. Obi Of Onitsha
Area [2]
• Metropolis	830 km2 (320 sq mi)
• Land	614.12 km2 (237.11 sq mi)
• Water	0.067 km2 (0.026 sq mi)
• Urban	1,965 km2 (759 sq mi)
• Metro	1,965 km2 (759 sq mi)
Population  (2022)[4]
• Metropolis	1,695,000[1]
• Urban	7,985,643
• Urban density	4,100/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
• Metro	8,320,664[3]
• Demonym	Onye Onicha (singular) Ndi Onicha (plural) (Igbo)
GDP (PPP, 2015 int. Dollar)
• Year	2023
• Total	$18,5 billion[5]
• Per capita	$11,400
Time zone	UTC+1 (WAT)
Postcode	430...[6]
Area code	046
National language	Igbo
Website	anambrastate.gov.ng

Onitsha (Igbo: Ọ̀nị̀chà Mmílí^[7] or simply Ọ̀nị̀chà) is a city on the eastern bank of the Niger River, in Anambra State, Nigeria. Onitsha along with various cities and towns in southern Anambra State, northern Imo State and neighboring Delta State on the western bank of the Niger River, form a continuous metropolitan area.^[8][9]

As of 2016, the greater Onitsha area had an estimated population of around 8 million people in central and southern Anambra state extending into neighboring Delta state to the west and Imo state to the south.^[3] Spread across parts of these 3 states, the greater Onitsha area is regarded as one of the largest metropolitan areas in Nigeria by both population and landmass.^[10] The continuous urban sprawl or conurbation of greater Onitsha spreads across several separate cities and their satellite towns and suburbs including Asaba, Obosi, Ogbaru, Nnewi, the Anambra State capital Awka down to Orlu in Imo State.^[11] As of early 2024, Onitsha city proper has an estimated population of 1,695,000.^[12]

The indigenous people of Onitsha are Igbo and speak the Igbo language with Onitsha being the largest urban area and commercial hub of the Igboland region of Nigeria, the Igbo people’s indigenous homeland. The Onitsha people are referred to as Ndi Onicha in Igbo. English and Nigerian Pidgin English are also widely spoken. Although the population is largely Igbo, there are many other ethnic groups in the Onitsha area mainly from other Nigerian ethnicities indigenous to the southeast of the country due to Onitshas position as an economic hub in the region.

According to Africapolis,^[13][3] the greater Onitsha metropolis will be regarded as one of the most densely populated areas in the world by 2050. In 2023, McKinsey predicted that the greater Onitsha metropolis area will double in human development by 2045 with the current expansion rate.^[7]

Onitsha slowly grew to become an important trading port for the Royal Niger Company in the mid-1850s following the abolition of slavery and with the development of the steam engine when Europeans were able to move into the hinterland.^[14][15][16]

Trade in palm kernels, palm oil, and other cash crops on the coast of the Bight of Biafra increased around this river port in the 19th century.

In 1857 British palm oil traders established a permanent station in the city with Christian missionaries joining them.^[17]

In 1900 Onitsha became part of a British protectorate.^[18] The British colonial government and Christian missionaries penetrated most of Igboland to set up their administration, schools and churches through the river port at Onitsha.

In 1965, the Niger River Bridge was built across the Niger River to replace the ferry crossing. This has helped to grow trade routes with western Nigeria and created significant economic linkages between Onitsha and Benin City and Lagos particularly.^[19][20]

The Nigerian-Biafran war brought devastation to Onitsha as the city was a major theatre of war for forces entering Biafra from the western front. The subsequent oil boom years of the 1970s and early 1980s witnessed a huge influx of immigrants into the city. The result has been hastily constructed and haphazard building which has created a huge number of slums.^[21]

Once a year in October the kingdom of Onitsha holds the Ofala Festival which coincides with the traditional New Yam festival held in many parts of Igboland. The Ofala Festival in ancient times offered the people the opportunity to see the king and receive blessings from him. Nowadays, it is a way for the people of Onitsha to keep their culture alive, take stock of the communal activities and it has become a major event that draws visitors from far and wide to the city.^[22]

Onitsha lies on the eastern flank of a major east–west crossing point of the Niger River across from the city of Asaba, Delta and occupies the northernmost point of the river regularly navigable by large vessels. It is the western terminus of the central Anambra hills. These factors have historically and in modern-day made Onitsha into major trading center between the coastal regions and the north, as well as between eastern and western Nigeria. Onitsha possesses one of the very few road bridge crossings of the mile-wide Niger River^[23][24] and plans are in place to add a second bridge southwards of the existing one.

Rapid urbanization in recent years although promoting the economy, negatively affects natural vegetation and local landscape.^[25] the region is also considerably erosion prone

Onitsha has two main seasons: a warm, oppressive, and overcast wet (rainy) season from March to October, and a hot and partly cloudy dry season from November to February with both largely influenced by the SW and NE trade winds of the Atlantic International Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Saharan harmattan winds are experienced during the winter months, causing haze and poor visibility with thunderstorms common in March/April as well as in late September/October. Over the duration of the year, the temperature commonly varies from 19 °C (67 °)F to 31 °C (88 °F) and is rarely below 15 °C (59 °F) or above 33 °C (92 °F).^[26] The Köppen climate classification is Aw.

