Mary Robinson

For other people named Mary Robinson, see Mary Robinson (disambiguation).

Mary Robinson
Robinson in 2014
7th President of Ireland
In office
3 December 1990 – 12 September 1997
Taoiseach
Preceded byPatrick Hillery
Succeeded byMary McAleese
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
In office
12 September 1997 – 12 September 2002
Secretary-GeneralKofi Annan
Preceded byJosé Ayala Lasso
Succeeded bySérgio Vieira de Mello
Senator
In office
5 November 1969 – 5 July 1989
ConstituencyDublin University
Personal details
Born
Mary Therese Winifred Bourke

(1944-05-21) 21 May 1944 (age 80)
Ballina, County Mayo, Ireland
Political partyIndependent (before 1977, 1985–present)
Other political
affiliations		Labour Party (1977–1985)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1970)​
Children3
Residences
Alma mater
Profession
Awards
Signature
Mary Robinson's voice
From the BBC programme Desert Island Discs
Recorded 28 July 2013[1]

Mary Therese Winifred Robinson (Irish: Máire Mhic Róibín;[2] née Bourke; born 21 May 1944) is an Irish politician who served as the seventh president of Ireland, holding the office from December 1990 to September 1997. She was the country's first female president. Robinson had previously served as a senator in Seanad Éireann from 1969 to 1989, and as a councillor on Dublin Corporation from 1979 to 1983. Although she had been briefly affiliated with the Labour Party during her time as a senator, she became the first independent candidate to win the presidency and the first not to have had the support of Fianna Fáil.[3] Following her time as president, Robinson became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 1997 to 2002.

Robinson and her presidency are widely regarded as having a transformative effect on Ireland. Having successfully campaigned on several liberalising issues as a senator and as a lawyer, Robinson was involved in the decriminalisation of homosexuality, the legalisation of contraception, the legalisation of divorce, enabling women to sit on juries, and securing the right to legal aid in civil legal cases in Ireland.[4] She was Ireland's most popular president, at one point having a 93% approval rating among the electorate.

During her tenure as High Commissioner, she visited Tibet (1998), the first High Commissioner to have done so; she criticised Ireland's immigration policy; and criticised the use of capital punishment in the United States. She extended her intended single four-year term as High Commissioner by one year to preside over the World Conference against Racism 2001 in Durban, South Africa: the conference proved controversial due to a draft document which equated Zionism with racism. Robinson resigned her post in September 2002. After leaving the United Nations in 2002, Robinson formed Realizing Rights: the Ethical Globalization Initiative,[5] which came to a planned end at the end of 2010.

Robinson served as Chancellor of the University of Dublin from 1998 until 2019, and as Oxfam's honorary president from 2002 until she stepped down in 2012. She returned to live in Ireland at the end of 2010 and has since founded The Mary Robinson Foundation – Climate Justice.[6] Robinson remains active in campaigning globally on issues of civil rights. She has been the honorary president of the European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation (EIUC) since 2005. She is a former Chair of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and is also a founding member and chair of the Council of Women World Leaders. She was a member of the European members of the Trilateral Commission.

Early life and background (1944–1969)

Born in Ballina, County Mayo, in 1944, she is the daughter of two medical doctors.[7] Her father was Aubrey Bourke, of Ballina, while her mother was Tessa Bourke (née O'Donnell) from Carndonagh in Inishowen, County Donegal.[8] Mary was raised, along with her brothers, at Victoria House (Numbers 1 and 2 Victoria Terrace), her parents' residence in the centre of Ballina.[9] Her family had links with many diverse political strands in Ireland. One ancestor was a leading activist in the Irish National Land League of Mayo and the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB); an uncle, Sir Paget John Bourke, was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II after a career as a judge in the Colonial Service; while another relative was a Catholic nun. Some branches of the family were members of the Anglican Church of Ireland while others were Catholics. More distant relatives included William Liath de Burgh, Tibbot MacWalter Kittagh Bourke, and Charles Bourke.[10]

She attended Mount Anville Secondary School in Dublin[11] and studied law at Trinity College Dublin (where she was elected a scholar in 1965).[12] As the Catholic Church's ban on Catholics attending Trinity was still in place at the time of Bourke's application, her parents had to first request permission from Archbishop McQuaid to allow her to attend.[13] She was one of three women in her class in Trinity,[14] and graduated in 1967 with first-class honours.[12] An outspoken critic of some Catholic church teachings, during her inaugural address as auditor of the Dublin University Law Society in 1967 she advocated removing the prohibition of divorce from the Irish Constitution, eliminating the ban on the use of contraceptives, and decriminalizing homosexuality and suicide.[15] She furthered her studies at the King's Inns and was called to the Irish Bar in 1967.[16] She was awarded a fellowship to attend Harvard Law School, receiving an LL.M in 1968.[17]

Main articles: Seanad career of Mary Robinson and Legal career of Mary Robinson
Leinster House, which houses Seanad Éireann

In 1969, aged 25, Bourke was appointed Reid Professor of Criminal Law at Trinity College.[18] That same year, Bourke was first elected to Seanad Éireann as an independent senator.[19] Her goals as a senator were "to open up Ireland and separate Catholic teaching from aspects of the criminal law and therefore reform the law on contraceptives, legalise homosexuality and change the constitutional ban on divorce."[20] Her time in office is most closely associated with these issues, as well as securing the right for women to serve on juries and her involvement with the Wood Quay protests.

In 1970, she married Nicholas Robinson, with whom she had a relationship since they were law students and who was then practising as a solicitor. They have three children together.[21]

A result of Ireland joining the European Economic Community was that two of Robinson's key goals were met: Ireland was required to offer women in the public service equal pay to men, which came into effect in June 1973; and in July the marriage bar for women in the civil service was lifted.[22]

In late July 1976, Robinson joined the Labour Party, though she later left the party in 1985.[23] Whilst a member of the party, she twice ran for Dáil Éireann, but lost both races.

Trinity College Dublin.
Robinson served as Reid Professor of Law in the university, as well as being one of its three elected senators in Seanad Éireann for twenty years.

During her time in office, Robinson won several landmark court cases. She first fought a gender-based case in the Labour Court on behalf of her husband. Under the pension scheme in place for politicians at the time, the widows of politicians were often entitled to pensions, but widowers were not. On 12 May 1979, the court ruled in her favour.[24] In July 1979, she appeared in court on behalf of a couple who alleged that the Irish tax system was discriminatory as the tax allowances available to couples were less than double those available to single people. A court decision in their favour was made in October but was appealed by the Irish government. The Supreme Court eventually ruled in favour of the couple in April 1980.[24] Robinson also lost a groundbreaking case in the European Court of Justice, the first case in which the court granted legal aid to a plaintiff.[25]

On 23 May 1989, Robinson announced that she would not be seeking re-election, and on 5 July 1989, Robinson served as a senator on her last day in her Seanad career.[26]

Presidential campaign

Main articles: 1990 Irish presidential election and Presidency of Mary Robinson

Background

Robinson won the Labour Party nomination over former Minister for Health Noel Browne by a 4:1 majority.[27] She had the advantage of being the first candidate nominated for the election (and the first female), in that she could cover more meetings, public addresses and interviews. However, she refused to be drawn on specifics in case she would alienate possible support. She also received the backing of The Irish Times newspaper, and this proved hugely advantageous.

