Mopti

Mopti
Commune and town
Mopti Market
Mopti Market
Mopti is located in Mali
Mopti
Mopti
Location within Mali
Coordinates: 14°29′45″N 4°11′55″W / 14.49583°N 4.19861°W / 14.49583; -4.19861
Country Mali
Regions of MaliMopti Region
CercleMopti Cercle
islands
List
  • New Town
  • Old Town
  • Bani
Area
[1]
 • Total
40 km2 (20 sq mi)
Elevation
268 m (879 ft)
Population
 (2009)[2]
 • Total
114,296
 • Density2,900/km2 (7,400/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC0 (GMT)

Mopti (Fulfulde: Mobti) is a town and an urban commune in the Inner Niger Delta region of Mali. The town is the capital of the Mopti Cercle and the Mopti Region. Situated 630 km northeast of Bamako, the town lies at the confluence of the Niger and the Bani Rivers and is linked by an elevated causeway to the town of Sévaré. The urban commune, which includes both Mopti and Sévaré, had a population of 114,296 in the 2009 census.

Geography

Mopti lies on the right bank of the Bani River, a few hundred meters upstream of the confluence of the Bani with the Niger River. Between August and December when the rivers flood the Inner Niger Delta, the town becomes a series of islands connected by raised causeways. During this period the only road access to the town is along a 12 km causeway that links Mopti to Sévaré. Mopti lies to the west of the Dogon Plateau and is 66 km northwest of Bandiagara and 76 km north-northeast of Djenné. The town is the capital of the Mopti Region and the administrative center of the Mopti Cercle.

The urban commune of Mopti includes the towns of both Mopti and Sévaré. The commune is completely surrounded by the rural commune of Socoura. At the time of the 2009 census the population of the Mopti commune was 114,296. For administrative purposes the commune is subdivided into 11 quartiers: Komoguel I, Komoguel II, Gangal, Toguel, Bougoufié, Mossinkoré, Taïkiri, Médina Coura, Sévaré I, Sévaré II, and Sévaré III. The seat of the commune, the Hôtel de Ville de Mopti, is in Komoguel I.[3]

History

The town of Mopti derives its name from the Fulfulde word for gathering.[4] The name replaced the earlier Bozo name of Sagan.[5][6] Unlike towns such as Djenné, Timbuktu and Gao, Mopti was a village until the French conquest at the end of the 19th century and did not play an important role in the history of the region.[6]

In April 1828 the French explorer, René Caillié, stopped at Mopti on his journey by boat from Djenné to Timbuktu.[7][8] In his account he described the village, which he called Isaca,[9] as having 700-800 inhabitants with the houses constructed of sun-dried mud bricks. The inhabitants grew rice on the floodplains, herded livestock and fished with cotton nets. Large quantities of the dried fish were traded in Djenné and other markets. The women made a "beautiful kind of pottery" which they sold in Djenné and to boats heading for Timbuktu.[7] Two centuries later, the cultivation of rice is still very important to the local economy, dried fish are exported over a large part of West Africa and pottery is still shipped from the port.[8]

At the time of Caillié's visit the village was part of the Massina Empire, controlled by Seku Amadu from his base at Hamdullahi, 21 km to the southeast.[7] In 1862 Umar Tall captured Hamdullahi and for a short period the village became part of the Toucouleur Empire.[10] In 1893 French forces under Louis Archinard occupied the region which then became part of the French Sudan.[11]

At the time of the French conquest, Mopti consisted of several separate settlements on small areas of higher ground that remained above the water during the annual flood.[12] French soldiers exploring the Niger on gunboats described Mopti as consisting of a pair villages on the bank of the river 2 km apart with a third village slightly inland.[13][14]

According to the French colonial army officer, Capitaine Lucien Marc,[15] in 1902 Mopti was a "miserable village" with a few huts.[16] Between 1905 and 1912 the French colonial forces constructed a 12 km dyke connecting Mopti with Sévaré to allow access to the town by road when the Niger was in flood.[17] The village expanded rapidly in the first decade of the 20th century,[16] and by the 1930s the commercial area on the river and the Komoguel district had been developed.[18] The French colonial administration initiated the rebuilding of the great mosque in 1933, basing the design on that of the Great Mosque of Djenné.[6]

