The first Mutiny Act was passed in 1689 in response to the mutiny of a large portion of the army which stayed loyal to James II upon William IIItaking the crown of England.[1] The Mutiny Act, altered in 1803, and the Articles of War defined the nature and punishment of mutiny until the latter were replaced by the Army Discipline and Regulation Act 1879 (42 & 43 Vict. c. 33).[2] In 1881, this was in turn replaced by the Army Act – An Act to consolidate the Army Discipline and Regulation Act, 1879, and the subsequent Acts amending the Same.[3] This was extended or amended or consolidated annually (the most recent update having been made in 1995). Today, mutiny by British forces is punished under the Armed Forces Act 2006.
Depending on events, additions, and changes within the established system more than one Mutiny Act might be passed within a given year. Within the empire specific geographical disturbances were sometimes governed by specific Acts, such as the Mutiny, East Indies Act 1754 (27 Geo. 2. c. 9), or the Mutiny, America Act from 1765 (5 Geo. 3. c. 33) to 1776 (16 Geo. 3. c. 11). A closely related series of Marine Mutiny Acts starting in 1755 (28 Geo. 2. c. 11) would regulate His Majesty's Marine Forces while on shore, and continue well into the 19th century.
Background
During the Middle Ages, European rulers applied the same laws to both civilian and military populations.[4] Because of this, military law (law governing armed forces) and martial law (control of society by the military) were not independent legal approaches. Rulers began separating the laws governing the civilian population and the laws for the armed forces as the medieval period drew to a close.[5]
In England, William the Conqueror's Aural Regis (or King's Court) assisted him in ruling both his armed forces and the English population. Over time, this court divided and developed specialized legal expertise. King Edward I created a Court of Chivalry headed by the Lord High Constable and the Earl Marshal, two members of the King's Court.[6][7] This Court of Chivalry was given authority over cases of military law, chivalry, heraldry, and murder or high treason overseas.[8] The army was seen as the crown's personal force. Its governance, as a military force, was the crown's royal prerogative. The crown governed the military by publishing articles of war. These articles applied to the army during a specific war or campaign.[9] The Court of Chivalry assisted the crown by preparing these articles and enforcing them. Therefore, military law could and would change depending on the campaign or war. Although harsh, the articles were clear in their expectations for military personnel.
Meanwhile, courts of equity and courts of common law developed and were given authority to govern civilians. Common law did not have rules specific to military forces and common law courts could not apply military rules. However, prior to the Petition of Right, and especially during the reign of the Tudors and Stuarts, the Crown would apply articles of war (which defined the military law) against civilians in Britain in trials administered by courts-martial (an exercise of martial law). The capricious use of harsh military law by the crown against civilians included the imposition of the death penalty. The practice of enforcing military law against civilians and the usurpation of common-law courts' authority by courts-martial caused an outcry. The lack of a distinction between military law and martial law caused English legal minds to attack the exercise of military law during peacetime.[10]William Blackstone complained,
For martial law, which is built upon no settled principles, but is entirely arbitrary in its decisions, is, as Sir Matthew Hale observes, in truth and reality no law, but something indulged rather than allowed as a law. The necessity of order and discipline in an army is the only thing which can give it countenance; and therefore it ought not to be permitted in time of peace, when the king’s courts are open for all persons to receive justice according to the laws of the land.[11]
This abuse of the crown's prerogative (the crown's right to make and enforce rules for the military) caused Parliament to pass the Petition of Right in 1628. This act stated that neither civilians nor soldiers and officers who were in England during peace were subject to military courts or law.[12][13] Only common-law courts and courts of equity could exercise authority over individuals in peacetime England. Because the articles of war did not fall under these courts' jurisdiction, military law couldn't be applied to anyone in England, whether soldier or civilian.[14]
An Act for punishing Officers and Soldiers who shall mutiny or desert Their Majesties Service and for punishing False Musters and for the payment of Quarters.