Candidates from other parties

Robinson ran against two other candidates: Austin Currie, for Fine Gael, and Brian Lenihan for Fianna Fáil. Currie was widely seen as the Fine Gael's last choice as a candidate, nominated only when no one else was available. Fianna Fáil's candidate, then Tánaiste and Minister for Defence Brian Lenihan had become popular during his three decades in politics. Like Robinson, he had delivered liberal policy reform.

At the beginning of the campaign, Lenihan was seen as the favourite to win the presidency. As the campaign proceeded, however, it became apparent that Robinson was a serious contender. Crucial to her appeal was the deep unpopularity of the Taoiseach, Charles Haughey, and the rising popularity of Dick Spring.

Robinson obtained the backing of the Workers' Party which was strong in Dublin and Cork and was considered crucial to getting working-class votes.

A transfer pact was agreed upon between Fine Gael and Labour, as both parties were normally preferred partners for each other in general elections.

Lenihan controversy

Main articles: Brian Lenihan Snr § The Lenihan tape, and Brian Lenihan Snr § "On mature recollection"

During the campaign it emerged that what Lenihan had told friends and insiders in private flatly contradicted his public statements on a controversial effort in 1982 by the opposition Fianna Fáil to pressure President Hillery into refusing a parliamentary dissolution to Garret FitzGerald, the Taoiseach at the time; Hillery had resolutely rejected the pressure.

Lenihan denied he had pressured the President but then a tape was produced of an interview he had given to a postgraduate student the previous May, in which he frankly discussed attempting to apply pressure. Lenihan claimed that "on mature recollection" he hadn't pressured the President and had been confused in his interview with the student. The issue, however, nearly led to the collapse of the government.

Under pressure from the junior coalition partner, the Progressive Democrats, Haughey sacked Lenihan as Tánaiste and Minister for Defence. Lenihan's integrity was seriously questioned. Lenihan's role in the event in 1982 seemed to imply that he could be instructed by Haughey in his duties, and that electing Lenihan was in effect empowering the controversial Haughey. In an effort to weaken Robinson, a government minister and Haughey ally, Pádraig Flynn, launched a controversial personal attack on Mary Robinson "as a wife and mother" and "having a new-found interest in her family".[28] Flynn, even more controversially, also joked privately that Robinson would "turn the Áras [President's residence] into the Red Cow Inn [a pub in Dublin]". Flynn's tirade was itself attacked in response as "disgraceful" on radio by Michael McDowell, a senior member of the Progressive Democrat party which up to that point supported Lenihan's campaign.[29] When Robinson met McDowell later in a restaurant, she quipped, "with enemies like McDowell, who needs friends?" Flynn's attack was a fatal blow to Lenihan's campaign, causing many female supporters of Lenihan to vote for Robinson in a gesture of support.

Lenihan's support evaporated, and Haughey concluded that the election was as good as lost. Haughey distanced himself from Lenihan and sacked him from the Cabinet. This had unintended consequences, as disquiet within the Fianna Fáil organisation concerning Haughey's leadership increased dramatically. Many canvassers now restarted the campaign to get Lenihan elected. However, Lenihan's personal confidence was shattered and although he recovered somewhat in the polls towards the end of the campaign, it was insufficient. He was ahead on the first count with 44% of the first-preference votes — Robinson attaining 39%.[30] However, transfers from Currie proved critical and the majority of these went — as expected — against Fianna Fáil. Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil presidential candidate to lose a presidential election. Robinson became president, the first woman to hold the office, and the first candidate to be second on first preference votes to win the presidency.

She became the first Labour Party candidate, the first woman, and the first non-Fianna-Fáil candidate in a contested presidential election to win the presidency. RTÉ broadcast her victory speech live rather than The Angelus. Her first television interview as President-elect was on the RTÉ children's television show The Den with Ray D'Arcy, puppets Zig and Zag and Dustin the Turkey, another puppet.[31]

Presidency (1990 – 1997)

Main article: Presidency of Mary Robinson
Robinson gives a speech, 1994

Inauguration and early term

Video footage of Robinson's Inauguration speech as President of Ireland

Robinson was inaugurated as the seventh President of Ireland on 3 December 1990. She proved a remarkably popular President, earning the praise of Brian Lenihan himself who, before his death five years later, said that she was a better President than he ever could have been.[32]

In 1991, Robinson was prevented from leaving the country by Charles Haughey's government. The power of the government to prevent the president from leaving the country is enshrined in Article 12.9 of the Irish constitution, which states that "the President shall not leave the State [...] save with the consent of the Government". Robinson had been invited to deliver the prestigious BBC Dimbleby Lecture, and was to be speaking on the position of women and the family in Ireland. Wary of Robinson's position as a feminist and human rights lawyer, the government prevented her from leaving as they wished to avoid the negative publicity that they believed would arise from a speech they believed would be highly critical of the Irish state.[33]

International relations

Robinson greets U.S. President Bill Clinton on a visit to Dublin, 1995

In 1992, Robinson travelled to Somalia, which at the time was struck by famine. She then travelled to the UN to make a report of her findings.[34] The UN ultimately failed in its effort to relieve the famine, and the United States eventually intervened, ending the famine by March 1993.

In the summer of 1993, Robinson met and shook hands with both Queen Elizabeth II and Gerry Adams (the president of Sinn Féin), meetings which occurred on two separate occasions. On 27 May,[34] Robinson became the first serving Irish president to visit the United Kingdom and meet Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.[35] She later welcomed visits by senior members of the British royal family, most notably Charles, Prince of Wales, to her official residence, Áras an Uachtaráin.[citation needed] In June, a few weeks after her trip to London, Robinson controversially met and shook hands with Gerry Adams in Belfast.[36] Dick Spring, now the Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs, had advised her not to meet Adams,[citation needed] whose party was linked with the Provisional IRA. His disapproval was well-circulated by Irish media.[37] However, the Government refused to formally advise her not to meet with him.[citation needed] During her various visits to Northern Ireland, she in fact regularly met politicians of all hues, including David Trimble of the Ulster Unionist Party and John Hume of the Social Democratic and Labour Party.[citation needed]

