Moroccan Americans (Arabic: المغاربة في الولايات المتحدة, romanized: al-Maghāribah fī al-Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah) are Americans citizens who are of Moroccan descent, either fully or partially. It is also applied to Americans who hold dual citizenship in America and Morocco.
History of immigration
Moroccan presence in the United States was rare until the mid-twentieth century. The first North African who came to the current United States was probably Estebanico Al Azemmouri (also called Estevanico), a Muslim Moroccan of Gnawa descent,[2] who participated in Pánfilo de Narváez's ill-fated expedition to colonize Florida and the Gulf Coast in 1527. Only Azemmouri and three of his comrades survived during the eleven year, 5,000 mile journey from Florida to Texas.[3] In 1534, Azemmouri crossed the southern United States to Arizona, accompanying Marcos de Niza as a guide in his search of the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola ahead of Coronado.[4] Azemmouri was the first explorer to enter a Native American village.[3]
The first American Jew to serve in the Senate was David Levy Yulee, who was of Moroccan descent and served as Florida's first Senator from 1845 to 1851 and again 1855–1861.
It is also possible that some South American descendants of Moroccan Jews emigrated to the U.S. in the early twentieth century, after the decline of the rubber industry in South America in 1910, to which their families had been dedicated for generations. After World War II, some groups of Jews from Morocco emigrated to the United States, fleeing poverty in North Africa. Most of them settled in previously established Sephardic Jewish communities from Spain, Turkey, or the Balkans.[5] After Moroccan independence in 1956, many of their best young researchers left to study at American universities, joining scientific faculties.[6] Muslim Moroccans, however, did not arrive to the United States in significant numbers until the late 1970s.
During the 1980s and 1990s, many Moroccans entered the United States to attend colleges, universities, graduate schools, and medical schools.[5] Some Moroccans emigrated to United States seeking work, opening small retail stores and restaurants.[6]
In 1990 there were about 15,000 Moroccan Americans, with most of them being in New York City.[7]
Statistics
As of the 2000 U.S. Census 38,923 Americans stated they were of Moroccan descent. About half of Moroccan immigrants arrived during or after 2000, a higher proportion than is found among U.S. immigrants overall, and the majority are U.S. citizens.[8] As of 2009, 27,000 Moroccans (about 70% of the entire Moroccan American community) had immigrated between 1992 and 2002, with most of the Moroccan Americans living in large urban areas.[7] By 2015, there were approximately 84,000 Moroccan immigrants and their children (first and second generations) living in the United States.These numbers, however, are very approximate: surveys and censuses regularly leave out representatives of ethnic and/religious minorities who, for various reasons, prefer not to be identified with the country of their origin.[9]
The vast majority of Moroccan Americans practice Islam. Most Moroccans are Sunni Muslims of the Maliki madh'hab. Morocco has historically allowed women a degree of freedom relatively high in the Islamic world.[10]
Moroccans in New York City established the Islamic Mission of America for the Propagation of Islam and Defense of the Faith and the Faithful, the second mosque in New York.[7]
A large minority of Moroccans identify with Judaism, specifically Sephardic Judaism.[5]
Media of Moroccan Americans
Tingis is a Moroccan American magazine which highlights cultural concerns, ideas, and issues of Moroccan Americans. It works against prejudice and cultural divisions, building and expanding bridges between the U.S. and Morocco.[11]
Organizations
There are some important organizations created mainly by Moroccans (and Algerians) Americans in Chicago, whose function is to help newly arrived immigrants to the United States. These arose in the 1990s. Of these organizations must be emphasized the Assembly of the Maghreb. This assembly has tried to help new immigrants from North Africa to adapt to American life and maintain, in turn, the principles of Sunni Islam. Because most North African immigrants in Chicago have not been associated closely with the Muslim Middle East, the North Africans come together as a common community. Often, in relation to the area of the mosque, the organization has taught job skills, English language, the importance of Sirat al-Mustaqim and moderation, among other things. Have been trained women to balance paid work with traditional household chores.[12] Religious activities, such as collective prayer and the feasts of Ramadan, have been important in unifying Moroccans and other North African Muslim groups in Chicago.[6]