The Royal Scots was the only unit in which the majority of personnel remained loyal to James II, whom they held to still be the true monarch. The regiment's Commanding Officer, Colonel George Douglas, 1st Earl of Dumbarton, followed James II into exile and one of William's subordinates, Frederick Schomberg, was appointed Colonel.[15] While awaiting transport from Ipswich to Flanders, the regiment mutinied on 15 March 1689 and marched home (the Kingdom of Scotland still being strictly an independent country), refusing to obey orders from William III to fight in Holland. The mutinous troops were located in England during peacetime so only common law and courts of equity had authority over them. However, these courts' power did not include the ability to enforce penalties against mutiny (which was a military law crime and not a common law crime). Therefore, no legal action could be taken to stop or punish the troops.[16]
Parliament responded by passing the Mutiny Act 1688 (1 Will. & Mar. c. 5).[17] This act made desertion, mutiny, and sedition of officers and soldiers crimes triable by court-martial in peacetime England and made such crimes punishable by death. The passage of this act initiated the codification of military law in Great Britain.[18]
Payment for quartering the troops was first included in the Mutiny Act 1692 (4 Will. & Mar. c. 13).[19]
An Act for continuing the Act for punishing Officers and Souldiers who shall mutiny or desert their Majesties. Service and for punishing false Musters and for the Payment of Quarters for One Yeare longer.
An Act for continuing Two former Acts for punishing Officers and Soldiers who shall mutiny or desert his Majesties service & for punishing false musters and for payment of quarters for one yeare longer.
An Act for punishing Officers and Soldiers who shall mutiny, or desert Her Majesty's Service, in England or Ireland; and for punishing false Musters; and for better Payment of Quarters in England.
Because the Bill of Rights, while prohibiting the existence of a standing army during peacetime without the consent of Parliament, did not prohibit the same in time of war, the Mutiny Act was expressly limited to one year's duration, so that, in either case, war or peace, military discipline could not be enforced, thereby making a standing army impossible for the Crown to maintain. As a result, Parliament annually passed a new Mutiny Act.[20] The Articles of War, published by the Crown, continued to govern military forces outside colonies overseas while the Mutiny Acts imposed military law on military forces in peacetime England. Many other changes occurred during this transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, which were "products of the exigencies and opportunities of the quarter century of warfare on the grand scale that commenced with the accession of William and Mary, when England, and then Britain, was able 'to set out such Fleets and Armies as were never heard of among our Ancestors.'"[21]
A new Mutiny Act was passed each year until 1879.[22] The Mutiny Act was modified early on to allow courts-martial for other military crimes besides mutiny, sedition, and desertion. Modifications to the Mutiny Act allowed courts-martial trial of soldiers for acts prohibited by the Crown’s articles of war, as long as the articles conformed to the Mutiny Act 1718.[23] Civilians who were closely associated to the military, such as victuallers, could also be tried by courts-martial.[24]
In 1807 all serving black soldiers recruited as slaves in the West India Regiments of the British Army were freed under that year's Mutiny Act.[25]
The Mutiny Acts 1765 and 1774 are better known as Quartering Acts because of the changes which added quartering requirements for British troops in the American Colonies, beyond what the Army had provided.
An Act to continue for Three Months the Act of the Session of the forty-first and forty-second years of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter ten, intituled "An Act for punishing Mutiny and Desertion, and for the better Payment of the Army and their Quarters."
An Act to continue for Three Months the Act of the Session of the forty-first and forty-second years of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter eleven, intituled "An Act for the Regulation of Her Majesty's Royal Marine Forces while on shore."
Report from the Select Committee on Mutiny and Marine Mutiny Acts. 26 July 1878. (C 316). Reports from Committees. Session 17 January to 16 August 1878. Volume 10. Page 253.
^William Winthrop, Military Law and Precedents, 19 (2d ed., Government Printing Office 1920)
^Henry Wager Halleck, Military Tribunals and Their Jurisdiction, Mil. L. Rev. Bicent. Issue 14, 15 (1975). Civilian codes and courts eventually gained power at the expense of military law and control. The first code that specifically regulated military personnel (as opposed to civilians) was the French ordonnance of 1378.
^"Edward I", History of the Monarchy, Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, retrieved 24 November 2008
^John Stuart-Smith, Military Law: Its History, Administration, and Practice, Mil. L. Rev. Bicent. Issue 24, 28 (1975).
^Sir Matthew Hale, The History of the Common Law of England, 26 (Charles M. Grey ed., U. Chi. Press 1971).
^William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England vol. IV, 436–7.
^William Winthrop, 14, 46. (The Petition of Right ensured, “[t]hat the exercise of Martial Law, whereby any Person should lose his Life or Member, or Liberty, may not be permitted in Time of Peace, when the King’s Courts are open for all Persons to receive Justice.”)
^Cannon, Richard (1847). Historical Records, of the British Army. Comprising the History of every Regiment in Her Majesty's Service: Historical Record of the First, or Royal Regiment of Foot: Containing an Account of the Origin of the Regiment in the Reign of King James VI of Scotland, and of its Subsequent Services to 1846. London: Parker, Furnivall, & Parker. p. 77.