Oireachtas

In the previous 52 years, only one address to the Oireachtas (parliament) had taken place, by President Éamon de Valera in 1966, on the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising. Robinson delivered two such addresses. She was also invited to chair a committee to review the workings of the United Nations, but declined when asked to by the Government of Ireland, who feared that her involvement might make it difficult for it to oppose the proposals that would result.[citation needed]

Church and religion

Robinson at the Amnesty International Ireland Conference, February 1996

To the surprise of her critics, who had seen her as embodying liberalism that the Catholic Church disapproved of, she had a close working relationship with the Church. She visited Irish nuns and priests abroad regularly, and became the first President to host an Áras reception for the Christian Brothers. When on a working trip to Rome, she requested, and was granted, an audience with Pope John Paul II. Her outfit was condemned by a young priest, Fr David O'Hanlon, for supposedly breaking Vatican dress codes. The Vatican contradicted O'Hanlon, pointing out that the dress codes had been changed early in John Paul's pontificate – an analysis echoed by Ireland's Catholic Bishops, who distanced themselves from Fr O'Hanlon's comments.[38]

Legislation and popularity

As President, she signed two significant bills that she had fought for throughout her political career: a bill to fully liberalise the law on the availability of contraceptives; and a bill fully decriminalising homosexuality, and which unlike legislation in much of the world at the time, provided for a fully equal age of consent.[39] In 1996, she also signed the legalisation of divorce into law.

Robinson was an exceptionally popular president, and halfway through her term of office her popularity rating had reached an unprecedented 93%.[40]

Resignation as president

Robinson issued her resignation as president in a message to the Ceann Comhairle of the Dáil, taking effect on 12 September 1997.[41] Taoiseach Bertie Ahern said in a statement that her resignation "was not unexpected" and wished her "every success".[42] Robinson resigned to take up the appointment as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.[43] Upon her resignation as president, the role of President of Ireland was transferred to the Presidential Commission (which comprised the Chief Justice of Ireland, the Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann and the Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann) from 12 September to 11 November 1997, when the new president Mary McAleese was sworn in.

High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997 – 2002)

Robinson became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on 12 September 1997, resigning the presidency a few weeks early to take up the post. Media reports suggested that she had been head-hunted for the post by Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, to assume an advocacy as opposed to an administrative role, in other words, to become a public campaigner outlining principles rather than the previous implementational and consensus-building model. The belief was that the post had ceased to be seen as the voice of general principles and had become largely bureaucratic. Robinson's role was to set the human rights agenda within the organisation and internationally, refocusing its appeal.[44]

Robinson in Somalia, 2011

In November 1997, she delivered the Romanes Lecture in Oxford on the topic of "Realizing Human Rights"; she spoke of the "daunting challenge" ahead of her, and how she intended to set about her task. She concluded the lecture with words from The Golden Bough: "If fate has called you, the bough will come easily, and of its own accord. Otherwise, no matter how much strength you muster, you never will manage to quell it or cut it down with the toughest of blades."[45]

Robinson was the first High Commissioner for Human Rights to visit Tibet, making her trip in 1998. During her tenure, she criticised the Irish system of permits for non-EU immigrants as similar to "bonded labour" and criticised the United States' use of capital punishment.[citation needed]

In 2001, she chaired the Asia Regional Preparatory Meeting for the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and related intolerances, which was held in Tehran, Iran.[46] At this meeting, neither the representatives of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre, a Jewish group, nor the Baha'i International Community were permitted to attend.[47] She wore a headscarf at the meeting because the Iranians enforced an edict that all women attending the conference must wear one. Women who did not wear it were criticised, and Robinson said that it "played into the hands of religious conservatives".[48][49]

Though she had initially announced her intention to serve a single four-year period, she extended the term by a year following an appeal from Annan, allowing her to preside over the 2001 World Conference against Racism in Durban, South Africa, as secretary-general. The conference drew widespread criticism, as did Robinson. Former US Congressman Tom Lantos said, "To many of us present at the events at Durban, it is clear that much of the responsibility for the debacle rests on the shoulders of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson, who, in her role as secretary-general of the conference, failed to provide the leadership needed to keep the conference on track."[50]

Robinson's period as High Commissioner ended in 2002, after sustained pressure from the United States led her to declare she was no longer able to continue her work.[51] She had criticised the US for violating human rights in its war on terrorism and the World Conference against Racism was widely condemned in the US for its perceived antisemitism. Michael Rubin even went so far as to suggest in a tongue-in-cheek article that she be tried for war crimes for presiding over "an intellectual pogrom against Jews and Israel."[52] On 9 November 2006, in Yogyakarta, she attended the International Conference, then she became one of 29 signators of the Yogyakarta Principles,[53] adopted for protection of rights by International Human Rights Law.

Post-commissioner period (2002 – present)

University of Dublin

Robinson served as the twenty-fourth, and first female, Chancellor of the University of Dublin. She represented the university in the Seanad for over twenty years and held the Reid Chair in Law. She was succeeded as chancellor by Mary McAleese, who had also succeeded her as president of Ireland.

Membership of "The Elders"

Main article: The Elders (organization)
Robinson and Musimbi Kanyoro with a cheetah

Along with Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu, and others, Robinson was a founding member of "The Elders", a group of world leaders with the goal of contributing their wisdom to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. She has travelled with Elders delegations to the Ivory Coast, the Korean Peninsula, Ethiopia, India, South Sudan and the Middle East.[54]

In August 2014, she was joined by fellow Elder Jimmy Carter during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, to pen an article in Foreign Policy magazine, pressing for the inclusion of recognition of Hamas as a legitimate political actor, noting the recent unity deal between Hamas and Fatah when the former agreed with the Palestinian Authority to denounce violence, recognise Israel and adhere to past agreements. Robinson and Carter called on the UN Security Council to act on what they described as the inhumane conditions in Gaza, and mandate an end to the siege.[55] On 16 October 2014, she attended the One Young World Summit in Dublin. During a session with fellow Elder, Kofi Annan, she encouraged 1,300 young leaders from 191 countries to lead on inter-generational issues such as climate change and the need for action to take place now, not tomorrow.[56][57][58] She was also the keynote speaker at the One Young World Opening Ceremony where she highlighted the need to empower young people to participate in decision-making processes that shape their future.[59][60]

On 1 November 2018, Robinson was appointed as the Chair of The Elders, succeeding Kofi Annan who had died earlier in the year.[61]

Memoirs

Robinson at the World Economic Forum in 2013

In September 2012, Robinson's memoir Everybody Matters was published by Hodder & Stoughton.[62]

