The northern white rhinoceros or northern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) is one of two subspecies of the white rhinoceros (the other being the southern white rhinoceros). This subspecies is a grazer in grasslands and savanna woodlands. Formerly found in several countries in East and Central Africa south of the Sahara, since 19 March 2018, there are only two known rhinos of this subspecies left, named Najin and Fatu,[4] both of which are female; barring the existence of unknown or misclassified male northern white rhinos elsewhere in Africa, this makes the subspecies functionally extinct. The two female rhinos belong to the Dvůr Králové Zoo in the Czech Republic but live in the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya where they are protected by armed guards.
According to the latest International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessment from 2020, the subspecies is considered "Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct in the Wild)."[2]
Following the phylogenetic species concept, a study in 2010 suggested the northern white rhinoceros may be an altogether different species, rather than a subspecies of white rhinoceros, in which case its correct scientific name would be Ceratotherium cottoni. According to the study, distinct morphological and genetic differences suggest the northern white rhinoceros and southern white rhinoceros have been separated for at least a million years.[5] However, the results of this research were not universally accepted by other scientists.[2] A study in 2016 concluded that the two populations diverged between 0.46 and 0.97 million years ago and found their mitochondrial genomes to be 1.8 % divergent. Based on these findings, the study concluded that classification as a subspecies was appropriate.[6]
There are now only two northern white rhinos left in the world:
They both belong to the Dvůr Králové Zoo in the Czech Republic, but live in Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya, Africa.[10] They arrived at the conservancy after an air and road trip on 20 December 2009,[11] along with two male northern white rhinos from the Dvůr Králové Zoo, Suni and Sudan. However, Suni, a male born at Dvůr Králové Zoo in 1980, died from natural causes in Ol Pejeta Conservancy in 2014.[12][13] Sudan, caught from the wild in 1975, died on 19 March 2018.[8][14][15]
After the transport, the four rhinos were under constant watch by specialists and staff and lived in specially constructed bomas with access to a 400 by 400 metres (1,300 ft × 1,300 ft) paddock area, allowing them to acclimatize to their new surroundings.[citation needed] Ol Pejeta provides 24-hour armed security for the rhino enclosure. To prevent any unnecessary injuries they might inflict on each other while interacting in their fenced area, and give their horns an opportunity to regrow to a natural shape (as their front horns had grown bent by much rubbing against enclosure bars in captivity), all the rhinos were sedated and their horns were sawn off. This also made them less vulnerable to the poaching that drove their species to near extinction, as the horn is what the poachers are after. In place of their horns, radio transmitters have been installed to allow closer monitoring of their whereabouts.[16] They are protected round-the-clock by armed guards.[17] Poachers have been selling their horns for $110,000 per kilogram ($50,000 per pound).[18]
Since May 2010, the northern white rhino male Sudan was moved from the initial holding pens to a much larger 700-acre (2.8 km2) semiwild enclosure. There he roamed among many African animals, including several southern white rhino females and many plains animals. On 26 October 2011, the females were coaxed into the larger enclosure.
Until 2011, the progress of this attempt at saving the northern white rhinoceros was documented on the initiative's website;[19] and their life in Ol Pejeta Conservancy is commented on the Conservancy's website. Several documentaries are in the works, including an episode of Ol Pejeta Diaries titled "Return of the African Titans" for Oasis HD Canada in fall 2010, and a follow-up half-hour episode to follow. This translocation was also the subject of a special edition of the BBC's Last Chance to See, titled "Return of the Rhino",[20] presented by Stephen Fry and the zoologist Mark Carwardine.