^Fortescue, John (1928). The Empire and The Army. London, Toronto, Melbourne, and Sydney: Cassell and Company Ltd. p. 41.
^Stephen Foster, Evan Haefeli, Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series: British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, An Overview. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206124.003.0002 "additional instances of the efflorescence of institutions and institutionalization generally in the same period, which also comprehended the Bank of England, the National Debt, and a standing army funded by the annual Mutiny Act."
^David Glazier, Precedents Lost: The Neglected History of the Military Commission, 46 Va. J. Int’l. L. 5, 12 (2005).
^Collins, Civil-Military 'Legal' Relations, 2018, p 68. "Mutiny Act": Raithby, "Statutes Expired", An Index to the Statutes at Large, 1814, vol 3.
^Current Law Statutes 1994, vol 4, p 122; Donohue and McCabe, "Federal Courts", Georgetown University Law Center, to be included in Catholic University Law Review, footnote 249, [1]. "Mutiny Act": Raithby, "Statutes Expired", An Index to the Statutes at Large, 1814, vol 3.
^Current Law Statutes Annotated 1993, vol 4, p 118. "Mutiny Act": Merkin, Marine Insurance: A Legal History, 2021, p cxxxvi.
^Current Law Statutes 1998, vol 3, p 123. "Mutiny Act": Raithby, "Statutes Expired", An Index to the Statutes at Large, 1814.
^Avins, "The Development of the Concept of Military Desertion in Anglo-American Law" (1963) 4 Melbourne University Law Review 91 at 100 [2] (June 1963); (1760) 22 The Scots Magazine 163 (March). "Mutiny Act": Comyns and Kyd, A Digest of the Laws of England, 4th Ed, 1793, vol 4, p 481.
^Current Law Statutes 1998, vol 3, p 123; "Captain Plumbe" in "Collections - Archives", King's Own Royal Regiment Museum. "Mutiny Act": Raithby, "Statutes Expired", An Index to the Statutes at Large, 1814, vol 3.
^Current Law Statutes 1994, vol 4, p 122. "Mutiny Act": Raithby, "Statutes Expired", An Index to the Statutes at Large, 1814, vol 3.
^Current Law Statutes 1995, vol 4, p 123. "Mutiny Act": Raithby, "Statutes Expired", An Index to the Statutes at Large, 1814, vol 3
^Current Law Statutes 1994, vol 4, p 122. "Mutiny Act": Raithby, "Statutes Expired", An Index to the Statutes at Large, 1814, vol 3
^Bateson (ed), Paley on Summary Convictions, 9th Ed, 1926, p 563; King v Bowen (1793) 5 Term Reports 156 (1817 Edition)
^"Alderney History" (1927) 9 Transactions of La Societe Guernesiaise 219. "Mutiny Act": Hawkins and Leach, A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown, 7th Ed, 1795, vol 1, p 654.
^Charles James, The Regimental Companion, 7th Ed, 1811, vol 2, p 424; Lederer, "Warrants of Attachment" (1982) 98 Military Law Review 1 at 19 (Fall 1982)
^Clode, The Military Forces of the Crown, 1869, vol 2, p 22; (1960) 13 Vanderbilt Law Review 444; Kelly, Echoes of Success: Identity and the Highland Regiments (2015) 104 History of Warfare 95; McConnell, The President who would not be King, 2020, p 387.
^Defence of the Honourable Andrew Cochrane Johnstone, 1806, p 66; M'Arthur, Principles and Practice of Naval and Military Courts Martial, 3rd Ed, 1806, vol 1, p 261, and see further pp 24, 25, 27, 34, 35, 38, 41, 57, 58, 62, 127, 128, 169, 215, 242 & 282; "Annual Mutiny Act": Burn and Woodfall, The Justice of the Peace, 20th Ed, 1805, vol 3, p 207.
^Clode, The Military Forces of the Crown, 1869, vol 2, p 35.
^Mutiny Bill 1809, p 3. "Mutiny Act": 34 The Monthly Magazine 68; Raithby, "Statutes Expired", An Index to the Statutes at Large, 1814, vol 3.
^Clode, The Military Forces of the Crown, 1869, vol 1, p 155; "Mutiny Act": Burn and Durnford and King, The Justice of the Peace, 21st Ed, 1810, vol 5, p 858.