Views on agriculture

In 2016 at the One Young World summit, Robinson began to become vocal about her efforts to eat less meat and encouraged others to either do the same or adopt some type of entirely vegetarian diet in order to help fight climate change. Robinson was applauded for her suggestions but did receive condemnation from critics in her own country expressing concern that following her lead would inadvertently harm workers in the agricultural industry and meat industry; she was asked to withdraw her comments by her local council. At the 2018 summit she stood by her call for people to consume less meat despite the backlash.[63][64] In 2019 Robinson announced that she believes in making tackling climate change a personal issue in our lives and for this reason she has stopped eating meat in favour of a more eco-friendly pescetarian diet.[65]

Archive and tax avoidance controversy

In October 2016, it was revealed in the media that Robinson was planning to donate her archive to Mayo County Council, as part of the development of The Mary Robinson Centre, and had applied to have the archive designated under the Taxes Consolidation Act, 1997, potentially resulting in a personal tax credit to her worth over €2m, arising from the donation of her personal papers. The house proposed to be used for the centre was to be purchased from Robinson's brother for €665,000.[66]

The website of the Mary Robinson Centre lists the contents of the proposed archive (valued at €2.5m) as including: "2,000 books on law and Human Rights 3,800 periodicals; A Master File of the President's engagements from December 1990 to September 1997; The symbolic light in the window of Áras an Uachtaráin from her Presidency; Robinson's personal diaries from 1967 to 1990 and from 1998 to 2001; 325 Archive Cartons..Scrap Books, Cassette Tapes." These papers relate to Robinson's almost 50-year career, spanning her time as a senator and barrister in the 1970s and '80s, her personal papers relating to the presidency and significant papers from the post-presidential period of her career, most notably her time with the United Nations as High Commissioner for Human Rights.[67]

The project as a whole was condemned as an "expensive vanity project" by historian Diarmuid Ferriter.[66] A member of the fundraising committee for the Centre argued that "Ballina is the same distance to Dublin as Dublin is to Ballina."[68][clarification needed] Chief Executive of Mayo County Council, Peter Hynes (who is also on the board of the Mary Robinson Centre) stated that Robinson had a "legacy as a politician" and that the centre is designed to bring significant academic, tourism, education and economic opportunities to Ballina and the West. Hynes also commented that "The west coast town (of Ballina) has considerable pride in her outstanding career and on-going global leadership and sees the proposed centre as a living institution which will focus global attention and, working in collaboration with the National University of Ireland, Galway, will continue the conversation on topics of fundamental importance."[69]

Following the reporting of the potential €2m windfall, Robinson announced she would abandon the plan to "gift" the archive to Ballina and instead she said the papers would be "gifted to NUIG, with Mayo County Council having full access to any part of the collection which is required to support the mission of the centre in Ballina".[70] In addition she stated that she would now not avail of the tax credit for the donation.

Activities in non-governmental organisations

Roles in international organisations

Mary Robinson, the UN Special Envoy for the Great Lakes region, on 28 April 2013 in Kinshasa, during a press briefing at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

In March 2013, Robinson was chosen to oversee the implementation of a peace deal to stabilise the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Appointed as special envoy to Africa's Great Lakes region by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon,[84] she played a key role in supporting implementation of the U.N.-drafted peace deal signed by 11 African countries in late February 2013.[85] During her tenure as special envoy, the 23 March Movement and other armed rebel groups surrendered to the Congolese government.[85]

In July 2014, Ban Ki-moon appointed her special envoy for climate change to interact with global leaders ahead of the 2014 Climate Summit, in New York, at which the secretary-general said he hoped to forge political commitment to finalising an agreement in 2015.[86] A month following her appointment, in August 2014, she stepped down as special envoy to Africa's Great Lakes region.[85] In March 2015, she voiced support for fossil fuel divestment commenting "it is almost a due diligence requirement to consider ending investment in dirty energy companies".[87]

In early 2016, she was appointed by Erik Solheim, the chairman of the Development Assistance Committee, to head a high-level panel on the future of the Development Assistance Committee.[88]

In May 2016, Ban Ki-moon appointed Robinson and Macharia Kamau, as special envoys of the Secretary-General on El Niño and Climate, tasking them with calling attention to the people around the world affected by severe El Niño-linked drought and climate impacts, and mobilising an integrated response that takes preparedness for future climatic events into account.[89]

In September 2016, she was appointed by Ban Ki-moon to serve as member of the lead group of the Scaling Up Nutrition Movement.[78]

In December 2018, she was criticised by human rights organisations, Detained International and Guernica 37 International Justice Chambers, for her statements regarding Dubai's Sheikha Latifa's disappearance and escape attempt. After meeting Latifa at a family lunch on the invitation of Dubai's royal family, Robinson described Latifa to the BBC as a "troubled young woman" who regretted an earlier video in which she alleged being confined and tortured in Dubai. Detained International head David Haigh expressed astonishment at the former UN commissioner for repeatedly reciting a single statement from Dubai's official version of the events, "loving care of her family", and for dismissing Latifa's alleged attempt to escape from Dubai in February 2018.[90][91] In February 2021, Robinson retracted her 2018 statement claiming on the BBC's Panorama programme that she and Latifa's stepmother, Princess Haya, were both misled over the health and stability of Latifa during that period, when she was held in enforced detention in a Dubai villa and Robinson was embroiled into the proof of life controversy to allay international concern over Latifa's disappearance from the public eye.[92] Robinson gave an account of the incident on The Late Late Show on 26 February 2021, referring to it as the biggest mistake of her career.[93][94]

In 2020, she led an independent probe of a report that cleared Akinwumi Adesina, the president of the African Development Bank, of wrongdoing.[95][96][97]

Recognition

Over the course of her career, Robinson has been awarded numerous honours, including the following:

On 29 September 2010, at a ceremony in Dublin, she received a damehood from the Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem. As a former Head of State and in recognition of her significant contribution towards human rights she was awarded the honour of Dame Grand Cross of Merit.

Honorary degrees

In 1991 and in 2001, Robinson was awarded honorary doctorates by Brown University, University of Cambridge, University of Liverpool and Lisbon Nova University. On 22 January 2000, she received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Law at Uppsala University, Sweden.[104] In 2004, she was awarded an honorary degree by McGill University.[105]

In 2009, she was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Bath, at the 1100th anniversary celebration of the Diocese of Bath and Wells, where she gave a lecture entitled "Realising rights: the role of religion in human rights in the future".[106]

U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom

Robinson receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama

In 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour awarded by the US.[107][108] In presenting the award, President Obama said "As a crusader for women and those without a voice in Ireland, Mary Robinson was the first woman elected President of Ireland, before being appointed U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights. [...] Today, as an advocate for the hungry and the hunted, the forgotten and the ignored, Mary Robinson has not only shone a light on human suffering, but illuminated a better future for our world."[109] Amnesty International congratulated Robinson on being named recipient.[110]