Due to the limited land available, Mopti became more densely built than most Malian cities with many multi-story buildings and narrow streets. Originally, the islands were much smaller than they are today; first linked by dykes in the early twentieth century, the areas around and between natural islands have been gradually filled and raised—often by deposition of household trash, a process that still continues today in areas such as the western edge of the Old Town.[18]

In 2002, Mopti was one of several Malian cities to host the Cup of African Nations tournament. A large, modern stadium was constructed for this event.

During the 2012 Northern Mali Conflict, when Islamists took over most of Northern Mali, Mopti was one of the most northerly towns that remained under government control.[19]

Amadou Toumani Touré, a former president of Mali, is a native of Mopti.

Mosque

Main article: Mopti Grand Mosque

The Great Mosque (also called the Komoguel Mosque) is an example of Sudano-Sahelian architecture. The present building was constructed on the site of an earlier mosque dating from 1908 but sources differ on the exact date. The web site of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention gives a period of between 1933 and 1935[20] while the Aga Khan Development Network gives the slightly later period of between 1936 and 1943.[21] The design was based on that of the Great Mosque of Djenné and is constructed using sun-dried mud bricks which are covered with a layer of banco. In restoration work carried out in 1978, the upper parts of the building were covered with a layer of cement but this later proved to be problematic as rain water penetrated the cement layer and created large fissures in the underlying mud structure. In the restoration carried out between 2004 and 2006 funded by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, the cement layer was removed and the building restored to its original form.[21] The mosque was added to the UNESCO Tentative List of World Heritage Sites in March 2009.[20]

Industry

Port of Mopti

Mopti is the region's commercial center and Mali's most important port; markets around its harbour sell rock salt from Taoudenni, among many other goods. Fishing, herding, and agriculture (particularly rice production) also continue to be important to the local economy.

Tourism

Mopti is popular with tourists, having an active river port, a mosque, and across the Niger, small fishing villages. Attractions in Mopti include Mopti Grand Mosque and the nearby Pays Dogon. There are several popular hotels, the Hotel Kanaga, Hotel Y a pas de Problème, and Hotel Ambedjele which is on the road to Sévaré.

During the 2012 Northern Mali conflict, most Western tourists stayed away from the region, even though Mopti was not in rebel hands. However, the conflict had a mixed effect on the town as dispossessed people from the rebel-held area came to Mopti and boosted some parts of the economy.[19]

Transport

The port of Mopti is served by ferries operated by the Compagnie Malienne de Navigation (COMANAV). The ferries run between August and December when the depth of water in the river is sufficient. They carry both freight and passengers between Koulikoro (59 km downstream from Bamako) and Gao, a distance of 1308 km.[22] Both passengers and freight are also transported by pinasses, large wooden canoe shaped vessels, that are privately operated.

Mopti is connected by a 12 km elevated causeway to Sévaré which lies on the Route Nationale 16 (RN16), the bitumen surfaced road that links Bamako in the west to Gao in the east. There is an airport at Sévaré.

Culture

The city is the subject of a 1999 documentary film, L'Esprit de Mopti.[23] It is also the birthplace of Slovak celebrity Ibrahim Maiga.

Demographics

Niger River at Mopti

Average monthly flow (m3/s) at the Mopti hydrometric station over the period 1922-1990[24]

Many ethnic groups are present in the commune including Fula, Bozo, Bambara, Dogon, Songhai, Bobos and Mossis.[3] The most spoken language is Fula followed by Bozo.[3]

Climate

Mopti has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh). The town lies near the southern boundary of the Sahel region and the weather is hot to sweltering and arid throughout much of the year. Only December and January at the height of the dry season have average daily maximum temperatures below 32.2 °C (90 °F).[25] Average daily maximum temperatures in the hottest months of the year — April and May — exceed 40 °C or 104 °F. Temperatures are slightly cooler, though still very hot, from June through September, when practically all of the annual rainfall occurs.