On 25 April 2012, and on 27 May 2012, Suni and Najin mated.[21] Pregnancy of the female rhinos was monitored weekly.[22] Rhinoceros gestation takes 16 to 18 months,[23] so in January 2014 the Conservancy considered Najin not pregnant, and a male southern white rhino from Lewa Wildlife Conservancy was put to Najin and Fatu enclosure in Ol Pejeta to at least intercross the subspecies. To achieve this, both female northern white rhinos were separated from their male counterparts, which prevented them from producing a pure northern white rhino offspring.[24][25] In 2015, however, tests conducted by Czech specialists revealed that neither of the females are "capable of natural reproduction".[26][27] According to the director of the Dvůr Králové Zoo, it was possible Najin became pregnant but miscarried shortly thereafter, which resulted in pathological changes in her uterus, preventing another impregnation.[28]
At the end of 2015, scientists from the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Tiergarten Schönbrunn, and Dvůr Králové Zoo developed a plan to reproduce northern white rhinos using natural gametes of the living rhinos and induced pluripotent stem cells. Subsequently, in the future, it might be possible to specifically mature the cells into specific cells such as neurons and muscle cells, in a similar way in which Katsuhiko Hayashi has grown mouse oocytes out of simple skin cells. The DNA of a dozen northern white rhinos has been preserved in genetic banks in Berlin and San Diego.[29]
In August 2019, ten egg cells (five from Najin and five from Fatu) were harvested to be artificially inseminated with the frozen sperm of a northern white rhino as part of a project by the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Dvůr Králové Zoo, Kenya Wildlife Service, and Avantea.[30] In September 2019, scientists announced that they fertilized in vitro the eggs with frozen sperm taken from dead males; two of the resulting embryos were viable. In January 2020, it was announced that another embryo was created using the same techniques; all three embryos are from Fatu.[31] These embryos are being stored in liquid nitrogen until they can be placed into a surrogate mother, probably a southern white rhino.[32] In December 2020, 14 egg cells were retrieved from Fatu; eight of them were fertilised by the sperm of the dead northern white rhino Suni, resulting in two viable embryos. No egg cells were retrieved from Najin.[33] As of February 2024[update], there are 30 northern white rhino embryos that have been created by BioRescue.[34] The embryos are cryopreserved in labs in Berlin, Germany and Cremona, Italy.[35] The BioRescue team plans to implant northern white rhino embryos in two southern white rhino surrogates by the end of 2024.[35]
The northern white rhino formerly ranged over parts of northwestern Uganda, southern South Sudan, the eastern part of Central African Republic, and northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.[36] Their range possibly extended as far west as Lake Chad, into Chad and Cameroon.[37]
Poachers reduced their population from 500 to 15 in the 1970s and 1980s. From the early 1990s through mid-2003, the population recovered to more than 32 animals.[38][39] Since mid-2003, poaching has intensified and further reduced the wild population.[38]
The last known surviving population of wild northern white rhinos was in Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).[40]
In January 2005, the government of the DRC approved a two-part plan for five northern white rhinos to be moved from Garamba National Park to a wildlife sanctuary in Kenya. The second part commits the government and its international partners to increase conservation efforts in Garamba, so the northern white rhinos can be returned when it is safe again.[41] However, the translocation did not occur.
In August 2005, ground and aerial surveys conducted under the direction of African Parks Foundation and the African Rhino Specialist Group (ARSG) had only found four animals, a solitary adult male and a group of one adult male and two adult females.[42] They were the last known wild northern white rhinos, according to the World Wide Fund for Nature.[43]
In June 2008, it was reported that the species may have gone extinct in the wild, since there has been no sighting of these four known remaining individuals since 2006, or of their signs since 2007, despite intensive systematic ground and aerial searches in 2008.[2][44] One carcass has been found.[2][45][46] On 28 November 2009, two Russian helicopter pilots reported seeing rhinoceroses in southern Sudan.[47] It was assumed that the three rhinos that were spotted belonged to the northern white rhinoceros subspecies, as black rhinos had not lived in the area for a long time and southern white rhinos never lived in southern Sudan.[48] However, as of August 2011, no other sightings have been reported, and this population is now considered to have probably gone extinct.[2]
At the beginning of 2015, the fully captive northern white rhino population consisted of only two animals maintained in two zoological institutions: in the United States (San Diego Zoo Safari Park) and the Czech Republic (Dvůr Králové Zoo). However, both of them died later the same year, and no zoo in the world has any northern white rhinos any longer.[49][50]
In 1975, the Dvůr Králové Zoo, located in Dvůr Králové nad Labem, Czech Republic, got six northern white rhinos from Sudan and, in later years, two more from English zoos. One rhino from an English zoo arrived pregnant. The Dvůr Králové Zoo is the only zoo in the world where northern white rhinos birthed offspring, with the last calf being born in 2000;[51] the current world population consists of their shared descendants.[52][8][9]
Former residents include:
Dvůr Králové Zoo sent Suni, Sudan and two females, which are still alive, to the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya on 19 December 2009[59] in a joint effort by the zoo, Fauna and Flora International, Back to Africa, Lewa, and Kenya Wildlife Service. Hoping to stimulate the rhinos' sexual appetite, the zoo decided to send them back into their natural habitat in Kenya. The agreement with the Kenyan government expects the rhinos never to be returned to the Czech Republic.
The female named Nabire stayed in Dvůr Králové Zoo, because, as Jan Stejskal, a projects coordinator at the zoo, stated, "she is no longer capable of breeding naturally. But it seems she has one healthy ovary and this could provide us with material from which to create an embryo in artificial conditions."[51] Efforts to do so began in autumn 2014.[60] Immediately after the death of Nabire in 2015, her ovary with four oocytes was removed and transferred to a laboratory in Cremona, Italy. The laboratory was able to extract two egg cells and fertilise them. However, without consulting the Dvůr Králové Zoo, the semen of a southern white rhino was used instead of a northern white rhino, which the zoo considers a wasted opportunity.[61] Nevertheless, the experiment showed that viable hybrid embryos of the northern and southern white rhino are possible through IVF, as well as a path to the creation of pure northern white rhino embryos.[62][63]
The San Diego Zoo Safari Park in San Diego, California, had eight wild-caught northern white rhinos.[64][9]
The San Diego Wild Animal Park provided Angalifu's semen to female rhinos at the Dvůr Králové Zoo but the insemination attempts were unsuccessful. The only reproductive animals of this subspecies were transported to Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya.
