Nationalist and Integrationist Front

Map of Ituri within the DRC

The Nationalist and Integrationist Front (French: Front des Nationalistes et Intégrationnistes, or FNI) is a rebel group active in the Ituri conflict in Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo, associated with the Lendu ethnic group. The FNI has fought against ethnic Hema and is blamed for the ambush and murder of nine United Nations peacekeepers near the town of Kafe in February 2005.[1] FNI political leader Floribert Ndjabu was arrested by Congolese authorities, while military head Etienne Lona turned himself in.

The BBC alleges that, in 2005, the Pakistani peacekeepers in Mongbwalu entered in a trading relationship for gold with FNI leaders, eventually drawing Congolese army officers and Indian traders from Kenya into the deal. It is further alleged that these peacekeepers returned weapons taken from the FNI as part of demobilization efforts to FNI leaders known for human rights violations.[2]

A 2005 Human Rights Watch report[3] details the connection between the FNI and the mining corporation AngloGold Ashanti, a subsidiary of the Anglo American plc. AngloGold Ashanti admitted that its employees had paid money to the FNI on more than one occasion, in exchange for access to gold mines in the Ituri province.

In May 2006, one MONUC peacekeeper was killed and seven were taken captive in fighting with the FNI. All of the UN peacekeepers were from Nepal and engaged in operations to disarm the militias 62 miles (100km) west of Bunia, the capital of Ituri.[4] Two of the seven were released in June and the remaining five in mid-July. On 17 July the new leader of the FNI, Peter Karim Udaga, announced that he and sixty of his fighters were ending their battle with the government in exchange for the integration of FNI forces into the national army, including a post of Colonel for Karim.[5][6]

The FNI, the Congolese Revolutionary Movement, and the Front for Patriotic Resistance of Ituri (FRPI) agreed to disarm on 22 August 2007.[7] However, in 2008, several residents in Mongbwalu reported witnessing FNI militias being resupplied by Pakistani UN peacekeepers. The transfer of weapons was confirmed by two FNI leaders currently in prison – "Kung Fu" (Gen. Mateso Ninga) and "Dragon".[8]

References

  1. ^ 9 U.N. Peacekeepers in Congo Killed by Militia Fighters, New York Times, 26 February 2005
  2. ^ "UN troops 'traded gold for guns'" by Martin Plaut, BBC News, 22 May 2007
  3. ^ "The Curse of Gold | Human Rights Watch". Archived from the original on 2008-12-11.
  4. ^ Rebels hold DR Congo peacekeepers, BBC News, 30 May 2006
  5. ^ DR Congo rebel chief 'to disarm', BBC News, 17 July 2006
  6. ^ Kinshasa accepts militia leader's plea to join army Archived 2018-12-05 at the Wayback Machine, IRIN, 14 July 2006
  7. ^ DR Congo: Ex-militia Members Agree To Disarm Scoop
  8. ^ "UN troops 'armed DR Congo rebels'", BBC News, 28 April 2008

Read other articles:

Dhira Narayana

Dhira NarayanaLahir25 April 1987 (umur 36)[1]JakartaKebangsaan IndonesiaAlmamaterUniversitas IndonesiaOrganisasiLingkar Ganja NusantaraDikenal atasAktivis ganjaKarya terkenalHikayat Pohon GanjaSuami/istriSiti Soraya Cassandra[2]Anak1 Dhira Narayana (lahir 25 April 1987) adalah seorang aktivis ganja dan pendiri organisasi Lingkar Ganja Nusantara (LGN).[3][4] Menurut Dhira, tetrahidrokanabinol pada tanaman ganja dapat menghambat berkembangnya enzim pen...

 

Branjangan-padang

Branjangan-padang adalah burung padang rumput Dunia Baru yang termasuk dalam genera Sturnella dan Leistes . Kelompok ini mencakup tujuh spesies burung padang rumput yang sebagian besar merupakan pemakan serangga . Pada semua spesies, jantan setidaknya memiliki punggung berwarna hitam atau coklat dan bagian bawah berwarna merah atau kuning. Daftar spesies Jalak-padang dada-merah ( Leistes militaris ) Genus leistes Branjangan-padang dada-merah (sebelumnya burung hitam dada merah), Leistes milit...

 

منتخب رابطة الدول المستقلة لكرة القدم

منتخب رابطة الدول المستقلة لكرة القدم بلد الرياضة  رابطة الدول المستقلة الفئة كرة القدم للرجال  رمز الفيفا CIS  تاريخ التأسيس 11 يناير 1992  كونفدرالية الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم الطاقم واللاعبون المدرب أناتولي بيشوفتس القائد ديميتري خارين مباريات تاريخية المبار�...