The award was criticised by American and European Jewish groups, while others offered support. Parties opposed included the AIPAC, Anti-Defamation League, European Jewish Congress, and John Bolton, former US Ambassador to the UN.[111] Bolton stated that those in the administration who recommended her either ignored her anti-Israel history, or missed it entirely.[112] On the other hand, a group of Israeli human rights organisations stated "as leaders of a sector within Israeli civil society that monitors and often criticizes government and military policy for violating human rights, we do not see such actions as plausible reason for denying Mrs. Robinson the award."[111] In response to the protests by some Jewish groups and commentators, Robinson said she was "surprised and dismayed" and that "this is old, recycled, untrue stuff," "I have been very critical of the Palestinian side. My conduct continues to be on the side of tackling anti-Semitism and discrimination."[113] "There's a lot of bullying by certain elements of the Jewish community. They bully people who try to address the severe situation in Gaza and the West Bank. Archbishop Desmond Tutu gets the same criticism."[114] In an open letter to Robinson, Hillel Neuer, a director of UN Watch, rejected Robinson's claim of being misunderstood or bullied by those who criticise her role in Durban. He said that she failed to confront purveyors of anti-Israel rhetoric. "You may not have been the chief culprit of the Durban debacle, but you will always be its preeminent symbol", he added.[111] When asked about the opposition, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs replied "Mary Robinson was the first female President of Ireland, and she is somebody whom we are honouring as a prominent crusader of women's rights in Ireland and throughout the world."[115]

US Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi,[116] Senate Assistant Majority Leader, Dick Durbin,[117] and other legislators[118] welcomed the award to Robinson."[119] Forty-five Republican Congressmen sent a letter to President Obama citing "her failed, biased record as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights".[111] In a letter to President Obama, Nancy Rubin, a former US ambassador to the UN Human Rights Commission, praised Robinson as a "dedicated crusader for human rights for all people".[120] Oxfam expressed its strong support for Robinson.[121][122] The Council of Women World Leaders,[123] the Champalimaud Foundation,[124] and the ImagineNations Group[125] welcomed the award to Robinson.

The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission congratulated Robinson, saying she "helped advance recognition of the human rights of LGBT people in her capacity as President of Ireland and as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. She has been unwavering in her passionate call to end torture, persecution, and discrimination against LGBT people globally."[126]

