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Nothosaurus; Temporal range: 240–210 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Middle to Late Triassic
	Nothosaurus marchicus skeleton restoration in Berlin
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Superorder:	†Sauropterygia
Order:	†Nothosauroidea
Family:	†Nothosauridae
Subfamily:	†Nothosaurinae; Nopcsa, 1923
Genus:	†Nothosaurus; Münster, 1834
Type species
	†Nothosaurus mirabilis; Münster, 1834
Species
	N. cristatus Hinz, Matzke & Pfretzschner, 2019; N. cymatosauroides Sanz, 1983; N. edingerae Schultze, 1970; N. giganteus Münster, 1834; N. haasi Rieppel et al., 1997; N. jagisteus Rieppel, 2001; N. luopingensis Shang et al. 2022; N. marchicus Koken, 1893; N. mirabilis Münster, 1834 (type); N. tchernovi Haas, 1980; N. yangjuanensis Jiang et al., 2006; N. zhangi Liu et al., 2014;
Synonyms
	Genus synonymy Conchiosaurus Meyer, 1834 ; Chondriosaurus Meyer, 1838 ; Dracosaurus Agassiz, 1846 ; Elmosaurus Huene, 1957 ; Kolposaurus Skuphos, 1893 ; Menodon Meyer, 1838 ; Oligolycus Fristch, 1894 ; Opeosaurus Meyer, 1847 ; Paranothosaurus Peyer, 1939 ; Shingyisaurus Young, 1965 ; Species synonymy Elmosaurus lelmensis Huene, 1957 ; Nothosaurus blezingeri Fraas, 1896 ; Nothosaurus schimperi Meyer, 1834 ; Nothosaurus angustidens Meyer, 1844 ; Shingyisaurus unexpectus Young, 1965; Synonyms of N. giganteus: ; Nothosaurus andriani Meyer, 1839 ; Nothosaurus angustifronis Meyer, 1844 ; Nothosaurus aduncidens Meyer, 1853 ; Nothosaurus baruthicus Geissler, 1895 ; Nothosaurus chelydrops Fraas, 1896 ; Paranothosaurus amsleri Peyer, 1939; Synonyms of N. marchicus: ; Conchiosaurus clavatus Meyer, 1834 ; Nothosaurus crassus Schroeder, 1914 ; Nothosaurus friedericanus Jaekel, 1911 ; Nothosaurus oldenburgi Schröder, 1914 ; Nothosaurus procerus Schröder, 1914 ; Nothosaurus raabi Schröder, 1914 ; Nothosaurus schroderi Huene, 1944 ; Nothosaurus venustus Münster, 1834 ; Nothosaurus winterswijkensis Albers and Rieppel, 2003; Synonyms of N. mirabilis: ; Dracosaurus bronni Giebel, 1847 ; Ichthyosaurus lunevillensis Alberti, 1837 ; Nothosaurus bergeri Meyer, 1834 ; Nothosaurus muensteri Meyer, 1839 Synonyms of N. yangjuanensis : ; Nothosaurus rostellatus Shang, 2006 ;

Nothosaurus ('false lizard', from the Ancient Greek νόθος, nothos, 'illegitimate' and σαῦρος, sauros, 'lizard') is an extinct genus of sauropterygian reptile from the Triassic period, approximately 240–210 million years ago, with fossils being distributed throughout the former Tethys Ocean, from North Africa and Europe to China. It is the best known member of the nothosaur order.

Description

Nothosaurus was a semi-oceanic animal which probably had a lifestyle similar to that of today's seals. It was about 4 metres (13 ft), with long, webbed toes and possibly a fin on its tail.^[1] However, some species such as N. zhangi and N. giganteus were larger, up to 5–7 metres (16–23 ft).^[2] When swimming, Nothosaurus would use its tail, legs, and webbed feet to propel and steer it through the water. The skull was broad and flat, with long jaws, lined with needle teeth, it probably caught fish and other marine creatures. Trackways attributed, partly by process of elimination, to a nothosaur, that were reported from Yunnan, China in June 2014, were interpreted as the paddle impressions left as the animals dug into soft seabed with rowing motions of their paddles, churning up hidden benthic creatures that they snapped up.^[3] Once caught, few animals would be able to shake themselves free from the mouth of Nothosaurus.

In many respects its body structure resembled that of the much later plesiosaurs, but it was not as well adapted to an aquatic environment. It is thought that one branch of the nothosaurs may have evolved into pliosaurs such as Liopleurodon, a short-necked plesiosaur that grew up to 6.4 metres (21 ft), and the long-necked Cryptoclidus, a fish eater with a neck as long as 1.3 metres (4.3 ft).

