Lunar-A

LUNAR-A
Spacecraft properties

Operator	JAXA
Website	LUNAR-A page


Launch mass	520 kg (1,150 lb)


Start of mission
Launch date	Cancelled
Rocket	M-5


Moon orbiter
Orbital parameters
Periselene altitude	200 km
Aposelene altitude	300 km
Inclination	30°
Moon impactor

LUNAR-A was a cancelled Japanese spacecraft project that was originally scheduled to be launched in 1995, then delayed to August 2004. After many delays (primarily due to potential thruster faults),^[1] the project was eventually cancelled in January 2007.^[2] It was planned to be launched on a Japanese M-V rocket from the Kagoshima Space Center.

History

The vehicle would have been cylindrical, with a diameter of 2.2 m and a height of 1.7 m. It would have had four solar panels and was engineered to be spin-stabilized. Plans called for it to enter an elliptical orbit around the Moon, and deploy two penetrators at an altitude of 40 km on opposite sides of the lunar body. The penetrators were to have been braked by a small rocket at an altitude of 25 km, then free fall to the surface. They were designed to withstand a collision speed of 330 meters per second to deeply penetrate the lunar regolith.^[3]

Once the penetrators deployed, the LUNAR-A spacecraft was mission-planned to maneuver to an orbital altitude of 200 km above the lunar surface. The craft was to have carried a monochromatic imaging camera with a resolution of 30 m.^[4]

References

^ Lunar-A launch delayed Space Today (March 31, 2004)
^ "Japan's Moon mission in jeopardy". Associated Press. 2007-01-15. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
^ "LUNAR-A Lunar Explorer" (PDF). JAXA. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
^ "Lunar-A". NASA NSSDCA. Retrieved March 19, 2023.

External links

Japanese space program

Italics indicates projects in development.
Symbol ^† indicates failed projects.
~~Strikethrough lines~~ indicate cancelled projects.

Space agencies

National space agencies	JAXA former ISAS NAL NASDA NICT JSS
Joint development partners	United States NASA¹ ESA² Italy ASI³ Canada CSA⁴ Russia Roscosmos⁵ Brazil AEB⁶ INPE⁷ India ISRO⁸

Astronomical observation

Past	Akari ASCA ASTRO-E^† ~~Astro-G~~ CORSA^† Ginga Hakucho HALCA Hinotori Hitomi^† ~~SPICA~~ Suzaku Tenma Yohkoh
Active	Hinode Hisaki XRISM¹
Future	ATHENA² SOLAR-C¹ GREX-PLUS [ja] HiZ-GUNDAM [ja] LAPYUTA LiteBIRD Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope¹ JASMINE

Communications satellites, broadcasting satellites and satellite navigation systems

Past	BS 2X 3H 3N Kakehashi Kirari Kizuna Kodama MBSat N-STAR a b Sakura (1 2a 2b 3a 3b) Yuri 1 2a 2b 3a 3b
Active	Kirameki 1 2 Michibiki 1 2 3 4 1R MTSAT N-STAR c d JDRS
Future	DSN 3 QZS 5 6 7

Earth observation

Past	Akebono Daichi 1 3^† Denpa Fuyo-1 Jikiken Kyokko Midori I II Momo 1 1b Ohozora Taiyo TRMM¹ Ume 1 b Geotail¹
Active	Aqua^1,7 Arase ASNARO 1 2 Daichi 2 4 EarthCARE² GPM¹ Himawari Ibuki original 2 Shikisai Shizuku
Future	GOSAT-GW PMM

Engineering tests

Past	Ayame 1 2 DASH EXPRESS IKAROS Jindai Kiku 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LDREX 1 2 LRE Micro LabSat-1 Myojo Ohsumi Orizuru RAISE 2 3^† ~~PETSAT~~ RAPIS-1 Ryusei SERVIS-1 SERVIS-2 SDS-1 SFU Shinsei ~~SmartSat-1~~ Tansei 1 2 3 4 Tasuki Tsubame Tsubasa USERS
Active	Ajisai Reimei SDS-4
Future	BEAK ETS-IX G-SATELLITE SERVIS-3

Human spaceflight

Past	~~Fuji crewed spacecraft~~ ~~HOPE-X~~ H-II Transfer Vehicle
Active	International Space Station (ISS) & Japanese Experiment Module (Kibō)^1,2,3,4,5,6
Future	HTV-X Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui) Lunar Gateway^1,2,4

Space probes

The Moon

Past	Hakuto-R Mission 1^† Hiten ~~Lunar-A~~ Kaguya (SELENE) OMOTENASHI^† ~~SELENE-2~~
Active	EQUULEUS Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM)
Future	Hakuto-R Mission 2 HERACLES^2,4 Lunar Cruiser Lunar Polar Exploration Mission⁸ (LUPEX) Yaoki