In 2016, it was reported that scientists were exploring alternatives (such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer) to develop northern white rhino embryos and implant them in female southern white rhinos at the San Diego Zoo.[68]
*estimate
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Laboy Jaya, Bangkinang, Kampar – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan ar…
Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Siena. AC SienaStagione 1968-1969Sport calcio Squadra Siena Allenatore Natale Faccenda Presidente Bixio Gianfaldoni Serie C4º nel girone B Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Aldi (37) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Aldi (17) StadioDel Rastrello 1967-1968…
2019 single by John Newman & Nina NesbittWithout YouSingle by John Newman & Nina Nesbittfrom the EP A.N.i.M.A.L Released30 August 2019Length3:27LabelIsland RecordsSongwriter(s) Adam Argyle Andrew Jackson Cleo Tighe John Newman Nina Nesbitt Tommy Baxter Producer(s) John Newman Ritual John Newman singles chronology Feelings (2019) Without You (2019) Stand by Me (2020) Without You is a song by English singer John Newman and Scottish singer Nina Nesbitt. The song was released as a digita…
Katedral JacmelGereja Katedral Santo Yakobus dan Santo FilipusPrancis: Cathédrale Saint-Jacques-et-Saint-Philippe de JacmelKatedral JacmelLokasiJacmelNegara HaitiDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan Jacmel Katedral Jacmel atau yang bernama resmi Katedral Santo Yakobus dan Santo Filipus (Prancis: Cathédrale Saint-Jacques-et-Saint-Philippe de Jacmel) adalah sebuah gereja katedral Katolik yang terletak di Jacmel, Ha…
Scottish track and field athlete Henry MacintoshHenry Macintosh in 1913Personal informationBorn10 June 1892Kelso, Scottish Borders, Great BritainDied26 July 1918 (aged 26)Albert, Somme, FranceAlma materUniversity of CambridgeHeight1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Weight66 kg (146 lb)SportSportAthleticsEvent(s)100 m, 200 mClubUniversity of CambridgeAchievements and titlesPersonal best(s)100 m – 10.7 (1913)200 m – 22.1 (1913)[1][2] Medal record Representing …
Cet article est une ébauche concernant l’Égypte antique et l’art. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Panneau de la Vierge à l'Annonciation. Bois de figuier peint, fin du Ve siècle. 28,5 × 14,2 × 2 cm. Musée du Louvre, département des Antiquités égyptiennes[1] L'aspectivité est un concept, d'abord appliqué à l'art de l'Égypte antique, selon lequel l'artiste…
Островська Людмила КонстянтинівнаНародилася 30 серпня (12 вересня) 1913 (110 років)Київ, Російська імперіяКраїна Російська імперія СРСР УкраїнаДіяльність біологAlma mater КНУ імені Тараса ШевченкаГалузь біохіміяЗаклад ІФРГНауковий ступінь доктор біологічних наукНагоро…
Nota: Para outras cidades com este nome, veja Cura. Nota: Para outras cidades com este nome, veja Carpignano. Coordenadas: 45° 13' N 9° 15' E Cura Carpignano Comuna Localização Cura CarpignanoLocalização de Cura Carpignano na Itália Coordenadas 45° 13' N 9° 15' E Região Lombardia Província Pavia Características geográficas Área total 10 km² População total 2 145 hab. Densidade 215 hab./km² Altitude 78 m Ou…
смт Пеледуй Пеледуй Країна Росія Суб'єкт Російської Федерації Республіка Саха Муніципальний район Ленський улус Поселення селище Пеледуй Код ЗКАТУ: 98227557000 Код ЗКТМО: 98627157051 Основні дані Населення ▼ 4492 Поштовий індекс 678158 Телефонний код +7 41137 Географічні координати: …
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (مارس 2019) هنري هربرت ستيفنز معلومات شخصية الميلاد 30 ديسمبر 1878 برستل الوفاة 14 يونيو 1973 (94 سنة) [1] فانكوفر مواطنة كندا مناصب عضو مجلس العموم الكندي …
Центр науки «Коперник» 52°14′30″ пн. ш. 21°01′41″ сх. д. / 52.24194444002777260° пн. ш. 21.02833333002777749° сх. д. / 52.24194444002777260; 21.02833333002777749Координати: 52°14′30″ пн. ш. 21°01′41″ сх. д. / 52.24194444002777260° пн. ш. 21.02833333002777749° сх. д. / 52.24194444002777260; 21.…
