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Louis Pierre Vieillot
Louis Pierre Vieillot
	Bust by unknown sculptor
Born	10 May 1748; Yvetot, Seine-Maritime, France
Died	24 August 1830 (aged 82); Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France
Known for	Analyse d'une nouvelle Ornithologie Elémentaire (1816)
	Scientific career
Fields	Ornithology
Institutions	Saint-Domingue, Hispaniola (now Haiti)
Author abbrev. (zoology)	Vieillot

Louis Pierre Vieillot (10 May 1748, Yvetot – 24 August 1830, Sotteville-lès-Rouen) was a French ornithologist.^[a]

Vieillot is the author of the first scientific descriptions and Linnaean names of a number of birds, including species he collected himself in the West Indies and North America and South American species discovered but not formally named by Félix de Azara and his translator Sonnini de Manoncourt.^[3] He was among the first ornithologists to study changes in plumage and one of the first to study live birds. At least 77 of the genera erected by Vieillot are still in use.^[4]

Biography

Vieillot was born in Yvetot. He represented his family's business interests in Saint-Domingue (Haiti) on Hispaniola, but fled to the United States during the Haitian rebellions that followed the French Revolution. On Buffon's advice, he collected material for the Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale, the first two volumes of which were published in France beginning in 1807.

Vieillot returned to France for the last time in 1798, where the position created for him at the Bulletin des Lois left him sufficient leisure to continue his natural history studies. Following the death of Jean Baptiste Audebert, Vieillot saw the two parts of the "Oiseaux dorés" through to completion in 1802; his own Histoire naturelle des plus beaux oiseaux chanteurs de la zone torride appeared in 1806.

Vieillot's Analyse d'une nouvelle Ornithologie Elémentaire (1816) set out a new system of ornithological classification, which he applied with slight modifications in his contributions to the Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle (1816–1819). There was bitter rivalry between the leading ornithologists and the classification introduced by Vieillot was strongly criticized by Coenraad Temminck in a pamphlet published in 1817.^[5]^[6] In 1820, Vieillot undertook the continuation of the Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique, commenced by Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre in 1790. He also published an Ornithologie française (1823–1830).

Death entry for Louis Pierre Vieillot on 24 August 1830 in Sotteville-lès-Rouen

Towards the end of his life Vieillot became blind. He was granted a government pension in his final year but died in relative poverty.^[1]

Vieillot is now considered to be the authority for the scientific names of 88 genera and 402 species. Only Carl Linnaeus, Philip Sclater, and John Gould are considered to be the authority for more species. Viellot is commemorated in the scientific names of three birds: Lybius vieilloti (Vieillot's barbet), Coccyzus vieilloti (Puerto Rican lizard cuckoo) and Sphecotheres vieilloti (Australasian figbird).^[7]

Some^[who?] believe that Leach's Storm-petrel should be named Vieillot's Storm-petrel since he was the first to obtain a specimen of the species and to describe it. He did this in the New Dictionary of Natural History, published in 1817. He described the type location as the shores of Picardy, "se tient sur l"Ocean."

Works

Histoire naturelle des plus beaux oiseaux chanteurs de la zone torride. Dufour, Paris 1805.
Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique septentrionale. Desray, Paris 1807–1808.
Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire. d'Éterville, Paris 1816.
Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire des oiseaux d'Europe. Turin 1816.
Ornithologie. Lanoe, Paris 1818.
Faune française ou Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des animaux qui se trouvent en France. Le Vrault & Rapet, Paris, Strasbourg, Bruxelles, 1820–1830.
La galerie des oiseaux du cabinet d'histoire naturelle du jardin du roi. Aillard & Constant-Chantpie, Paris 1822–1825.
Ornithologie française ou Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des oiseaux de France. Pelicier, Paris 1830.

Notes

^ Vieillot's year and place of death are frequently given as "1831 in Rouen". This error goes back to René Lessons' obituary from 1831.^[1] However, the sentence M. Vieillot, le doyen des ornithologistes, vient de mourir à Rouen. says nothing about the actual year of death. The official record of his death clearly shows 24 August 1830 at Sotteville-lès-Rouen. The entry is from August 25, but according to the entry, he died a day earlier at 5 o'clock in the afternoon. Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot is also often found as a name. This is probably due to Howard Saunders, who may have conflated him with Jean Baptiste Audebert in the preface to the 1883 reprint of Vieillot's Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire, the earliest source in which it has been found.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b Lesson, René (1831). "Nécrologie". Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Géologie. 25: 365–366.
^ Vieillot, L. P.; Saunders, Howard (1883). Vieillot's Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire. [Printed by Taylor and Francis]. Louis-Pierre (or Louis Jean Pierre) Vieillot, was born, say his biographers, at Yvetôt on the 10th May, 1748.
^ Oehser, Paul H. (1948). "Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot (1748–1831)". Auk. 65 (4): 568–576. doi:10.2307/4080607. JSTOR 4080607.
^ Maurizio Perini, Vieillot's Birds. Illustrated and annotated list of the bird genera introduced by Louis Pierre Vieillot, pp.232, theOLIVA, 2021, ISBN 9788890653551.
^ Temminck, C.J. (1817). Observations sur la classification méthodique des oiseaux, et remarques sur l’Analyse d’une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire par L. P. Vieillot. Amsterdam: Gabriel Dufour.
^ Bruce, Murray (2003). "Foreword: A brief history of classifying birds". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 8: Broadbills to Tapaculos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 11–43. ISBN 978-84-87334-50-4.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "IOC World Bird List Version 13.2". International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 13 December 2023.