Others

Past	Hayabusa ~~Hayabusa Mk2~~ Nozomi^† PROCYON^† Sakigake Shin'en^† Suisei
Active	Akatsuki BepiColombo (MMO/Mio)² Hayabusa2 Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer² Hera²
Future	Comet Interceptor² DESTINY+ Dragonfly¹ MELOS Martian Moons eXploration Next Generation Small-Body Sample Return TEREX

Reconnaissance satellites

Past	IGS-Optical 1 2 Experimentally 3 IGS-Radar 1 2
Active	IGS-Optical 3 4 5 6 Experimentally 5 IGS-Radar 3 4 Spare 5 6
Future	IGS-Optical 7 8 IGS-Radar 7 8

Private small satellites

Past	CosMoz CUTE 1.7+APD Fuji 1 2 Hayato HIBARI HIT-SAT Kagayaki Kanta-kun (WEOS) Kūkai Maido-1 Negai☆″ Niwaka RAIKO Waseda-SAT2 WE WISH
Active	CUTE 1 1.7+APDII Fuji-3 Hitomi Hodoyoshi 1 2 3 4 Horyu 2 Kiseki PROITERES Raijin Raijin-2 SEEDS SOCRATES XI IV V
Future	DRUMS KITSUNE OPUSAT-II QSAT-EOS RSP-01 SOMESAT SpaceTuna1 SPROUT TSUBAME Wisseed Sat WNI satellite

Spacecraft missions to the Moon

Exploration
programs

American
- Apollo
- Artemis
- CLPS
- Lunar Orbiter
- Lunar Precursor
- Pioneer
- Ranger
- Surveyor
Chinese
- Chang'e
Indian
- Chandrayaan
Japanese
- Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
South Korean
- Danuri
Russian
- Luna-Glob
Soviet
- Crewed
- Luna
- Lunokhod
- Zond

Active
missions

Orbiters	ARTEMIS CAPSTONE Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter Chang'e 5-T1 (service module) Danuri Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Queqiao 1 (relay satellite at L₂) 2 Tiandu-1 2 ICUBE-Q
Landers	Chang'e 3 4 SLIM
Rovers	Yutu-2
Flybys	ArgoMoon

Past
missions

Crewed landings	Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 (List of Apollo astronauts)
Orbiters	Apollo 8 10 Apollo Lunar Module Artemis I Chang'e 1 2 5 Chandrayaan-1 Chandrayaan-3 (propulsion module) Clementine Explorer 35 49 GRAIL Hiten LADEE Longjiang-2 Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 2 3 4 5 Lunar Prospector PFS-1 PFS-2 SMART-1 SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)
Impactors	LCROSS Luna 2 Moon Impact Probe Ranger 4 6 7 8 9
Landers	Apollo Lunar Module ×6 Chang'e 5 6 Luna 9 13 16 17 20 21 23 24 Surveyor 1 3 5 6 7 Vikram (Chandrayaan-3) EagleCam IM-1
Rovers	Lunar Roving Vehicle Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 2 Yutu Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2) (Chandrayaan-3) LEV-1 LEV-2 (Sora-Q) Jinchan
Sample return	Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Chang'e 5 6
Failed landings	Beresheet Emirates Lunar Mission Hakuto-R M1 Luna 5 7 8 15 18 25 OMOTENASHI Surveyor 2 4 Vikram (Chandrayaan-2) Peregrine Mission One
Flybys	4M Apollo 13 Chang'e 5-T1 Geotail Galileo ICE Longjiang-1 Luna 1 3 4 6 LunaH-Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube LunIR Mariner 10 NEA Scout Nozomi Pioneer 4 Ranger 5 STEREO TESS WMAP Wind Zond 3 5 6 7 8 PAS-22

Planned
missions

Artemis	Artemis II (2025) Lunar Gateway Artemis III (2026) Artemis IV (2028) Artemis V (2030) Artemis VI (2031) Artemis VII (2032) Artemis VIII (2033)
CLPS	Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost (2024) IM-2 (2025) Lunar Trailblazer
Luna-Glob	Luna 26 (2027) Luna 27 (2028) Luna 28 (2030) Luna 29 (2030s) Luna 30 (2030s) Luna 31 (2030s)
CLEP	Chang'e 7 (2026) Chang'e 8 (2028)
Chandrayaan	Chandrayaan-4 (2027) Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX) (2028)
Others	Hakuto-R M2 (2024) Beresheet 2 (2025) ispace M3 (2026) Lunar Pathfinder (2026) DESTINY⁺ (2028) Cislunar Explorers (2020s) CU-E³ (2020s) MoonRanger (2020s) Argonaut M1 (2031) International Lunar Research Station (2030s)

Proposed
missions

Robotic	ALINA Artemis-7 Blue Moon BOLAS Garatéa-L ISOCHRON LunaNet Lunar Crater Radio Telescope McCandless Moon Diver
Crewed	DSE-Alpha Boeing Lunar Lander Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts

Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.

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