^Scully, A Statement of the Penal Laws, 2nd Ed, 1812, part 1, p 130; Clode, The Military Forces of the Crown, 1869, vol 1, p 155
^Clode, The Military Forces of the Crown, 1869, vol 1, p 399; Clode, The Administration of Justice under Military and Martial Law, 2nd Ed, 1874, p 33; M'Arthur, Principles and Practice of Naval and Military Courts Martial, 4th Ed, 1813, vol 1, pp 25, 27, 38, 40 to 43, 64, 72, 134, 145, 234, 322 and passim. "Mutiny Act": Toone, The Magistrate's Manual, 1813, p p 258.
^Lord Advocate v Mirrielees' Trustees [1945] SC(HL) 1 at 7
^Clode, The Military Forces of the Crown, 1869, vol 2, p 33 (The regnal year "54" is a misprint. 54 Geo 3 c 10 related to militia. Cf the Mutiny Acts, 54 Geo. 3. c. 25, s 94; 55 Geo. 3. c. 108, s 98; and 57 Geo. 3. c. 12, s 99). "Mutiny Act": Williams, "Standing Army", Compendious and Comprehensive Law Dictionary, 1816; Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, p 712; Statutes at Large, p 31.
^Mutiny Act 1817, vLex. "Mutiny Act (Army)": Report from the Committee upon Expiring and Expired Laws (Session 58 Geo 3), p 39. "Mutiny Act": Dickinson, The Justice Law of the last Five Years: viz. from 1813 to 1817: both inclusive, 1818, pp 507 & 510.
^Mutiny Act 1819, vLex; Benito Tauler Cid, "Military aspects of British participation in the First Carlist War (2021) Chapter 5, p 147. "Mutiny Act": Burn, The Justice of the Peace, 23rd Ed by Chetwynd, 1820, vol 3, p 327; Radzinowicz, A History of English Criminal Law and Its Administration from 1750, 1948, vol 2, pp 61 & 630.
^Clode, The Administration of Justice under Military and Martial Law, 2nd Ed, 1874, p 234; Chitty, A Collection of Statutes of Practical Utility, 1828, vol 1, part 1, p 307; Dickinson, A Practical Exposition of the Law relative to the Office and Duties of a Justice of the Peace, 2nd Ed, 1822, vol 3, p 276
^(1982) South African Historical Journal, numbers 14 to 18, p 30. Bacon, Gwyllim, Dodd, Wilson and Bouvier. A New Abridgment of the Law. Philadelphia. Thomas Davis. 1846. vol 9. p 169.
^(1957) 4 Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law 118; Campbell, A Dictionary of the Military Science, New Ed, 1844, p 114. "Mutiny Act": Chitty, A Collection of Statutes of Practical Utility, 1829, vol 1, p 463; Deacon, A Guide to Magistrates out of Sessions, 1843, vol 1, p 40.
^Wilson, Accommodating the King's Hard Bargain, 2016, PT28; "Mutiny Act, annual", Index to the Publick General Acts 2° & 3° Gul IV, p 839 and see chapter 28; "Annual Acts" in "Mutiny": Greenwood, An Analytical Digest of Cases published in the New Series of Law Journal Reports . . . , 1838, p 356; "Statute 2 & 3 Will IV c 28", Report of the Law [3].
^"Military Law in 1839", Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, 1969, vols 47 & 48, pp 233 & 238; Duff, Treatise on Deeds Chiefly Affecting Moveables, 1840, p 289; Supplement to the Jurist, Digest of Statutes 1840, p 179.
^D'Aiguilar. Observations on the Practice and Forms of District, Regimental and Detachment Courts Martial with References to the Mutiny Act of 1839 . . . By a field officer. 1839.
^Notes on Military Law: Proceedings of Courts Martial &c &c &c, Woolwich and London, 1841, p 165; Davis and Metcalf and Sharswood, Russell and Greaves, A Treatise on Crimes and Misdemeanors, 6th American Ed, 1850, vol 1, original page number 437, at p 436 in this Ed.
^[1835 to 1842] All ER Rep 130 [4][5]. Richard Glover. Peninsular Preparation. Cambridge University Press. 1963. p 180. "Mutiny Act": Thomas Frederick Simmons. Remarks on the Constitution and Practice of Courts Martial. Third Edition. 1843. p 385.
^Hughes, The Duties of Judge Advocates, 1845, pp 13 & 100; Hargrave (ed), Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, 21st Ed, 1844, p 421.