Climate data for Mopti (1991-2020, extremes 1935-1994)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 39.2
(102.6) 		44.0
(111.2) 		44.6
(112.3) 		46.2
(115.2) 		46.2
(115.2) 		45.0
(113.0) 		43.2
(109.8) 		43.3
(109.9) 		42.8
(109.0) 		44.4
(111.9) 		44.5
(112.1) 		39.8
(103.6) 		46.2
(115.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.1
(89.8) 		35.3
(95.5) 		38.7
(101.7) 		41.2
(106.2) 		41.4
(106.5) 		39.0
(102.2) 		35.4
(95.7) 		32.8
(91.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		36.5
(97.7) 		36.3
(97.3) 		33.3
(91.9) 		36.3
(97.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 23.7
(74.7) 		26.8
(80.2) 		30.5
(86.9) 		33.5
(92.3) 		34.5
(94.1) 		32.8
(91.0) 		29.9
(85.8) 		28.1
(82.6) 		29.0
(84.2) 		30.2
(86.4) 		28.1
(82.6) 		24.8
(76.6) 		29.3
(84.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.4
(59.7) 		18.2
(64.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		25.8
(78.4) 		27.5
(81.5) 		26.5
(79.7) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.4
(74.1) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		19.8
(67.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		22.3
(72.1)
Record low °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.8
(60.4) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.4
(63.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.9
(53.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		6.1
(43.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1.2
(0.05) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.9
(0.04) 		5.6
(0.22) 		16.8
(0.66) 		55.9
(2.20) 		140.9
(5.55) 		188.2
(7.41) 		89.8
(3.54) 		18.7
(0.74) 		1.0
(0.04) 		0.0
(0.0) 		519
(20.45)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.0 3.0 6.9 12.1 14.6 9.3 2.8 0.2 0.0 50.5
Average relative humidity (%) 24 20 19 21 33 47 62 70 66 49 31 27 39
Mean monthly sunshine hours 272.6 270.0 274.2 254.6 269.2 242.3 244.3 246.2 249.8 278.5 282.0 264.3 3,148
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[26]
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961-1990),[27] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes and humidity)[28]
  • Mopti Grand Mosque
    Mopti Grand Mosque
  • Market scene
    Market scene
  • Countryside near Sévaré in the commune of Mopti
    Countryside near Sévaré in the commune of Mopti
  • Boats in the harbour
    Boats in the harbour
  • Unloading rock salt from Taoudenni
    Unloading rock salt from Taoudenni
  • Women selling onions and cabbages at the Mopti market, 1992
    Women selling onions and cabbages at the Mopti market, 1992