Species

There are nearly a dozen known species of Nothosaurus. The type species is N. mirabilis, named in 1834 from the Germanic Muschelkalk. Other species include N. giganteus (previously known as Paranothosaurus) from Osnabrück, Germany;^[4] N. juvenilis, also from Germany;^[5] N. edingerae from the Upper Muschelkalk and Lower Keuper;^[6] N. haasi and N. tchernovi from Makhtesh Ramon, Israel;^[7]^[8] N. cymatosauroides from the Spanish Muschelkalk;^[9] N. jagisteus from the Upper Muschelkalk of Hohenlohe, Germany;^[10] and N. youngi, N. yangjuanensis (and its junior synonym N. rostellatus) and the recently named N. zhangi from Guizhou, China.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] Several species have been described from the Lower Muschelkalk in Winterswijk, the Netherlands, including N. marchicus^[15] (and its junior synonym^[16] N. winterswijkensis^[15]) and N. winkelhorsti.^[17] Recently, the long considered lost type material of N. schimperi Meyer, 1842 from the Lower Muschelkalk of Soultz-les-Bains, Alsace, France, has been rediscovered and a lectotype has been designated.^[18]

Klein and Albers (2009) conducted a phylogenetic analysis, but did not test the monophyly of Nothosaurus, as other nothosaurids were not included in their analysis.^[17]

Nothosaurus

N. edingerae

N. giganteus

N. mirabilis

	N. haasi

	N. tchernovi

N. jagisteus

N. marchicus

N. winterswijkensis

N. youngi

N. yangiuanensis

N. juvenilis

N. winkelhorsti

Several other species have been named but are now generally considered invalid. One such species, N. procerus, is now considered a junior subjective synonym of N. marchicus.^[19]^[20] Other species now considered junior synonyms of N. marchicus include N. crassus, N. oldenburgi, N. raabi, N. schroderi, N. venustus and the recently named N. winterswijkensis.^[16] Junior synonyms of N. giganteus, the second largest Nothosaurus species, include N. andriani, N. angustifronis, N. aduncidens, N. baruthicus and N. chelydrops.^[14]

A species level phylogenetic analysis of Nothosauridae was performed by Liu et al. (2014), and included all known valid species of the family and Nothosaurus apart from Lariosaurus stensioi (type of Micronothosaurus), Nothosaurus cymatosauroides, and Ceresiosaurus lanzi. Due to the inclusion of other nothosaurids other than Nothosaurus, the monophyly of Nothosaurus was tested for the first time. The analysis found both Lariosaurus and Nothosaurus to be polyphyletic in regard to each other and all the other genera of the family, making a systematic revision of these two genera necessary. Below, their results are shown with type species of named nothosaurid genera noted.^[14] Later, in 2017, the species N. juvenilis, N. youngi, and N. winkelhorsti were formally moved to Lariosaurus.^[21]

Pachypleurosauria

Nothosauria

Simosaurus gaillardoti

Nothosauridae

Germanosaurus latissimus (type of Germanosaurus)

N. zhangi

N. haasi

N. edingerae

N. jagisteus

	N. mirabilis (type of Nothosaurus)

	N. tchernovi

	N. marchicus

	N. yangiuanensis

N. giganteus

N. juvenilis

Lariosaurus hongguoensis

	Lariosaurus buzzii (type of Silvestrosaurus)

	N. winkelhorsti

	Lariosaurus xingyiensis

	N. youngi

	Lariosaurus calcagnii (type of Ceresiosaurus)

	Lariosaurus valceresii

	Lariosaurus balsami (type of Lariosaurus)

	Lariosaurus curionii

References

Parker, Steve. Dinosaurus: the complete guide to dinosaurs. Firefly Books Inc, 2003. Pg. 384