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Mary Robinson". Desert Island Discs. 28 July 2013. BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  2. ^ "The President Mary Robinson". Office of the President of Ireland. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  3. ^ "Elections Ireland: Presidential Elections". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
  4. ^ "OHCHR | Mary Robinson". www.ohchr.org. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  5. ^ "Our Board: Mary Robinson". Realizing Rights. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  6. ^ "Our President: Mary Robinson – About Us". The Mary Robinson Foundation – Climate Justice. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  7. ^ a b "Mary Robinson". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 23 April 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  8. ^ Horgan 1997, p. 13.
  9. ^ 'Ballina's Victoria House comes into State ownership' (The Western People, Tuesday, 5 November 2019). https://westernpeople.ie/2019/11/05/ballinas-victoria-house-comes-into-state-ownership/ Archived 15 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ principled, Accueil > Partout dans le monde > Asie > UN High Commissioner must uphold; crisis, coherent response to China’s human rights (3 May 2022). "UN High Commissioner must uphold principled and coherent response to China's human rights crisis". Ligue des droits de l’Homme (in French). Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  11. ^ McGreevy, Ronan (4 April 2007). "Mount Anville hands over control". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  12. ^ a b "List of Scholars". TCD Life. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  13. ^ O'Sullivan 1993, p. 23.
  14. ^ O'Sullivan 1993, p. 26.
  15. ^ "Mistaken Equation of Crime and Sin". The Irish Times. 4 February 1967. p. 11.
  16. ^ "Chancellor's Biography". Trinity College Dublin. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
  17. ^ Trickey, Erick. "Mary Robinson LL.M. '68". Harvard Law Today. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  18. ^ "Europe | Mary Robinson: Human rights champion". BBC News. 18 March 2002. Archived from the original on 7 October 2003. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  19. ^ "Mary Robinson". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  20. ^ "In Profile: Mary Robinson". UCD.ie. September 2012. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  21. ^ Horgan 1997, p. 33.
  22. ^ Horgan 1997, p. 50.
  23. ^ Horgan 1997, p. 58.
  24. ^ a b Horgan 1997, p. 92.
  25. ^ Horgan 1997, p. 92-93.
  26. ^ O'Sullivan 1993, p. 160.
  27. ^ Robinson 1997, p. 130.
  28. ^ Shiel, Tom (22 December 2008). "Robinson has no hard feelings over Flynn jibe". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 12 February 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
  29. ^ McDowell, a former TD, had been a controversial figure in the government. Though with no seat in parliament, he was nevertheless projected as the party's "conscience", launching attacks on Fianna Fáil that caused considerable anger in Fianna Fáil. The PDs threatened to quit the government after the revelations about Lenihan. They gave Haughey an ultimatum: either hold an inquiry into the pressure placed on President Hillery, or dismiss Lenihan. Through professing loyalty to his "friend of thirty years" Haughey chose the latter option and dismissed Lenihan.
  30. ^ "1990 Presidential – Ireland First Preference Votes". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  31. ^ "Zig and Zag: Best Bitz from Back Den". IMDb. 27 October 2008. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  32. ^ Downey, James (2 November 1995). "Decent Man of Ireland". The Guardian. p. 17. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  33. ^ Morgan 1999, p. 260-261.
  34. ^ a b Morgan 1999, p. 266.
  35. ^ President’s State visit to UK opens up ‘limitless opportunities’ Archived 18 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Irish Times, 18 November 2013.
  36. ^ Horgan 1997, p. 176.
  37. ^ Morgan 1999, p. 267.
  38. ^ O'Hanlon also criticised Robinson for not making a state visit to the Vatican. That was revealed to be unjustified. She could only make a state visit if invited. No invitation had been issued. As the last state visit had been carried out by President Hillery, in 1989, another state visit was not due for at least a decade.
  39. ^ James Jacobs (2010). "Presidential Lectures: Mary Robinson – Free and Equal in Dignity and Rights: The Life and Work of Mary Robinson". Stanford University. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  40. ^ "Chancellor's Distinguished Lecture Series". University of California, Riverside. 28 January 2005. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  41. ^ "Message from President – Dáil Éireann (28th Dáil) – Tuesday, 30 Sep 1997". Houses of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  42. ^ "Statement by the Taoiseach on forthcoming resignation of President Ma…". 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013.
  43. ^ "The President Mary Robinson". President.ie. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  44. ^ Doyle, Jim (12 September 2016). "Mary Robinson Resigns as President of Ireland". seamus dubhghaill. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  45. ^ "Default title". OHCHR. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  46. ^ "Islamic Republic of Iran's commitment to Human Rights". iranianembassy.nl. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012.
  47. ^ "ASIAN PREPARATORY MEETING FOR WORLD CONFERENCE ON RACISM ADOPTS DECLARATION, ACTION PROGRAMME – Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". United Nations. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  48. ^ "U.N. Rights Chief Says Islamic Headscarf Protest Was Mistake". Beliefnet.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  49. ^ "Bahai News – U.N. rights chief says Islamic headscarf protest was mistake". Bahai.uga.edu. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  50. ^ Lantos, Tom (2002). "The Durban Debacle: An Insider's View of the UN World Conference Against Racism" (PDF). lantosfoundation.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013.
  51. ^ Burkeman, Oliver (31 July 2002). "America forced me out, says Robinson". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
  52. ^ Rubin, Michael (20 May 2002). "Mary Robinson, War Criminal?". National Review. Archived from the original on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2009.
  53. ^ International Commission of Jurists (March 2007). "Yogyakarta Principles: Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity" (PDF): 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  54. ^ "Mary Robinson". TheElders.org. Archived from the original on 6 March 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  55. ^ "Former U.S. President and ex-Human Rights Council chief call for ICC probe into Gaza war". Herald Globe. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  56. ^ "How can young people join in the debate about climate change?". The Elders. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  57. ^ "YouTube". Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2018 – via YouTube.
  58. ^ "Kofi Annan tells One Young World: 'We must tackle climate change now '". independent. 16 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  59. ^ "One Young World Summit Celebrating Youth Leadership - News". Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  60. ^ "Mary Robinson calls for transformative leaders to step up on climate justice". 16 October 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  61. ^ "Mary Robinson appointed new Chair of The Elders". The Elders. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  62. ^ "Editor". None. Irish Publishing News. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  63. ^ "Mary Robinson stands by veganism call despite local council backlash". Farming Independent. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  64. ^ Gráinne Ní Aodha (29 September 2016). "Independent TD Michael Fitzmaurice calls Mary Robinson's advice to stop eating meat 'bizarre and unhelpful'". Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  65. ^ Kevin O'Sullivan (6 February 2019). "Robinson becomes pescatarian, urges people to 'get angry' over climate change". The Irish Times News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  66. ^ a b Ferriter, Diarmaid. "Diarmaid Ferriter: Mary Robinson's legacy in no need of a vanity project". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  67. ^ "Archive". The Mary Robinson Centre – Ireland's first Presidential Library. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022.
  68. ^ McGreevy, Ronan. "Oireachtas committee to hold hearing on Mary Robinson Centre". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  69. ^ Hynes, Peter. "The Mary Robinson Centre is no vanity project". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  70. ^ Siggins, Lorna. "Mary Robinson abandons plans to store archive in Mayo family home". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  71. ^ High-Level Group of Personalities on Africa-Europe Relations Archived 11 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine Africa Europe Foundation (AEF).
  72. ^ Patrons Archived 11 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine Institute for Human Rights & Business (IHRB).
  73. ^ "Robinson, Mary". Official website. Club de Madrid. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  74. ^ Selection Committee Archived 9 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Aurora Prize.
  75. ^ Leadership Council: Mary Robinson Archived 11 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine Clean Cooking Alliance.
  76. ^ "Board". European Climate Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  77. ^ "Robinson to lead global jurists group". RTÉ News. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  78. ^ a b Secretary-General Appoints 29 Global Leaders to Spearhead Fight against Malnutrition Archived 12 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine United Nations, press release of 21 September 2016.
  79. ^ Leaders Archived 4 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine The B Team.
  80. ^ "Eminent Advisory Board". Archived from the original on 24 May 2013.
  81. ^ "Famine in Somalia Ignites Parliamentary Action". Archived from the original on 15 February 2012.
  82. ^ "East Africa: EALA Joins Global MPs in Calling for Action On Famine in Somalia". allafrica.com. 14 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  83. ^ "The Board". Mo Ibrahim Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  84. ^ "Ex-Irish president Mary Robinson named UN envoy to oversee implementation of Congo peace deal". The Edmonton Journal. The Associated Press. 18 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  85. ^ a b c "Interview with outgoing Africa Great Lakes Special Envoy Mary Robinson". The New Humanitarian. 4 August 2014. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  86. ^ "Robinson to head United Nations effort on climate change". Irish Sun.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  87. ^ "UN climate envoy backs fossil fuel divestment movement". Rtcc.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  88. ^ High Level Panel on the Future of the Development Assistance Committee Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Development Assistance Committee.
  89. ^ "Secretary-General Appoints Mary Robinson of Ireland, Macharia Kamau of Kenya Special Envoys on El Niño and Climate". United Nations. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  90. ^ "Sheikha Latifa: Mary Robinson 'backed Dubai version of events'". BBC News. 27 December 2018. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  91. ^ "The quest to free Dubai's kidnapped Princess continues". 13 October 2020. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  92. ^ Panorama - The Missing Princess, archived from the original on 17 February 2021, retrieved 17 February 2021
  93. ^ Hilliard, Mark. "Mary Robinson says she made her biggest mistake in role over Princess Latifa". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  94. ^ Mary Robinson speaks about her regret over Princess Latifa | The Late Late Show | RTÉ One, 26 February 2021, archived from the original on 19 April 2021, retrieved 19 April 2021
  95. ^ Leanne de Bassompierre (2 July 2020), Ex-Irish President to Lead Review of Probe Into AfDB Chief Archived 11 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine Bloomberg News.
  96. ^ Andrea Shalal (3 July 2020), U.S. welcomes independent probe of report that cleared African Development Bank chief Archived 11 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine Reuters.
  97. ^ Top Nigerian banker Akinwumi Adesina cleared after corruption probe Archived 11 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, 28 July 2020.
  98. ^ "The New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal 1993 – register of recipients". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 26 July 2018. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  99. ^ "The North South Prize of Lisbon". North-South Centre. Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
  100. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  101. ^ "CSR and the Right to Health with Mary Robinson". Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  102. ^ "Mary Robinson awarded Kew International Medal for work on food security and climate justice – Kew". Kew.org. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  103. ^ Teng, Pei-ju; Chen, Yun-yu (21 June 2024). "TANG PRIZE/Mary Robinson: A trailblazer in climate justice, human rights advocacy". Central News Agency. Retrieved 21 June 2024. Republished as: "Mary Robinson awarded the Tang Prize in Rule of Law". Taipei Times. 22 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  104. ^ "Honorary doctorates – Uppsala University, Sweden". Uu.se. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  105. ^ "News: Honorary doctorates 2004 Spring Convocation". McGill University. 20 April 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  106. ^ "Former Irish President becomes honorary graduate". University of Bath News. 17 September 2009. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  107. ^ "President Obama Names Medal of Freedom Recipients". whitehouse.gov. 30 July 2009. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021 – via National Archives.
  108. ^ "Pro-Israel groups attack US honour for Robinson". The Irish Times. 7 August 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  109. ^ "White House: Remarks by the President at the Medal Of Freedom Ceremony". whitehouse.gov. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2011 – via National Archives.
  110. ^ "Amnesty International: Amnesty International congratulates Mary Robinson on Medal of Freedom". Amnesty International. 10 August 2009. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  111. ^ a b c d "Jerusalem Post: Despite critics, White House honors Robinson". The Jerusalem Post. 12 August 2009. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  112. ^ Mary Robinson’s Medal of Freedom Archived 2 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Wall Street Journal, 10 August 2009
  113. ^ Landler, Mark (6 August 2009). "New York Times: Jewish Groups Say Obama's Pick for Medal Has Anti-Israel Bias". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  114. ^ "Belfast Telegraph: Former Irish president Mary Robinson 'bullied' by pro-Israel lobbyists". The Belfast Telegraph. 3 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  115. ^ "White House: Press Briefing By Press Secretary Robert Gibbs". whitehouse.gov. 5 August 2009. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2011 – via National Archives.
  116. ^ "Pelosi Statement on Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". speaker.gov. 30 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010.
  117. ^ "Durbin Welcomes Former President of Ireland Mary Robinson to Capitol Hill". durbin.senate.gov. 27 September 2006. Archived from the original on 1 February 2007.
  118. ^ Congressman Michael E. McMahon: McMahon Congratulates Medal of Freedom Recipient Mary Robinson Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  119. ^ "Congress of the United States". 11 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  120. ^ "Nancy Rubin — Open Letter to President Obama" (PDF). Nancy Rubin. 12 August 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  121. ^ "Israeli human rights groups back Robinson pick". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 10 August 2009. Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  122. ^ "Oxfam International congratulates Mary Robinson on US Presidential Medal of Freedom". Oxfam International. 11 August 2009. Archived from the original on 7 January 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  123. ^ "Council of World Women Leaders: 2009 US Presidential Medal of Freedom Awarded to H.E. President Mary Robinson". Cwwl.org. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  124. ^ "Champalimaud Foundation: Mary Robinson Awarded 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom". Fchampalimaud.org. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  125. ^ Investing in Ireland. "Business Week: ImagineNations Group Congratulates Mary Robinson on Receiving Presidential Medal of Freedom". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 9 June 2011.[dead link‍]
  126. ^ "International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission: USA: IGLHRC Congratulates Presidential Medal of Freedom Winners". Iglhrc.org. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.

