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The Glosas Emilianenses are glosses added to this Latin codex that are considered the oldest surviving phrases written in the Castilian language.

Marginalia (or apostils) are marks made in the margins of a book or other document. They may be scribbles, comments, glosses (annotations), critiques, doodles, drolleries, or illuminations.

Biblical manuscripts

Biblical manuscripts have notes in the margin, for liturgical use. Numbers of texts' divisions are given at the margin (κεφάλαια, Ammonian Sections, Eusebian Canons). There are some scholia, corrections and other notes usually made later by hand in the margin. Marginalia may also be of relevance because many ancient or medieval writers of marginalia may have had access to other relevant texts that, although they may have been widely copied at the time, have since then been lost due to wars, prosecution, or censorship. As such, they might give clues to an earlier, more widely known context of the extant form of the underlying text than is currently appreciated. For this reason, scholars of ancient texts usually try to find as many still existing manuscripts of the texts they are researching, because the notes scribbled in the margin might contain additional clues to the interpretation of these texts.

History

The scholia on classical manuscripts are the earliest known form of marginalia.

In Europe, before the invention of the printing press, books were copied by hand, originally onto vellum and later onto paper. Paper was expensive and vellum was much more expensive. A single book cost as much as a house. Books, therefore, were long-term investments expected to be handed down to succeeding generations. Readers commonly wrote notes in the margins of books in order to enhance the understanding of later readers. Of the 52 extant manuscript copies of Lucretius' "De rerum natura" (On the Nature of Things) available to scholars, all but three contain marginal notes.^[1]

The practice of writing in the margins of books gradually declined over several centuries after the invention of the printing press. Printed books gradually became much less expensive, so they were no longer regarded as long-term assets to be improved for succeeding generations. The first Gutenberg Bible was printed in the 1450s. Hand annotations occur in most surviving books through the end of the 1500s.^[1] Marginalia did not become unusual until sometime in the 1800s.

Fermat's claim, written around 1637, of a proof of Fermat's last theorem too big to fit in the margin is the most famous mathematical marginal note.^[2] Voltaire, in the 1700s, annotated books in his library so extensively that his annotations have been collected and published.^[3] The first recorded use of the word marginalia is in 1819 in Blackwood's Magazine.^[4] From 1845 to 1849 Edgar Allan Poe titled some of his reflections and fragmentary material "Marginalia".^[5]^[6] Five volumes of Samuel T. Coleridge's marginalia have been published. Beginning in the 1990s, attempts have been made to design and market e-book devices permitting a limited form of marginalia.

Some famous marginalia were serious works, or drafts thereof, written in margins due to scarcity of paper. Voltaire composed in book margins while in prison, and Sir Walter Raleigh wrote a personal statement in margins just before his execution.

Recent studies

Marginalia can add to or detract from the value of an association copy of a book, depending on the author of the marginalia and on the book.

Catherine C. Marshall, doing research on the future of user interface design, has studied the phenomenon of user annotation of texts. She discovered that in several university departments, students would scour the piles of textbooks at used book dealers for consistently annotated copies. The students had a good appreciation for their predecessors' distillation of knowledge.^[7]^[8]^[9] In recent years, the marginalia left behind by university students as they engage with library textbooks has also been a topic of interest to sociologists looking to understand the experience of being a university student.^[10]^[11]

The former Moscow correspondent of The Financial Times, John Lloyd, has stated that he was shown Stalin's copy of Machiavelli's The Prince, with marginal comments.^[12]

American poet Billy Collins has explored the phenomenon of annotation within his poem titled "Marginalia".^[13]

A study on medieval and Renaissance manuscripts where snails are depicted on marginalia shows that these illustrations are a comic relief due to the similarity between the armor of knights and the shell of snails.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Writers known for their marginalia