^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1.
^ Liu, Jun (27 November 2014). "A gigantic nothosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of SW China and its implications for the Triassic biotic recovery". Scientific Reports. 4: 7142. doi:10.1038/srep07142. PMC 4245812. PMID 25429609.
^ (LiveScience) Tia Ghose, "Ancient long-necked 'sea monsters' rowed their way to prey", reporting the scientific article published in Nature Communications 11 June 2014: accessed 28 November 2014.
^ Diedrich, C. (2009). "The vertebrates of the Anisian/Ladinian boundary (Middle Triassic) from Bissendorf (NW Germany) and their contribution to the anatomy, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography of the Germanic Basin reptiles". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 273 (1): 1–16. Bibcode:2009PPP...273....1D. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.10.026.
^ Rieppel, O. (1994). "The status of the sauropterygian reptile Nothosaurus juvenilis from the Middle Triassic of Germany". Palaeontology. 37: 733–745.
^ Rieppel, O.; Wild, R. (1994). "Nothosaurus edingerae Schultze, 1970: diagnosis of the species and comments on its stratigraphical occurrence". Stuttgarter Beiträge für Naturkunde, Serie B.
^ Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; Tchernov, E. (1997). "Speciation along rifting continental margins: a new Nothosaur from the Negev (Israël)". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 325 (12): 991–997. Bibcode:1997CRASE.325..991R. doi:10.1016/s1251-8050(97)82380-4.
^ Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; Tchernov, E. (1999). "Sauropterygia from the Middle Triassic of Makhtesh Ramon, Negev, Israel". Fieldiana. 1 (40).
^ Rieppel, O.; Hagdorn, H. (1998). "Fossil reptiles from the Spanish Muschelkalk (mont-ral and alcover, province Tarragona)". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 13 (1): 77–97. doi:10.1080/08912969809386575.
^ Shang, Q.-H. (2007). "New information on the dentition and tooth replacement of Nothosaurus (Reptilia: Sauropterygia)". Palaeoworld. 16 (1–3): 254–263. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.05.007.
^ Li, J.; Rieppel, O. (2004). "A new nothosaur from Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 42 (1): 1–12.
^ Jiang, W.; Maisch, M. W.; Hao, W.; Sun, Y.; Sun, Z. (2006). "Nothosaurus yangjuanensis n. sp. (Reptilia, Sauropterygia, Nothosauridae) from the middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Guizhou, southwestern China". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte. 2006 (5): 257–276. doi:10.1127/njgpm/2006/2006/257.
^ Shang, Q.-H. (2006). "A new species of Nothosaurus from the early Middle Triassic of Guizhou，China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 44 (3): 237–249.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jun Liu; Shi-xue Hu; Olivier Rieppel; Da-yong Jiang; Michael J. Benton; Neil P. Kelley; Jonathan C. Aitchison; Chang-yong Zhou; Wen Wen; Jin-yuan Huang; Tao Xie; Tao Lv (2014). "A gigantic nothosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of SW China and its implication for the Triassic biotic recovery". Scientific Reports. 4: Article number 7142. doi:10.1038/srep07142. PMC 4245812. PMID 25429609.
^ ^a ^b Albers, P. C. H. (2005). "A new specimen of Nothosaurus marchicus with features that relate the taxon to Nothosaurus winterswijkensis". Vertebrate Palaeontology. 3 (1): 1–7.
^ ^a ^b Albers, P.C.H. (August 2011). "New Nothosaurus skulls from the Lower Muschelkalk of the western Lower Saxony Basin (Winterswijk, the Netherlands) shed new light on the status of Nothosaurus winterswijkensis". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 90 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1017/S0016774600000639. S2CID 86305887.
^ ^a ^b Klein, N.; Albers, P. C. H. (2009). "A new species of the sauropsid reptile Nothosaurus from the Lower Muschelkalk of the western Germanic Basin, Winterswijk, The Netherlands". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (4): 589–598. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0083.
^ Brignon, A. (2021). "L'histoire de la paléontologie des vertébrés dans le Trias alsacien jusqu'au début du XXe siècle". Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire naturelle et d'Ethnographie de Colmar. 77 (8): 70–136.
^ Schroder, H. (1914). "Wirbeltiere der Riidersdorfer Trias". Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt. Neue Folge. 65: 1–98.
^ Rieppel, O.; Wild, R. (1996). "A revision of the genus Nothosaurus (Reptilia. Sauropterygia) from the Germanic Triassic with comments on the status of Conchiosaurus clavatus". Fieldiana. 1 (34): 1–82.
^ Lin, W.-B.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Rieppel, O.; Motani, R.; Ji, C.; Tintori, A.; Sun, Z.-Y.; Zhou, Min (2017). "A new specimen of Lariosaurus xingyiensis (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Zhuganpo Member, Falang Formation, Guizhou, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (2): e1278703. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1278703. S2CID 90181915.

General references

Dixon, Dougal (2006). The Complete Book of Dinosaurs. Hermes House.
Haines, Tim, and Paul Chambers. The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life. Pg. 64. Canada: Firefly Books Ltd., 2006

[EoDP-1] Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1.

[2] Liu, Jun (27 November 2014). "A gigantic nothosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of SW China and its implications for the Triassic biotic recovery". Scientific Reports. 4: 7142. doi:10.1038/srep07142. PMC 4245812. PMID 25429609.

[3] (LiveScience) Tia Ghose, "Ancient long-necked 'sea monsters' rowed their way to prey", reporting the scientific article published in Nature Communications 11 June 2014: accessed 28 November 2014.