Sources

Further reading

  • Stephen Collins, Spring and the Labour Party (O'Brien Press, 1993) ISBN 0-86278-349-6
  • Eamon Delaney, An Accidental Diplomat: My Years in the Irish Foreign Service (1987–1995) (New Island Books, 2001) ISBN 1-902602-39-0
  • Garret FitzGerald, All in a Life (Gill and Macmillan, 1991) ISBN 0-7171-1600-X
  • Fergus Finlay, Mary Robinson: A President with a Purpose (O'Brien Press, 1991) ISBN 0-86278-257-0
  • Fergus Finlay. Snakes & Ladders (New Island Books, 1998) ISBN 1-874597-76-6
  • Jack Jones, In Your Opinion: Political and Social Trends in Ireland through the Eyes of the Electorate (Townhouse, 2001) ISBN 1-86059-149-3
  • Ray Kavanagh, The Rise and Fall of the Labour Party:1986–1999 (Blackwater Press 2001) ISBN 1-84131-528-1
  • Gabriel Kiely, Anne O'Donnell, Patricia Kennedy, Suzanne Quin (eds) Irish Social Policy in Context (University College Dublin Press, 1999) ISBN 1-900621-25-8
  • Brian Lenihan, For the Record (Blackwater Press, 1991) ISBN 0-86121-362-9
  • Mary McQuillan, Mary Robinson: A President in Progress (Gill and Macmillan, 1994) ISBN 0-7171-2251-4
  • Olivia O'Leary & Helen Burke, Mary Robinson: The Authorised Biography (Lir/Hodder & Stoughton, 1998) ISBN 0-340-71738-6
  • Robinson, Mary (2013). Everybody Matters: My Life Giving Voice. New York: Walker Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8027-7964-9.
  • Lorna Siggins, The Woman Who Took Power in the Park: Mary Robinson, President of Ireland, 1990-1997 (Mainstream Publishing, 1997) ISBN 1-85158-805-1
  • Torild Skard, "Mary Robinson", Women of Power – Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide(Bristol: Policy Press, 2014) ISBN 978-1-44731-578-0
Political offices
Preceded by President of Ireland
1990–1997 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
1997–2002 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Council of Women World Leaders
2003–2009 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by Chancellor of the University of Dublin
1998–2019 		Succeeded by

Read other articles:

Keling hijau

Keling hijau Halichoeres chloropterus AdultStatus konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN187810 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasActinopteriOrdoPerciformesFamiliLabridaeGenusHalichoeresSpesiesHalichoeres chloropterus (Bloch, 1791) Tata namaSinonim takson Labrus chloropterus Bloch, 1791 Platyglossus chloropterus (Bloch, 1791) Labrus gymnocephalus Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801 Halichoeres gymnocephalus (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) Julis modestus Bleeker, 1847 Halichoeres modestus (Blee...

 

 

قرية إليسبورغ (نيويورك)

قرية إليسبورغ الإحداثيات 43°43′54″N 76°08′01″W / 43.7317°N 76.1336°W / 43.7317; -76.1336  [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة جيفيرسون  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 2.593307 كيلومتر مربع2.627717 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010)  ارتفاع 100 متر  عدد ال...

 

 

Erika (lagu)

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. ErikaPenulis lirikHerms Niel, 1930-anKomponisHerms Niel, 1930-anSampel audioErika (piano)berkasbantuan Erika adalah musik mars yang digunakan oleh militer Jerman. Lagu ini disusun oleh Herms Niel pada tahun 1930-an, dan mulai digunakan oleh Wehrmacht, ...

Fiesta Noche del Rio

The 2007 seasonFiesta Noche del Rio is a seasonal outdoor performance which features the songs and dances of Mexico, Spain, Argentina, and the U.S. states of California and Texas. The performance is based at the Arneson River Theater in the San Antonio River Walk, and has been in operation since 1957,[1] making it the oldest outdoor performance in the United States.[2] The current director and choreographer of the seven act flamenco and folklorico performance is Kathleen Rodri...

 

 

Mary Jackson (insinyur)

Mary JacksonJackson di NASA pada 1980LahirMary Winston(1921-04-09)9 April 1921Hampton, Virginia, ASMeninggal11 Februari 2005(2005-02-11) (umur 83)Hampton, Virginia, ASMakamBethel AME Church Cemetery, Hampton, VirginiaKebangsaanAmerikaAlmamaterHampton InstituteKarier ilmiahBidangTeknik ruang angkasa, matematikaInstitusiNASA Mary Winston Jackson (9 April 1921 – 11 Februari 2005) adalah seorang matematikawan dan juga teknisi ruang angkasa wanita berkulit hitam pertama[1...