^Re Petition of Right of T J Tuffnell (1876) 24 The Weekly Reporter 915 at 916; (1876) 34 Law Times Reports (New Series) 838 at 840.
^Smith (ed), Selected Writings of James Fitzjames Stephen: A General View of the Criminal Law of England, 2014, p 135; Taylor, Treatise on the Law of Evidence, as Administered in England and Ireland, 1848, vol 1, pp 4 & 339.
^Mcconville, A History of English Prison Administration, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981, Routledge, 2016, p 487; (1849) 59 Colburn's United Service Magazine 130.
^Hough, Precedents in Military Law, 1855, p 805; The English and Empire Digest, 1924, vol 15, p 701; "Mutiny Act": R v Ferrall (1850) 20 LJMC39 and 40 (Queen v Ferrall).
^Thomson, The Military Forces & Institutions of Great Britain and Ireland, 1855, pp 106, 117, 118, 122, 136 to 141 & 174. "Mutiny Act": Stewart (ed), Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, 23th Ed, 1854, original page number 414 at p 516.
^Clode, The Administration of Justice Under Military and Martial Law, 2nd Ed, 1874, p 283. "Mutiny Act": Thomson, The Military Forces & Institutions of Great Britain and Ireland, 1855, p 103.
^Archbold's Snowden's Magistrates Assistant, and Police Officers and Constables Guide. 3rd Ed. 1857. p 363
^In re Mansergh (1861) 30 Law Journal Reports (New Series) 296 at 297
^Clode, The Administration of Justice Under Military and Martial Law, 2nd Ed, 1874, pp 288 & 289; "Mutiny Act": Chambers's Encyclopaedia, Rev Ed, 1874, vol 2, p 308; White, Legal Antiquities, 1913, p 298 [6].
^Rudolf Gneist. Das englische Verwaltungsrecht mit Einschluss des Heeres, der Gerichte und der Kirche. Julius Springer. Berlin. 1867. Volume 2. Page 966. Charles Mathew Clode. The Administration of Justice Under Military and Martial Law. Second Edition. John Murray. Albemarle Street, London. 1874. Page 298. "Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed), The Practical Statutes of the Session 1859, London, 1859, p iii.
^James Paterson. The Game Laws of the United Kingdom. Shaw and Sons. London. 1861. Page 84
^Chalmers and Hood Phillips' Constitutional Laws of Great Britain, the British Empire and Commonwealth. Sixth Edition. Sweet & Maxwell. 1946. Page xii.
^The Bill for this Act was the Mutiny Bill: see "Mutiny Bill". Index to Hansard's Parliamentary Debates in the Fourth Session of the Eighteenth Parliament of the United Kingdom. 25° & 26° Victoria, 1862.
^Rama G Vidhu, Court Martial Process: Empirically Studied, Vij Books, New Delhi, 2011, p 50. Civil Judgments - No 111 (1887) 22 The Punjab Record 258 at 265 (December 1887). "Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed). The Practical Statutes of the Session 1863, p iii. See further Simmons, The Constitution and Practice of Courts Martial, 7th Ed, John Murray, 1875, paras 6, 522 & 1014 at pp 5, 222 & 409; "Legislative Dispatch to India", No 29, 23 September 1864, Selections from Despatches Addressed to the Several Governments in India by the Secretary of State in Council, between the 1st January and 31st December 1863, p 109.
^Ward v Gray (1865) 1 The Bar Reports 305; 6 Best & Smith 344 or 345; 29 The Justice of the Peace 275 and 470; 34 Law Journal Magistrates Cases 146; 34 Law Journal Queen's Bench 164; 3 Cox's Magistrate Cases 268; 11(1) The Jurist (New Series) 738.
^Rudolf Gneist. Das englische Verwaltungsrecht mit Einschluss des Heeres, der Gerichte und der Kirche. Julius Springer. Berlin. 1867. Volume 2. Page 966. "Practical Points" (1866) 30 Justice of the Peace 12 at 14 (6 January 1866).
^"Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed). The Practical Statutes of the Session 1865. Horace Cox. London. 1865. Page v.
^Sydney Hastings. A Treatise on Torts. H Sweet & Sons. London. C F Maxwell. Melbourne and Sydney. Carswell & Co. Toronto. 1885. pp 30 & 31. Footnote (v). ("28 & 29" is a misprint for "29" or "29 & 30").
^Colin Frank Padfield. British Constitution Made Simple. 4th Ed. W H Allen. London. September 1977. p 347.