See also

References

  1. ^ Common and Fundamental Operational Datasets Registry: Mali, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, archived from the original on 2012-01-06. commune_mali.zip (Originally from the Direction Nationale des Collectivités Territoriales, République du Mali)
  2. ^ Resultats Provisoires RGPH 2009 (Région de Mopti) (PDF), République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-27
  3. ^ a b c Plan de Sécurité Alimentaire Commune Urbaine de Mopti 2007-2011 (PDF) (in French), Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, République du Mali, USAID-Mali, 2007, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-08, retrieved 2012-06-05.
  4. ^ From the Fula root mooɓ- plus "infix" -t-. In the verbal infinitive for this may be pronounced mo(o)ɓtude, mo(o)ptude, or mo(o)ttude.
  5. ^ Dorier-Apprill, Élisabeth; Van den Avenne, Cécile (2002), "Usages toponymiques et pratiques de l'espace urbain à Mopti (Mali)" (PDF), Marges Linguistiques (in French), 3: 151–158. Also available here.
  6. ^ a b c Dorier-Apprill, Élisabeth; Van den Avenne, Cécile (2003), "Traditions orales et citadinité: Les enjeux de l'histoire urbaine à Mopti (Mali)", in Cosaert, P.; Bart, F. (eds.), Patrimoines et développement dans les pays tropicaux, Espaces tropicaux, 18 (in French), Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, pp. 557–568, ISBN 2-906621-32-3.
  7. ^ a b c Caillié, René (1830), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824-1828. Volume 2, London: Colburn & Bentley, pp. 8–9.
  8. ^ a b Viguier, Pierre (2008), Sur les Traces de René Caillié: Le Mali de 1828 Revisité, Versailles, France: Quae, pp. 98–99, ISBN 978-2-7592-0271-3.
  9. ^ Issa-ka is a name for the Niger River between Diafarabé and Mopti. It means "arrival of the river" in Songhai. Delafosse, Maurice (1912), Haut-Sénégal-Niger. Volume 1 Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues (in French), Paris: Émile Larose, p. 69.
  10. ^ de Benoist, Joseph-Roger (1998), Le Mali (in French), Paris: L'Harmattan, p. 74, ISBN 2-7384-5638-3.
  11. ^ de Benoist, Joseph-Roger (1998), Le Mali (in French), Paris: L'Harmattan, pp. 86–87, ISBN 2-7384-5638-3.
  12. ^ Dorier-Apprill, Elisabeth; Van den Avenne, Cécile (2001), "La connivence citadine et ses exclus. Le cas de Mopti, ville moyenne du Mali" (PDF), Annales de la recherche urbaine (in French), 90: 117–125, doi:10.3406/aru.2001.2414.
  13. ^ Caron, Edmond (1891), De Saint-Louis au port de Tombouktou: voyage d'une canonnière française; suivi d'un "Vocabulaire sonraï" (in French), Paris: A. Challamel, p. 143.
  14. ^ Galliéni, Joseph-Simon (1891), Deux campagnes au Soudan français, 1886-1888 (in French), Paris: Hachette, p. 196.
  15. ^ de Margerie, Emmanuel (1916), "Le capitaine Lucien Marc", Annales de Géographie (in French), 25 (135): 231–232, doi:10.3406/geo.1916.8814.
  16. ^ a b Marc, Lucien (1910), "Mopti et le commerce du moyen Niger", Annales de Géographie (in French), 19 (103): 42–47, doi:10.3406/geo.1910.7915.
  17. ^ de Benoist, Joseph-Roger (1998), Le Mali (in French), Paris: L'Harmattan, p. 101, ISBN 2-7384-5638-3.
  18. ^ a b Dorier-Apprill, Élisabeth (2002), "Gestion de l'environnement urbain et municipalisation en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas de Mopti (Mali)" (PDF), Autrepart (in French), 21, Marseille, France: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement: 119–134, doi:10.3917/autr.021.0119.
  19. ^ a b Hirsch, Afua (8 November 2012), Mali's long wait to reclaim the north from Islamists, BBC News, retrieved 11 November 2012.
  20. ^ a b La Mosquée de Komoguel (in French), UNESCO World Heritage Convention, retrieved 20 September 2012.
  21. ^ a b Restauration de la Grande Mosquée de Mopti, Aga Khan Development Network, 1 August 2005, archived from the original on 6 November 2013, retrieved 20 September 2012.
  22. ^ Diarra, Adama (3 July 2012), "Crise du Nord: La COMANAV prend l'eau", L'Essor (in French), archived from the original on 29 October 2012, retrieved 27 September 2012
  23. ^ Barlet, Olivier. "L'Esprit de Mopti". Africultures (in French). Retrieved 13 March 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  24. ^ Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0: Mopti, University of New Hampshire/Global Runoff Data Center, retrieved 15 Jan 2011.
  25. ^ "World Weather Information Service – Mopti". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  26. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Mopti" (CSV). NOAA. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  27. ^ "Mopti Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  28. ^ "Klimatafel von Mopti / Mali" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 26 January 2016.

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Brand of ice cream dessert A Viennetta dessert Viennetta is a British brand of ice cream dessert made by Unilever and sold under the various Heartbrand brands around the world. The original Viennetta consists of several rippled layers of ice cream separated by thin layers of sprayed-on compound chocolate. It is available in many flavours, including vanilla and mint.[1] History Close-up of a slice of Viennetta, showing the trademark 'concertina' effect created during production Viennet...

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