 

 

Chuck McCann

Chuck McCann (2013) Charles John Thomas Chuck McCann (2 September 1934 – 8 April 2018)[1] adalah seorang tokoh kebugaran Amerika, aktor, dan komedian. Catatan ^ Chuck McCann. IMDb. Diakses tanggal March 7, 2008.  Pranala luar Chuck McCann di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris) (Inggris) http://www.chuckmccann.net Diarsipkan 2018-04-10 di Wayback Machine. Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Chuck McCann.

イスラームにおける結婚

イスラームにおける結婚（イスラームにおけるけっこん）とは、二者の間で行われる法的な契約である。新郎新婦は自身の自由な意思で結婚に同意する。口頭または紙面での規則に従った拘束的な契約は、イスラームの結婚で不可欠だと考えられており、新郎と新婦の権利と責任の概要を示している[1]。イスラームにおける離婚は様々な形をとることができ、個�...

 

 

Intersex rights in New Zealand

Overview of intersex people's rights in New Zealand Intersex rights in New ZealandNew ZealandProtection of physical integrity and bodily autonomyNoProtection from discriminationNot testedAccess to identification documentsYesAccess to same rights as other men and womenNoChanging M/F sex classificationsYesThird gender or sex classificationsYesMarriageYes Rights by country Argentina Australia Canada Chile China Colombia France Germany Kenya Malta Mexico Nepal New Zealand South Africa Spain Swit...

 

 

HD 113766

Binary star in the constellation Centaurus HD 113766 A / B An artists conception of the HD 113766 system showing the protoplanetary disk around HD 113766 A and its companion star HD 113766 B. Observation dataEpoch J2000.0[1]      Equinox J2000.0[1] Constellation Centaurus[1] Right ascension 13h 06m 35.83622s[2] Declination −46° 02′ 02.0178″[2] Apparent magnitude (V) 7.56[1] Cha...

Frank Lebby Stanton

American writer and lyricist For other people named Frank Stanton, see Frank Stanton. Frank Lebby StantonStanton, c. 1926BornFebruary 22, 1857 (1857-02-22)Charleston, South Carolina, United StatesDiedJanuary 7, 1927 (1927-01-08) (aged 69)Atlanta, GeorgiaPen nameFrank L. StantonFrank StantonF. L. StantonOccupationPoet, lyricist, columnistLiterary movementEarly Southern RenaissanceNotable worksJust Awearyin' for YouMighty Like a RoseMorning Frank Lebby Stanton (February 22, 1857 ...

 

 

Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers

Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiersLangue françaisAuteurs Denis DiderotPaul Henri Thiry d’HolbachLouis Jean-Marie DaubentonAnne Robert Jacques TurgotVoltaireJean-Jacques RousseauBuffonÉtienne Bonnot de CondillacCharles BossutJean Le Rond d'AlembertLouis de JaucourtJean JodinGenre EncyclopédieSujets Arts, science, techniqueDates de parution 17511772Pays FranceÉditeur André Le BretonLaurent DurandAntoine-Claude BriassonMichel-Antoine DavidNombr...

 

 

Operazione Gladio

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento storia contemporanea non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Commento: tre paragrafi (legittimità, stay behind in Europa e i politici su Gladio) quasi completamente privi di fonti, altre parti senza fonte in vari punti della pagina Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Stemma associato all'organiz...

Great Seto Bridge

Major bridge connecting Honshū and Shikoku This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Great Seto Bridge – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Great Seto Bridge (瀬戸大橋, Seto Ōhashi)Great Seto Bridge from Honshū (left) via the islan...

 

 

Almanach de Gotha

Directory of European royalty and higher nobility Almanach de GothaThe Almanach de Gotha 1851CountrySaxe-Coburg and Gotha (original), United Kingdom (current)LanguageFrench, German (original), English (current)GenreNobility, heraldry, genealogyPublisherJ. C. DieterichC. W. EttingerC. G. EttingerJustus PerthesAlmanach de GothaPublished1763–19441998–Published in English1998–Media typePrintWebsiteOfficial website The Almanach de Gotha (German: Gothaischer Hofkalender) is a directory of Eur...

 

 

Северный морской котик

Северный морской котик Самец Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапси...

Footfalls

Literary work This article is about the play. For the science fiction novel, see Footfall. For the film, see Footfalls (film). For other uses, see Footfall (disambiguation). Paperback Faber, 1976 First Edition Footfalls is a play by Samuel Beckett. It was written in English, between 2 March and December 1975 and was first performed at the Royal Court Theatre as part of the Samuel Beckett Festival, on May 20, 1976 directed by Beckett himself. Billie Whitelaw, for whom the piece had been writte...

 

 

2024 California's 16th congressional district election

For broader coverage of this topic, see California's 16th congressional district. 2024 California's 16th congressional district election ← 2022 November 5, 2024 2026 →   Candidate Sam Liccardo Evan Low Party Democratic Democratic Incumbent U.S. Representative Anna Eshoo Democratic Elections in California Federal government U.S. President 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952...

 

 

Joe Maca

Belgian-born American soccer player Joe Maca Personal informationFull name Joseph Andre MacaDate of birth (1920-09-28)September 28, 1920Place of birth Brussels, BelgiumDate of death July 13, 1982(1982-07-13) (aged 61)Place of death Massapequa, New York, U.S.Position(s) DefenderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1939–1947 CS La Forestoise 153 (3)International career1950 United States 3 (1) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Joseph Andre Maca (September 28, 1920 – July 13, 198...

Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville

British advocate and politician (1742–1811) For other people named Henry Dundas, see Henry Dundas (disambiguation). The Right HonourableThe Viscount MelvillePC FRSEHenry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville by Sir Thomas LawrenceFirst Lord of the AdmiraltyIn officeMay 1804 – May 1805MonarchGeorge IIIPrime MinisterWilliam Pitt the YoungerPreceded byThe Earl of St. VincentSucceeded byThe Lord BarhamSecretary of State for WarIn officeJuly 1794 – March 1801MonarchGeorge IIIPrime ...

 

 

Emirati nationality law

History and regulations of Emirati citizenship Federal Law No.17 of 1972Parliament of the United Arab Emirates Long title An Act relating to Emirati citizenship Enacted byGovernment of the United Arab EmiratesStatus: Current legislation Emirati nationality law governs citizenship eligibility in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).[1][2][3] The law is primarily jus sanguinis. Foreigners who meet certain criteria may be naturalized and granted citizenship.[4] Gul...