Burnden Park

Burnden Park LokasiLokasiBurnden, Bolton, Greater ManchesterKoordinat53°34′08″N 2°24′58″W / 53.56889°N 2.41611°W / 53.56889; -2.41611Koordinat: 53°34′08″N 2°24′58″W / 53.56889°N 2.41611°W / 53.56889; -2.41611KonstruksiDibuka1895DitutupApril 1997Dihancurkan1999Data teknisPermukaanRumputKapasitas70,000 (maksimum)25,000 (saat ditutup)PemakaiBolton Wanderers F.C. (1895–1997)Sunting kotak info • L • BBantuan pe...

 

Renewal of the Republic of Poland

Political party in Poland Renewal of the Republic of Poland OdNowa RPAbbreviationONRPLeaderMarcin OciepaFounded3 September 2021 (2021-09-03)Split fromAgreementHeadquartersul. Wiejska 400-902 WarsawIdeologyConservatismPro-EuropeanismPolitical positionCentre-rightNational affiliationUnited RightSejm5 / 460Senate0 / 100European Parliament0 / 52Regional assemblies4 / 552WebsiteTwitter accountPolitics of PolandPolitical partiesElections The Renewal of the Republic of Polan...

 

Sidney Leslie Goodwin

Sidney Goodwin nel 1911 circa Sidney Leslie Goodwin (Melksham, 9 settembre 1910 – Oceano Atlantico, 15 aprile 1912) è stato un bambino inglese che perse la vita all'età di soli 19 mesi nel naufragio del RMS Titanic. Il suo cadavere non fu oggetto di alcun tentativo noto di identificazione per ben 95 anni, motivo per cui fu soprannominato The unknown child (il bambino sconosciuto), iscrizione riportata anche sulla sua tomba nel cimitero Fairview di Halifax. Solo nel 2007, grazie a vari tes...

Walter Krivitsky

Soviet spy and defector (1899–1941) Walter KrivitskyWalter Krivitsky in 1939BornSamuel Ginsberg(1899-06-28)June 28, 1899Pidvolochysk, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria-Hungary (present day Ukraine)DiedFebruary 10, 1941(1941-02-10) (aged 41)Washington, D.C., United StatesCause of deathGunshot to the headOccupationForeign intelligenceSpouse(s)Antonina (Tonya Krivitsky, Tonia Krivitsky, Antonina Thomas)ChildrenAleksandr (Alek)Espionage activityAllegiance Russian SFSR (1920–...

 

Film Pascamodernisme

Film Pascamodernisme klasifikasi dari film-film yang mengartikulasikan tema dan gagasan pascamodernisme melalui medium cinema. Film-film ini bertujuan untuk menumbangkan konvensi-konvensi mainstream dalam struktur naratif dan penokohan serta bertujuan untuk menguji rasa tak percaya penonton terhadap apa yang mereka lihat.[1][2][3] Salah satu karakteristik utama film postmodernis adalah pendobrakan batas antara seni tinggi dan rendah. Film-film ini sering kali mempertan...

 

Karnataka Police

Indian law enforcement agency This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Karnataka Police – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Karnataka State Policeಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪೊಲೀಸ್Karnātaka Rājya Polīsಕ�...

Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України

Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України (Держкомтелерадіо) Приміщення комітетуЗагальна інформаціяКраїна  УкраїнаДата створення 2003Керівне відомство Кабінет Міністрів УкраїниРічний бюджет 1 964 898 500 ₴[1]Голова Олег НаливайкоПідвідомчі ор...

 

アプリケーションソフトウェア

「アプリケーション」はこの項目へ転送されています。英語の意味については「wikt:応用」、「wikt:application」をご覧ください。 この記事には複数の問題があります。改善やノートページでの議論にご協力ください。 出典がまったく示されていないか不十分です。内容に関する文献や情報源が必要です。（2018年4月） 古い情報を更新する必要があります。（2021年3月）出...

 

James A. Byrne

American politician This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) James Aloysius ByrneMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Pennsylvania's 3rd districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1953 – January 3, 1973Preceded byHardie ScottSucceeded byBill Green IIIMember of the Pennsylvani...

