The Nagant M1895 is a seven-shot, gas-seal revolver designed and produced by Belgian industrialist Léon Nagant for the Russian Empire.
The Nagant M1895 was chambered for a proprietary cartridge, 7.62×38mmR, and features a gas-seal system, in which the cylinder moves forward when the gun is cocked, to close the gap between the cylinder and the barrel, providing a boost to the muzzle velocity of the bullet and allowing the weapon to be suppressed. Its design would inspire the Pieper M1893 carbine[5] and Steyr 1893 revolver.[6]
History
The Nagant was designed by Léon Nagant, whose brother Émile had also taken part in designing the Mosin–Nagant rifle.[7] The Nagant M1895 was adopted as the standard issue sidearm for the Imperial Russian Army and police officers, where it replaced earlier Smith & Wesson models such as the Model 3.[8]
Production began in Liège, Belgium; however Russia purchased the manufacturing rights in 1898, and moved production to the Tula Arsenal in Russia, and was soon producing 20,000 examples per year.[8]
It was produced in two versions: a double-action version for officers, and a cheaper single-action version for the lower ranks.[9] Seven Nagant revolvers were used by communist revolutionaries to kill the Russian imperial family and their servants in July 1918.[10] After the Russian Revolution, only the double-action version was made.[9] Nagant revolvers were used by the NKVD and Red Army units until the end of World War II, with a total of 2,000,000 produced.[11] The Nagant began to be replaced by the Tokarev semi-automatic pistol in 1933, and was formally replaced by the Makarov in 1952, though Nagant revolvers continued to see limited use in the Korean War and Vietnam War.[12]
Technical characteristics
The M1895 has a mechanism which, as the hammer is cocked, first turns the cylinder and then moves it forward, closing the gap between the cylinder and the barrel. The cartridge, also unique, plays an important part in sealing the gun to prevent the escape of propellant gases. The bullet is deeply seated, entirely within the cartridge case, and the case is slightly reduced in diameter at its mouth. The barrel features a short conical section at its rear; this accepts the mouth of the cartridge, completing the gas seal. By sealing the gap, the velocity of the bullet is increased by 15 to 45 m/s (50 to 150 ft/s.) This feature also eliminates the possibility of injury from gases escaping through the gap, which can injure a finger if the user holds the gun with a finger positioned beside the gap.[13] The Nagant's sealed firing system meant that the Nagant revolver, unlike most other revolvers, could make effective use of a sound suppressor, and suppressors were sometimes fitted to it.[14]
Holstered Nagant with the gate open for loading.
The disadvantage of this design is that Nagant revolvers were laborious and time-consuming to reload, with the need to manually eject each of the used cartridges, and reload one cartridge at a time through a loading gate. At the time the revolver was designed, this system was obsolete. In British service the Webley Revolver used a top-break cylinder and star extractor to simultaneously eject all spent cartridges and in American service the Smith & Wesson Model 10 employed a similar system but with a swing-out cylinder. The Nagant with its side-loading gate, and ejector rod to remove spent cartridges individually in succession was for all its novelty, outdated as a military revolver in this regard. However, the Nagant design did have the advantage of requiring less machining than more modern formats.
The Nagant M1895 has a heavy trigger pull (about 12 lbs for single and 20 lbs for double).
7.62×38mmR (7.62 mm Nagant) cartridge, left, shown next to a .32 S&W Long Cartridge (middle) and a .22 LR cartridge (right) for comparison.
7.62mm Nagant is also known as 7.62×38mmR (Rimmed) or "Cartridge, Type R". The projectile is seated below the mouth of the cartridge, with the cartridge crimp sitting just above the bullet. When fired, the crimp expands into the forcing cone, completing the gas seal and ostensibly increasing muzzle velocity by approximately 75 ft/s.
Aftermarket cylinders for .32-caliber can be installed, allowing the Nagant to safely fire .32 H&R Magnum or .32 ACP[citation needed]. Shooting any ammunition other than the 7.62×38mmR cartridge with the original cylinder can cause bodily injury from bullet shrapnel or escaping gas, and the excessive pressures produced by some .32 ammunition could also cause catastrophic failure of the cylinder or frame.
Comparison of .32 Smith & Wesson Long, .32 H&R Magnum and 7.62×38mmR Nagant
Proper fitting ammunition can be reloaded from .32-20 Winchester brass by using the Lee Nagant die set or .30" carbine dies and 9mm Luger shell-holders in the reloading press. This allows the reloaders to work up a load that fits their needs and is specific for the Nagant. While this eliminates the bulged/split/stuck cases experienced when using .32 S&W and .32 H&R, the gas seal that made the Nagant famous will still not fully function as the .32-20 is not long enough to protrude past the cylinder like the original Nagant ammunition.