^Murphy v Fielding and Bacon (1866) 18 Irish Jurist 415. "Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed). The Practical Statutes of the Session 1866. Horace Cox. London. 1866. p iii.
^Charles Mathew Clode. The Military Forces of the Crown. John Murray. Albemarle Street, London. 1869. Volume 2. Page 33.
^Charles Mathew Clode. The Military Forces of the Crown. John Murray. Albemarle Street, London. 1869. Volume 2. Pages 24 and 262. "Mutiny Act": William Paterson (ed). The Practical Statutes of the Session 1869. p iii.
^Mutiny Act 1870, vLex. "Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed), The Practical Statutes of the Session 1870, London, 1870, p v. "Mutiny Act of 1870": The Cabinet Lawyer, 23rd Ed, 1871, p 322.
^Charles Mathew Clode. The Administration of Justice Under Military and Martial Law. John Murray. Albemarle Street, London. 1872. Page 192. "Mutiny Act": William Paterson (ed). The Practical Statutes of the Session 1871. p iii.
^Charles Mathew Clode. The Administration of Justice Under Military and Martial Law. John Murray. Albemarle Street, London. 1872. Pages xvi, 186 and 188. Second Annual Report of the Local Government Board. 1872-73. Printed by George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode for HMSO. 1873. Appendix to the Second Annual Report of the Local Government Board. p 26.
^"Practical Points" (1875) 39 The Justice of the Peace 91 at 93 (6 February 1875).
^"Practical Points" (1875) 39 The Justice of the Peace 428 at 430 (3 July 1875).
^Craig v Nicholas [1900] 2 QB 444 at 446; (1900) 64 JP 569; (1900) 19 Cox CC 526 at 528.
^Saunders, Thomas William. The Law and Practice of Orders of Affiliation, and Proceedings in Bastardy. 7th Ed. 1878. p 103.
^ abThe Public General Acts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland passed in the Forty-Second and Forty-Third Years of the Reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Edward Bret Ince for the proprietors of the Law Journal Reports. London. 1879. p 340.
^As to the Marine Mutiny Acts generally, see further Clode, The Administration of Justice Under Military and Martial Law, John Murray, London, 1872, para 22 of ch 4 at p 73
^Lise Hull, Tracing Your Family Roots: The Complete Problem Solver, Collins & Brown, 2005, p 120; "Marine Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed), The Practical Statutes of the Session 1860, p iii
^James Paterson. The Game Laws of the United Kingdom. Shaw and Sons. London. 1861. Page 85
^Paterson (ed), The Practical Statutes of the Session 1862, p iii
^Paterson (ed), The Practical Statutes of the Session 1863, p iii
^Marine Mutiny Act 1864, vLex. "Marine Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed), The Practical Statutes of the Session 1864, p iii.
^Rickards. The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 27 & 28 Victoria, 1864. 11
^Marine Mutiny Act 1866, vLex. "Marine Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed), The Practical Statutes of the Session 1866, p iii.
^Marine Mutiny Act 1868, vLex. "Marine Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed), The Practical Statutes of the Session 1868, p iii.
^Marine Mutiny Act 1869, vLex. "Marine Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed), The Practical Statutes of the Session 1869, p iii.
^Marine Mutiny Act 1870, vLex. "Marine Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed), The Practical Statutes of the Session 1870, p iii.
^Edward Hertslet (compiler). Index of Subjects to the Twelve Volumes of Treaties and Conventions, and Reciprocal Regulations, at present subsisting between Great Britain and Foreign Powers. Butterworths. London. 1871. p 37. "Marine Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed). The Practical Statutes of the Session 1871. p iii.
^Rolin-Jaequemyns, Asser and Westlake. Archives de droit international de de législation comparée, 1874, vol 1, pp 474 & 505. Marine Mutiny Act 1872, vLex. "Marine Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed), The Practical Statutes of the Session 1872, p iii.
^"Practical Points" (1873) 37 The Justice of the Peace 428 at 429 (5 July 1873).
^Marine Mutiny Act 1874, vLex. "Marine Mutiny Act", Punch's Pocket Book for 1875, pp 55 to 57. "Marine Mutiny Act": Paterson (ed), The Practical Statutes of the Session 1874, p iii; (1875) 39 Justice of the Peace 29. "Marine Mutiny Act of 1874": "Mutiny Acts 1874", Appendix to the Fourth Annual Report of the Local Government Board, p 5