Miao people

Ethnic group native to South China and Southeast Asia For the Muslim ethnic group in northern India, see Meo (ethnic group). Ethnic group Miao苗族Hmong / Hmub / Xongb / ab Hmaobm̥oŋ˦˧ / m̥ʰu˧ / ɕoŋ˧˥ / a˥˧m̥ao˥˧Headdress of the Long-horn Miao—one of the small branches of Miao living in the 12 villages near Zhijin County, GuizhouTotal population11–12 millionRegions with significant populations China9,426,007 (2010) Vietnam1,393,547 (2019) Laos595,028 (2015)...

 

World Justice Project

Nonprofit organization The World Justice ProjectFounded2006FoundersWilliam H. Neukom William C. HubbardType501(c)(3) (Non-Profit)PurposeTo lead a global movement to strengthen the rule of law for the development of communities of opportunity and equityLocationWashington, D.C.Area served WorldwideChairmanWilliam C. HubbardCEOWilliam H. NeukomWebsiteWorld Justice ProjectRule of Law Index The World Justice Project (WJP) is an international civil society organization with the stated mission of wo...

 

لاتفيا

تحوي هذه المقالة أو هذا القسم ترجمة آلية. فضلًا، ساهم في تدقيقها وتحسينها أو إزالتها لأنها تخالف سياسات ويكيبيديا. (نقاش) (أغسطس 2016)   جمهورية لاتفيا Latvijas Republika  (لاتفية) لاتفياعلم لاتفيا لاتفياشعار لاتفيا موقع لاتفيا في الاتحاد الأوروبي الشعار الوطنياتحاد - سلام - رخ�...

Barracuda Lounge

Gay bar in Manhattan, New York, U.S. BarracudaLogoThe bar's entrance in June 2021Address275 West 22nd StreetLocationChelsea, Manhattan, New York, USCoordinates40°44′41″N 73°59′54″W / 40.7446°N 73.9983°W / 40.7446; -73.9983Public transit 23rd Street station (C and ​E trains) 23rd Street station (1 train) 23rd Street station (PATH train) OwnerBob PontarelliTypeGay barOpenedOctober 1995 (1995-10) Barracuda Lounge, or simply Barr...

 

Alphonse Georger

Alphonse GeorgerUskup Emeritus OranGerejaGereja Katolik RomaKeuskupanOranPenunjukan1998Masa jabatan berakhir2012PendahuluPierre Lucien ClaveriePenerusJean-Paul VescoImamatTahbisan imam1965Informasi pribadiLahir(1936-05-25)25 Mei 1936Sarreguemines, Moselle, PrancisKewarganegaraanPrancisDenominasiKatolik Roma Alphonse Georger (lahir 25 Mei 1936 di Sarreguemines, Moselle) adalah seorang prelat Gereja Katolik Prancis yang bertugas sebagai Uskup Oran ke-13 dari Desember 2012 hingga pensiun pada ta...

 

ديفيد سفوبودا

ديفيد سفوبودا   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 19 مارس 1985 (39 سنة)  براغ  مواطنة جمهورية التشيك  الطول 183 سنتيمتر  الوزن 72 كيلوغرام  الحياة العملية المهنة متسابق خماسي حديث  اللغات التشيكية  مجال العمل الخماسي الحديث  الرياضة الخماسي الحديث  المواقع الموقع ال�...

WWE SmackDown

WWE SmackDownPembuatVince McMahonPemeranPegulat SmackDownLagu pembuka Nobody Better Than Me oleh def rebel ft. Supreme Madness Negara asal Amerika SerikatJmlh. episode1,259 (hingga 06 Oktober 2023)ProduksiPengaturan kameraMultiple-camera setupDurasiSekitar 2 jam per episode (termasuk iklan)Rilis asliJaringan UPN (29 April 1999 (1999-04-29)–15 September 2006 (2006-09-15)) The CW (22 September 2006 (2006-09-22)–26 September 2008 (2008-09-26)) MyNetworkTV (03 Oktobe...

 

Sean M. Carroll

Untuk pakar biologi, lihat Sean B. Carroll. Sean M. CarrollSean Carroll 2017Lahir05 Oktober 1966 (umur 57)Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaTempat tinggalLos Angeles, CaliforniaKebangsaanAmerikaWarga negaraAmerika SerikatAlmamaterVillanova University (BS)Harvard University (PhD)Dikenal atasElektromagnetisme gelapSuami/istriJennifer OuellettePenghargaanAndrew Gemant Award (2014)Karier ilmiahBidangPhysics, kosmologi, astrofisika, relativitas umumInstitusiCalifornia Institute of TechnologyDisertasi...