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Palmer, Ada (13 October 2014). Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674725577.
^ Singh, Simon (1997). Fermat's Enigma: The Epic Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem. Fourth Estate Ltd. ISBN 0-385-49362-2.
^ ^a ^b "Corpus des notes marginales de Voltaire 1-9, et Notes et écrits marginaux conservés hors de la Bibliothèque nationale de Russie". Voltaire Foundation. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
^ "marginalia". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ "Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Works - Misc - Marginalia". Retrieved 22 November 2009.
^ "Poe, Edgar Allan. "Marginalia"". The Democratic Review. XIX (97). New York: Thomas Prentice Kettell: 30. July 1846.
^ "Seeing the picture - Crowdsourcing annotations for books (and eBooks)". Blog. University of Iowa Libraries. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ Marshall, Cathy. "From Personal to Shared Annotations" (PDF). Texas A&M University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ "Social Annotations in Digital Library Collections". D-Lib Magazine. 24 March 1998. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ Attenborough, F. (2011). "'I don't f***ing care': marginalia and the (textual) negotiation of an academic identity by university students". Discourse & Communication. 5 (2): 99–121. doi:10.1177/1750481310395447. S2CID 145516751.
^ Attenborough, F.; Stokoe, E. (2012). "Student Life; Student Identity; Student Experience: Ethnomethodological Methods for Pedagogical Matters". Psychology, Learning & Teaching. 11 (1): 6–21. doi:10.2304/plat.2012.11.1.6.
^ Flintoff, John-Paul (2021). A Modest Book About How To Make An Adequate Speech. Short Books. ISBN 978-1-78072-456-0.
^ "Marginalia by Billy Collins". Poetry Foundation. 5 December 2017.
^ Monge-Nájera, J. (2019). Pulmonate snails as marginalia in medieval and Renaissance manuscripts: a review of hypotheses. Darwin In Memoriam: History of Science. BLOG RPT. https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/38872
^ Pyrdum, C. (2009). What’s So Funny about Knights and Snails? Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2ZyqcV3
^ Biggs, S. J. (2013). Knight v. snail. Medieval manuscripts blog. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/1anPrw0
^ "Harry Ransom Center". University of Texas. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ "Melville Marginalia Online". MelvillesMarginalia.org. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ Joalland, Michael (2019). "Isaac Newton Reads the King James Version: The Marginal Notes and Reading Marks of a Natural Philosopher". The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. 113 (3): 297–339. doi:10.1086/704518. S2CID 202388890.
^ Jackson, H. J. "John Adams's Marginalia, Then and Now" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
^ "The rediscovery of this writer in the Renaissance opened the way to the modern world (and, more important, the invention of political science)". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
^ Palmer, Ada (23 July 2012). "Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance". Journal of the History of Ideas. 73 (3): 412–413.
^ "Mark Twain's Marginalia". blogspot.com. 8 January 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ Palmer, Ada (23 July 2012). "Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance". Journal of the History of Ideas. 73 (3): 415.
^ A Book I Value: Selected Marginalia — Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Princeton University. 29 June 2011. ISBN 9780691113173. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ Bucker, Park (11 December 2003). "Princess Daisy: A Description of Sylvia Plath's Copy of The Great Gatsby". University of South Carolina. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.

Other resources

Alston, R. C. Books with Manuscript: A short title catalog of Books with Manuscript Notes in the British Library. London: British Library, 1994.
Camille, M. (1992). Image on the edge: the margins of medieval art. Harvard University Press.
Coleridge, S. T. Marginalia, Ed. George Walley and H. J. Jackson. The Collected works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge 12. Bolligen Series 75. 5 vols. Princeton University Press, 1980-.
Jackson, H. J. Marginalia: Readers writing in Books, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-300-08816-7 N.B: one of the first books on this subject
Screti, Z. (2024). Finding the Marginal in Marginalia: The Importance of Including Marginalia Descriptions in Catalog Entries. Collections, 20(1), 122-141.
Spedding, P., & Tankard, P. (2021). Marginal notes: social reading and the literal margins. Palgrave Macmillan.