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A mangala sutra (Sanskrit: मङ्गलसूत्रम्, romanized: maṅgalasūtram), or tali (ISO: tāḷi), is a necklace that the groom ties around the bride's neck in the Indian subcontinent, in a ceremony called the Mangalya Dharanam (Sanskrit for 'wearing the auspicious') during a Hindu wedding. The necklace serves as a visual marker of status as a married Hindu woman.^[1]

The tying of the mangala sutra is a common practice in India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. The idea of sacred thread existed for centuries, even going back to the Sangam period. But the nature of these auspicious threads has evolved over time and varies widely according to various communities.

Overview

Mangala sutra literally means "an auspicious thread"^[2] that is knotted around the bride's neck and is worn by her for the remainder of her marriage. It is usually a necklace with black beads strung from a black or yellow thread prepared with turmeric. Sometimes gold, white or red beads are also added to the mangala sutra, depending on regional variation.

History

The mangala sutra's origin dates back to the 4th century BCE, referred to as the mangalya sutra in the Lalita Sahasranama,^[3]^[4] and the Purananuru, a Sangam text, mentions a sacred marriage tali upon a woman's neck.^[5] It also finds a mention in the 6th century CE as a single yellow thread that was tied around the bride for protection from other men and evil spirits.

The concept of mangala sutra has evolved over centuries, and has become an integral part of marriages among several Indian communities. Historian of Indian jewellery, Usha Balakrishnan, explains that the mangala sutra had previously referred to a literal thread as opposed to an item of jewellery. ^[6]

The sacred ceremony of tying the mangala sutra

The significance of the mangala sutra is described by Adi Shankara in the Soundarya Lahari. According to Hindu tradition, the mangala sutra is worn for the long life of the husband. As told by religious customs and social expectations, married women should wear mangala sutra throughout their life as it is believed that the practice enhances the well-being of her husband. Bridal jewellery in ancient times also worked as a financial security against old age and widowhood, even though women did have property rights.^[6]^[7]

Designs

Mangala sutras are made in a variety of designs. The common ones are the Lakshmi tali worn by the Telugus of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, which contain images of Lakshmi, the goddess of auspiciousness, ela tali or minnu worn by the Malayalees of Kerala, and the Kumbha tali worn by the Tamils of the Kshatriya caste in Tamil Nadu. The design is chosen by the groom's family according to prevalent customs. Gujaratis and Marwaris from Rajasthan often use a diamond pendant in a gold chain which is merely ornamental in nature and is not a substitute to the mangala sutra in the traditional sense. Marathis of Maharashtra wear a pendant of two vati ornaments shaped like tiny bowls. The mangala sutra of the Kannadigas of Karnataka is similar to that of the Marathis, except that it usually has one vati. Nowadays many fashion-conscious families opt for lighter versions, with a single vati or a more contemporary style.

Konkani people (Goans, Mangaloreans, Bombay East Indians and others, including Hindus) wear three necklaces around their necks, referred to as dharemani or muhurtmani (big golden bead), mangalasutra with one or two gold discs and kasitali with gold and coral beads. In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the two coin-sized gold discs are separated by 2-3 beads of different kinds. By tradition, one disc comes from the bride's family and another from the groom's side.^[8]

Non-Hindu religious groups such as Syrian Christians also wear mangala sutra, but with a cross on it.

In different languages

Tamil: தாலி, romanized: tali or மாங்கல்யம், mangalyam
English: nuptial chain
Sinhala: තැල්ල, romanized: thella
Bengali: মঙ্গলসূত্র, romanized: mongolsutro
Marathi: मंगळसूत्र, romanized: mangala sutra
Kannada: ಮಾಂಗಲ್ಯ ಸೂತ್ರ, romanized: mangalyasutra or ತಾಳಿ, tali
Telugu: తాళి, romanized: tali or మాంగళ్యము, mangalyamu, or మంగళసూత్రము, mangalasutramu, or పుస్తెలు, pustelu
Malayalam: താലി, romanized: tali
Odia: ମଙ୍ଗଳସୂତ୍ର, romanized: mangalasutra

Gallery

A traditional Mangalasutra in used in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
A mangala sutra with a cross of 21 beads used by the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala.
A Ganesha mangala sutra
A lotus mangala sutra
A coconut tree mangala sutra
A mangala sutra of the Gounda community
A mangala sutra of the Vanniyar community
A mangala sutra with images of Lakshmi
A mangala sutra with 21 beads used for Christian weddings
Mangalasutra of Vokkaliga Gowdar community in Tamil Nadu

References

^ Subhamoy Das. "Mangalsutra Necklace - Hindu Symbol of Love & Marriage". About.com Religion & Spirituality. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
^ Ruffle, Karen G. (2011). Gender, Sainthood, & Everyday Practice in South Asian Shi'ism. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8078-3475-6.
^ Tagare 1958a.
^ Rocher 1986, p. 157, with footnotes
^ "Poem: Purananuru - Part 127 by George L. III Hart". www.poetrynook.com.
^ ^a ^b "How the concept of Mangal Sutra has evolved over the centuries". The Indian Express. 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
^ Laurie Patton (2002). Jewels of Authority: Women and Textual Tradition in Hindu India. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-535064-7.
^ "Mangalsutra From Different States of India". KuberBox Jewellery Blog. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2020.

Bibliography

Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Purāṇas. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3-447-02522-0.
Tagare, G. V. (1958a). The Brahmanda Purana. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt.
Joshi, Ganesh. An Ornament of Beauty.
"An Ornament of Beauty," by Ganesh Joshi published in Woman's Era, January 2007.