Pour les autres membres de la famille, voir Famille de La Fare. Anne Louis Henri de La Fare Anne Louis Henri de La Fare. Biographie Naissance 8 septembre 1752Bessay Ordination sacerdotale 21 septembre 1776 Décès 10 décembre 1829 (à 77 ans)Ancien 1er arrondissement de Paris Cardinal de l'Église catholique Créécardinal 16 mai 1823 par le pape Pie VII Titre cardinalice Cardinal-prêtre de S. Maria in Traspontina Évêque de l'Église catholique Ordination épiscopale 13 janvier 1788 par…
2017 EP by HighlightCelebrateEP by HighlightReleasedOctober 16, 2017Recorded2017LanguageKoreanLabelAround UsLOENHighlight chronology Can You Feel It?(2017) Celebrate(2017) Outro(2018) Singles from Celebrate Can Be BetterReleased: October 16, 2017 Celebrate is the tenth extended play by South Korean boy group Highlight. It was released on October 16, 2017 by Around Us Entertainment and distributed by LOEN Entertainment. The album was released to commemorate and celebrate the eighth annive…
Ini adalah nama Tionghoa; marganya adalah Yang. SunneeNama Tionghoa楊芸晴PinyinYáng Yúnqíng (Mandarin)Nama LahirSunnee Yang YunqingEtnisHanLahir28 September 1996 (umur 27)Bangkok,ThailandPekerjaanPenyanyiPemeranGenreC-popMandopopLabelK-L EntertaintmentWajijiwa EntertainmentHubungan peranA'N'DRocket Girls 101Produce 101 Sunnee Yang (lahir 28 September 1996), yang dikenal dengan nama panggung Sunnee adalah penyanyi Thai yang berbasis di Tiongkok. Ia adalah anggota A'N'D di bawah kontrak…
American professional wrestler Perry SaturnSaturn in April 1998Birth namePerry Arthur SatulloBorn (1966-10-25) October 25, 1966 (age 57)[1]Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.Spouse(s) Lisa Kuhlemeier (m. 2009)Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)The GargoyleThe Iron Horseman[2]Perry Saturn[3]Peter MottsSaturn[2]Dry CleanerBilled height5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)[4]Billed weight241 lb (109 kg)[4]Billed from…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of Bengali films of 1987 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Bengali cinema 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 19341935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 194…
Reda Budynek dworca od strony ul. Gdańskiej Państwo Polska Województwo pomorskie Miejscowość Reda, Rumia Data otwarcia 1870 (SKM od 1951) Poprzednie nazwy Rheda (Westpreußen) Dane techniczne Liczba peronów 3 Liczba krawędziperonowych 4 Kasy Linie kolejowe 202 Gdańsk Główny – Stargard 213 Reda – Hel Położenie na mapie RedyReda Położenie na mapie PolskiReda Położenie na mapie województwa pomorskiegoReda Położenie na mapie powiatu wejherowskiegoReda 54°35…
Central StationNorthbound Red Line train at Central StationGeneral informationOwned byMETROLine(s) Red Line Green Line Purple LinePlatformsRed Line: 1 island platform, Green & Purple Lines: side platforms on Rusk and Capitol StreetsTracks2 Red Line 2 Green & Purple LineConstructionBicycle facilitiessidewalk racksAccessibleYesHistoryOpenedFebruary 18, 2015; 8 years ago (2015-02-18) (Red Line)May 23, 2015; 8 years ago (2015-05-23) (Green, Purple Lines)Se…
Ruling Family of Abu Dhabi The Ruler Sheikha Salama Sheikh Khaled Sheikha Fatima Sheikh Hamdan Sheikh Hazza Sheikh Mansour Sheikh Abdullah Sheikha Shamsa Sheikh Sultan Sheikh Mohammed Sheikh Saeed Sheikh Issa This box: viewtalkedit Sheikh Khalid bin Zayed Al Nahyan is an Emirati member of the Al Nahyan ruling family of the emirate of Abu Dhabi. The son of Sultan bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Sheikh Khalid graduated from the American University of Sharjah (BSc, International Relations). He comp…
فيلفيستري ديل باينار (بالإسبانية: Vilviestre del Pinar)[1] فيلفيستري ديل باينار تقسيم إداري البلد إسبانيا [2] التقسيم الأعلى برغش خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 41°57′07″N 3°04′41″W / 41.951944444444°N 3.0780555555556°W / 41.951944444444; -3.0780555555556 [3] المساحة 33897 كيلومتر مرب…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.141.45.83