7.5x22mmR Nagant
The Luxembourgish, Swedish, and Norwegian Nagants used a different cartridge, the 7.5 mm Nagant. This ammunition is dimensionally similar but not interchangeable with the 7.5mm 1882 Ordnance (aka Swiss 7.5mm revolver).[15][16] They lack the gas-seal lock of the Belgian and Russian models.
9.4x22mmR Nagant
The black powder cartridge used in Nagant's original gas-sealed revolver design. Year of introduction: 1878. Bullet Diameter: 9.25 – 9.30mm (.364 - .374”). Round-nosed lead bullet with paper patch. Bullet Weight: 11.95-12.3 grams
Case diameters, Neck: 9.90 – 10.20mm (.389 - .401” inch) Head: 10.75 – 10.90mm (.423 - .429” inch) Rim: 12.00 – 12.35mm (.472 - .486” inch)
Berdan primer Cartridge overall length 33.30 – 34.50mm (1.311 – 1.358 inches) Cartridge weight 11.95 – 12.30gm (184.41 - 189.81 grains)
Variants
Russia
Military
Nagant “Private's model” («солдатский» наган) - a single-action version for non-commissioned officers and soldiers
Nagant “Officer’s model” («офицерский» наган) - a double-action version for officers
suppressed Nagant[17] with sound suppressor known as the "BRAMIT device" (BRAtya MITiny - "Mitin Brothers") - produced since 1931 for Soviet reconnaissance and scout troops
Nagant 1910 - An improved version with a swing-out cylinder. It was never accepted into service and had poor civilian market sales.[21][22]
"Shadow-7" ("Тень-7") - Carbine variant with a 450mm barrel, produced in 2020 by Russian company Test-Oruzhie, chambered for 5.45×18mm.[23][24]
Belgium
Nagant M1878 Belgian Officer's Revolver [9.4mm Nagant] - Single Action / Double Action trigger. 6-shot cylinder.
Nagant M1883 Belgian Infantry Revolver [9.4mm Nagant] - Simplified Single Action Only trigger version. 6-shot cylinder.
Nagant M1886 Belgian Officer's Revolver [9.4mm Nagant] - Simplified Double Action Only trigger version. 6-shot cylinder.
Luxembourg
In the 1880s, Luxembourg purchased a total of 190 Nagant revolvers, with the standard model chambered in 7.5mm, and the Gendarmerie receiving a black powder 9.4x22mm variant which could also affix a spike bayonet.[25]
7.5 mm Swedish/ Norwegian Nagant round
Norway
Designated the M1893, and based on the Swedish M1887.[26]
Poland
Poland designed approximately 21,000 Nagant wz. 30 revolvers for police use from 1928-1939.[27]
Serbia
Purchased 12,000 7.5mm Nagants from Belgium in the 1880s.[28]
Sweden
Chambered in 7.5mm, the Swedish M1887 notably does not have the same gas-sealing feature of the Belgian or Russian Nagants.[29]
Users
Belarus: officially retired from service in December 2005.[30] Used as a training weapon[31]
Russia:[44] in 1998 were still used by some law enforcement units;[45] until 2003 were used by postal service security guards;[46] at least up to 2006 were used by security guards[47][48]
^Постановление Правительства Республики Казахстан № 1060 от 28 августа 1996 года "О внесении изменений и дополнений в некоторые решения Правительства Республики Казахстан"
^Thompson, Leroy (2022). Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others. Osprey Publishing. p. 4.
^Постановление Правительства РФ № 1584 от 30 декабря 1998 года "Об утверждении перечня боевого ручного стрелкового и иного оружия, боеприпасов и патронов к нему, а также специальных средств, состоящих на вооружении службы судебных приставов Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации"
^Постановление Правительства Российской Федерации № 248 от 24 марта 2000 года «Об обеспечении служебным оружием, патронами к оружию и специальными средствами должностных лиц организаций федеральной почтовой связи»
^Приложение № 2 к Приказу Министерства внутренних дел Российской Федерации № 611 от 4 августа 2006 года «Об утверждении перечней специальных средств, видов, типов и моделей огнестрельного и газового оружия, патронов и боеприпасов к нему, норм обеспечения ими работников военизированных и сторожевых подразделений ФГУП „Охрана“ МВД России»
^«Организации и их территориальные подразделения могут использовать до вывода из эксплуатации по техническому состоянию… 7,62 мм револьвер системы "наган"… иное боевое оружие, ранее приобретенное в установленном порядке и не включенное в настоящий перечень.» Постановление Правительства Российской Федерации № 460 от 22 апреля 1997 г. «О мерах по обеспечению юридических лиц с особыми уставными задачами боевым ручным стрелковым оружием» (в ред. от 29 мая 2006 г.)
^13 мая 1895 года // журнал "Мастер-ружьё", № 5 (122), май 2007. стр.92
^Thompson, Leroy (2022). Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others. Osprey Publishing. p. 65.