Other Moroccan American associations are: the Moroccan American Community Organization (that establishes respect and knowledge of Moroccan culture),[13] The Moroccan American House Association,[14] Association of Moroccan Professionals in America (AMPA),[15] Moroccan American Association of Northern California (MAANC, a non-profit organization that helps families of Moroccan origin living in Southern California in the areas economical, psychological and cultural adjustment, improving the quality of services to Moroccan immigrants, fast integration, and establish educational and cultural programs to try to keep the Moroccan culture in the community),[16] Washington Moroccan Association (WAMA, localized in Seattle - Tacoma Metropolitan are establishing ties between Morocco and the United States, increased understanding of Moroccan culture and history of the community, charitable, educational and civic organizations on behalf of their members and build relationships with other organizations with similar functions, in the Arab community of Washington state)[17] and Moroccan Society of Houston (Moroccan USA association NGO- its main goal is coordina social, cultural, and sport activities to maintain and strengthen the community's cultural heritage, and to "enhance mutual understanding" with other communities. In addition, they have a scholarship fund to help students with their college education expenses).[18]
Alain J. P. Belda, American businessman that has been a Managing Director of Warburg Pincus since 2009. Previously he was the Chairman of the Board of Alcoa from January 2001; he was Chief Executive Officer from January 2001 until May 2008
Bibi Bourelly, singer-songwriter (Half Moroccan through maternal side)
Paul Marciano, American fashion designer, businessman, investor, and philanthropist, co-founder of Guess Inc
Sanaa Hamri, Moroccan-American film, television, and music video director
John Fritchey, former Democratic Cook County Commissioner of the Cook County Board of Commissioners who represented the 12th district in Chicago from 2010 until 2018 and was a Democratic State Representative in the Illinois House of Representatives.
Baruj Benacerraf, American immunologist, of Moroccan Jews descent who shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the "discovery of the major histocompatibility complex genes.
Driss R. Temsamani, Moroccan American author, community organizer, and Head of Marketing & Strategic Planning for Citigroup Latin America and the Caribbean
Modar Alaoui, Moroccan-American serial entrepreneur mostly known for his work in the field of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision-based face analytics and emotion recognition technologies; founder and CEO of Eyeris Technologies, Inc.
Shiri Appleby, American actress and director of Moroccan Jewish descent on her mother's side
Aicha Elbasri, writer and former United Nations official. She is the author of L’Imaginaire carcéral de Jean Genet, a book on Jean Genet, a prominent, controversial French writer and later political activist. She was previously the Spokesperson for the African Union – United Nations hybrid peacekeeping mission in Darfur, UNAMID.
Joseph Chetrit, American of Moroccan descent and real estate investor and developer
Moses Bensusan, Canadian-American real estate developer, he is the CEO of Liberty Grande, LLC a real estate development company and CEO/President of Logictech Construction Group
^Martínez Laínez, Fernando; Canales, Carlos (2009). Banderas Lejanas: la Exploración, Conquista y Defensa por España del Territorio de los Actuales Estados Unidos (In Spanish: Far Flags: Exploration, conquest and Defence by Spain of the Territory of the United States Current). EDAF. ISBN978-84-414-2119-6
^ abcPowell, John. Encyclopedia of North American Immigration (Facts on File library of American history). Infobase Publishing. January 1, 2009. ISBN143811012X, 9781438110127. p. 195.
^S. Gintsburg (2016). Moroccan Immigrants in the United States of America: History, Languages and Identities. In Identidad y conciencia lingüistica: VI Congreso de Árabe Marroquí, pp. 195 - 214
^Stephen R. Porter (December 26, 2005). "Algerians". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
Bibas, David. Immigrants and the Formation of Community: A Case Study of Moroccan Jewish Immigration to America (AMS Press, 1998).
Bookin-Weiner, Jerome B. and Mohamed El Mansour, eds. The Atlantic Connection: 200 Years of Moroccan-American Relations, 1786–1986 (Rabat: Edino, 1990)
Dike, M. Ruth. "Exploring evolving Moroccan identities in the diaspora." Digest: A Journal of Foodways and Culture 3.1 (2014). online[dead link]
Gintsburg, Sarali. "Moroccan Immigrants in the United States of America: History, Languages and Identities." In Identidad y conciencia lingüistica: VI Congreso de Árabe Marroquí (2016): 195-214
Kalpakian, Jack. "Managing Morocco's image in United States domestic politics." Journal of North African Studies 11.1 (2006): 55–69.
Shostak, Elizabeth. "Moroccan Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 245–258. online
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