In the early 1960s, before the Nigerian Civil War (see also Biafra), the population was officially recorded as 76,000, and the town was distinctive in a number of dimensions; the great Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe (born and raised in the contiguous town of Ogidi) characterized it as harboring an "esoteric region from which creativity sallies forth at will to manifest itself," "a zone of occult instability" (see "Onitsha Matters").

Indeed, Onitsha has played a creative role in the transformation to urban life in Eastern Nigeria famous as the setting for Onitsha Market Literature and as one of the hubs for the financing and distribution of Nollywood films.^[27]

However, infrastructure has not kept pace with urbanization and haphazard building practices without zoning regulations has left in its wake a chaotic and congested city rife with lawlessness. The World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution database's 2016 update indicates that Onitsha is the most polluted city in Africa.^[28][29]

In recent times with the encroachment of neighboring communities, the Onitsha people have been involved in disputes over land ownership in the surrounding area with the people of Obosi and Nkwelle Ezunaka.^[30][31] Fegge, Awada, and 3-3 are Onitsha metropolitan areas being disputed by the communities of Obosi and Nkwelle Ezunaka, respectively.

In 2012 the state government, through a joint venture, attracted SAB Miller to invest in Onitsha Brewery, which started production in August. It was the first large-scale investment in Onitsha since Premier Breweries, makers of the Premier Beer established production in Onitsha in the early part of the 1980s. In January it was announced that upgrades to the value of $110 million would triple the output of beer and malt drinks.^[32]

Onitsha is not only accessible by rivers and land, but also by air. The city has an international cargo and passenger airport located at Umueri.

Onitsha is a predominantly Christian city. People from Northern and Western Nigeria also practice Islam. In February 2006, armed militants killed at least 80 ethnic Hausa Fulani (Muslims) and burned a few Muslim sites, including two mosques.^[33][34][35] The riots were in response to riots by Muslims in the city of Maiduguri days earlier, where at least 18 Christians were killed, sparked by the cartoon controversy in Denmark.

It refers to the 20th century genre of sentimental, moralistic novellas, pamphlets and other publications sold at the Onitsha Market in Nigeria in the 1950s and 1960s. Much of it was written in pidgin English.^[36] The Onitsha writings have two distinct characteristics: a fascination with westernized urban life and the desire to warn the newly arrived against the corruption and dangers that accompany it. Typical titles are “Rose Only Loved My Money,” “Drunkards Believe Bar as Heaven,” “Why Some Rich Men Have No Trust in Some Girls,” and “How to Get a Lady in Love.” Sentimental novelettes, political tracts, and “how to” guides on writing love letters, handling money, and attaining prosperity all have achieved great commercial success, and booksellers hawk these cheap, locally produced pamphlets (which are printed on handpresses) at Onitsha.

The amount of waste generation is attributed to the city's high population being a commercial area that draws in people from within and outside Nigeria for business purposes. They generate mostly food waste, polythene bags, paper and its related wastes and metal. Others are pieces of clothes, plastic, tins, bottles and glass materials.^[37] In 2016, PM10 levels exceeded the WHO's standard by 30 times.^[38][39] The city's noise levels exceeds the federal ministry of environment stipulated limits of 90 dB (A) and that of NESREA's 70 dB (A) for an 8-hour working period, varying in dry season and wet seasons.^[40] The city's vast surface water, shallow subsurface water, and permeable soils put it at high risk of water pollution.

Onitsha is twinned with:

• Compton, California, United States (2010)^[41]
• Indianapolis, Indiana, United States (2017)^[42]

The Onitsha people were among the first Igbo to embrace western education,^[43] producing notable people like Bishop Alphonsus Chukwuma Onyeabo, Order of the British Empire, 1879–1954, and the main contributor of the English to Igbo bible,^[44] Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, Owele of Onicha, Zik of Africa, and the first president of the post-independent Nigeria.

• Olisa Agbakoba, lawyer and human rights activist.^[45][46][47]
• Ukpabi Asika, Nigerian academic and civil servant.^[48]
• Flora Azikiwe, first wife of Nnamdi Azikiwe, the first President of Nigeria.^[49]
• Onyedika Chuke, Art dealer, Curator, and Artist^[50]
• Ben Enwonwu, painter and sculptor^{[51][52][53][54]}
• Obum Gwacham, American football player
• Emmanuel Ifeajuna, a former army major and high jumper - first Black African to win gold at a major international sports competition^[55][56]
• Alex Iwobi, professional footballer, Everton forward.^[57][58]
• Louis Mbanefo, lawyer and justice^[59][60]
• Nwagboka, last Omu of Onitsha.^[61]
• Alexander Nwora, basketball player and coach
• Tony Nwoye, Nigerian politician.^[62]
• Chike Obi, mathematician^{[63][64][65][66][67]}
• Francis Obikwelu, retired Nigerian-born Portuguese sprinter.^[68]
• Janet Okala, Nigerian political leader.^[69]
• Francisca Nneka Okeke, Nigerian physicist.^[70]
• Henry Onyekuru, footballer^[71][72][73]

• Onitsha Market Literature – literature sold at the main market in the 1950s and 60s
• Onitsha – a novel by French author J. M. G. Le Clézio
• Ryszard Kapuscinski writes of "The Hole of Onitsha" in his book The Shadow of the Sun.

• The People and history of Onitsha

• Richard N. Henderson (June 2004). The King in Every Man: Evolutionary Trends in Onitsha Ibo Society and Culture. Richard Henderson. ISBN 978-0-9740440-0-2.