[DC09-4] Diedrich, C. (2009). "The vertebrates of the Anisian/Ladinian boundary (Middle Triassic) from Bissendorf (NW Germany) and their contribution to the anatomy, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography of the Germanic Basin reptiles". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 273 (1): 1–16. Bibcode:2009PPP...273....1D. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.10.026.

[RO94-5] Rieppel, O. (1994). "The status of the sauropterygian reptile Nothosaurus juvenilis from the Middle Triassic of Germany". Palaeontology. 37: 733–745.

[RW94-6] Rieppel, O.; Wild, R. (1994). "Nothosaurus edingerae Schultze, 1970: diagnosis of the species and comments on its stratigraphical occurrence". Stuttgarter Beiträge für Naturkunde, Serie B.

[RMT97-7] Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; Tchernov, E. (1997). "Speciation along rifting continental margins: a new Nothosaur from the Negev (Israël)". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 325 (12): 991–997. Bibcode:1997CRASE.325..991R. doi:10.1016/s1251-8050(97)82380-4.

[RMT99-8] Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; Tchernov, E. (1999). "Sauropterygia from the Middle Triassic of Makhtesh Ramon, Negev, Israel". Fieldiana. 1 (40).

[RH98-9] Rieppel, O.; Hagdorn, H. (1998). "Fossil reptiles from the Spanish Muschelkalk (mont-ral and alcover, province Tarragona)". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 13 (1): 77–97. doi:10.1080/08912969809386575.

[SQH07-10] Shang, Q.-H. (2007). "New information on the dentition and tooth replacement of Nothosaurus (Reptilia: Sauropterygia)". Palaeoworld. 16 (1–3): 254–263. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.05.007.

[LR04-11] Li, J.; Rieppel, O. (2004). "A new nothosaur from Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 42 (1): 1–12.

[Jea06-12] Jiang, W.; Maisch, M. W.; Hao, W.; Sun, Y.; Sun, Z. (2006). "Nothosaurus yangjuanensis n. sp. (Reptilia, Sauropterygia, Nothosauridae) from the middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Guizhou, southwestern China". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte. 2006 (5): 257–276. doi:10.1127/njgpm/2006/2006/257.

[_-13] Shang, Q.-H. (2006). "A new species of Nothosaurus from the early Middle Triassic of Guizhou，China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 44 (3): 237–249.

[Nzhangi-14] Jun Liu; Shi-xue Hu; Olivier Rieppel; Da-yong Jiang; Michael J. Benton; Neil P. Kelley; Jonathan C. Aitchison; Chang-yong Zhou; Wen Wen; Jin-yuan Huang; Tao Xie; Tao Lv (2014). "A gigantic nothosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of SW China and its implication for the Triassic biotic recovery". Scientific Reports. 4: Article number 7142. doi:10.1038/srep07142. PMC 4245812. PMID 25429609.

[APCH05-15] Albers, P. C. H. (2005). "A new specimen of Nothosaurus marchicus with features that relate the taxon to Nothosaurus winterswijkensis". Vertebrate Palaeontology. 3 (1): 1–7.

[Albers11-16] Albers, P.C.H. (August 2011). "New Nothosaurus skulls from the Lower Muschelkalk of the western Lower Saxony Basin (Winterswijk, the Netherlands) shed new light on the status of Nothosaurus winterswijkensis". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 90 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1017/S0016774600000639. S2CID 86305887.

[KA09-17] Klein, N.; Albers, P. C. H. (2009). "A new species of the sauropsid reptile Nothosaurus from the Lower Muschelkalk of the western Germanic Basin, Winterswijk, The Netherlands". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (4): 589–598. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0083.

[AB21-18] Brignon, A. (2021). "L'histoire de la paléontologie des vertébrés dans le Trias alsacien jusqu'au début du XXe siècle". Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire naturelle et d'Ethnographie de Colmar. 77 (8): 70–136.

[SH14-19] Schroder, H. (1914). "Wirbeltiere der Riidersdorfer Trias". Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt. Neue Folge. 65: 1–98.

[RW96-20] Rieppel, O.; Wild, R. (1996). "A revision of the genus Nothosaurus (Reptilia. Sauropterygia) from the Germanic Triassic with comments on the status of Conchiosaurus clavatus". Fieldiana. 1 (34): 1–82.

[2017mv-21] Lin, W.-B.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Rieppel, O.; Motani, R.; Ji, C.; Tintori, A.; Sun, Z.-Y.; Zhou, Min (2017). "A new specimen of Lariosaurus xingyiensis (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Zhuganpo Member, Falang Formation, Guizhou, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (2): e1278703. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1278703. S2CID 90181915.

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Nothosaurus

Description

Species

References

General references

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