Ljubinje (Serbian Cyrillic: Љубиње) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in southeastern part of Herzegovina. As of 2013, the town has a population of 2,744 inhabitants, while the municipality has 3,511 inhabitants.
History
Ancient history
In antiquity, a road ran from Narona (near Metković) to Epidaurum (Cavtat) via Pardua, in the present-day village of Gradac near Ljubinje. The remains of a Roman settlement have been identified near Ljubinje. No systematic expert investigations have been conducted in the area (since 1973).[1]
Middle Ages
In the early medieval period the area of the present-day Ljubinje municipality belonged to the large župa (county) of Popovo, constituting the northernmost part of the Popovo county, bordering the counties of Dubrave and Dabar.[2] Politically, the area belonged to Zahumlje ("Hum"), ruled between the 12th and early 14th century with minor interruptions by the Nemanjić dynasty. After the War of Hum (1326–1329), this part of Hum was occupied by the Bosnian Ban Stjepan II Kotromanić, whose heir Tvrtko I had by 1373 extended the Bosnian borders southwards to include all of Hum.[3] Tvrtko's reign saw the rise of the Kosača family, of whom Vlatko Vuković had already by that time begun to rule much of Hum. Hum was governed by the family through Sandalj Hranić (1392–1435), Stjepan Vukčić Kosača (1435–1466), and the latter's sons, until 1482.
Ottoman period
People in front of the Pandurica pit, a place where Ustaše killed 36 locals by throwing them alive into a mass grave, as part of the wider Genocide of the Serbs
The Ottoman Empire occupied the area around Ljubinje between 1465 and 1467, and the defter (tax registry) of the Bosnian sanjak for 1468/69 already included the nahiya of Ljubinje.[4]
Austro-Hungarian rule
Under article 29 of the Treaty of Berlin of 1878, Austria-Hungary received special rights in the Ottoman Empire's provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. On 14 August 1878,[5] the Austro-Hungarian army marched into Ljubinje, ending Ottoman rule in the region. On 6 October 1908, Emperor Franz Joseph announced to the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina his intention to give them an autonomous and constitutional regime. The provinces were then annexed. The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was not countenanced by the Treaty of Berlin and set off a flurry of diplomatic protests and discussions.[6] Ljubinje remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the liberation at the end of World War I, when the Serbian army marched into Ljubinje.
The Serbian Orthodox Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in Ljubinje, was built in 1867 (as recorded by the inscription engraved on a plaque above the entrance to the church). The church belongs to a type of Herzegovinian single-nave stone-built church with an apse and a stone belltower — a type known as "na preslicu", perched over the main entrance facade.[7] A belltower na preslicu with three bells, made of finely finished limestone blocks, tops the left wall of the church. Belltowers of this form are one of the main characteristics of churches of this type in Herzegovina. The church is roofed with industrial tiles. Only the ends of the roof panes (of the belltower and apse respectively) are covered with sheet copper. The apse is also covered with sheet copper. The nave is separated from the altar space by an iconostasis partition. The iconostasis of the church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Virgin in Ljubinje was installed in the early 20th century. The artist who painted the icons remains unidentified. The frame of the iconostasis is wooden, and icons are attached to it, with various scenes painted on canvases.
The church contains a copy of the Gospels dating from 1793, in a metal cover with two metal clasps to the side, donated from Russia along with a double-sided processional icon, made of copper, by Zorka Radonjić (1901).[8] The centre of one side of the processional icon is occupied by an embossed and engraved scene of the Nativity of Christ, and the other by the Evangelist Luke, also embossed and engraved.
To the north, east and west, the church is surrounded by an Orthodox cemetery in active use, and a necropolis with stećak tombstones. About 20 metres to the north of the church is a mausoleum in memory of World War II victims of fascist terror.
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments in 2005 issued a decision to add the architectural ensemble of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in Ljubinje to the List of National Monuments.[9]
Church of the Nativity of the Lord Jesus Christ
Ljubinje municipality by population proportional to the settlement with the highest and lowest population (1991)
The Serbian Orthodox Church of the Nativity of the Lord Jesus Christ in Ljubinje was designed by the Serbian architect Ljubiša Folić.[10] The church was named after the Nativity of Christ for the fact that its construction started in 2000, an important year in Christianity that actually commemorates its most important event and the reason why it exists in the first place. Completion of the work and consecration of the new Orthodox Cathedral was solemnly celebrated on 21 September 2004, on the Patron Saint's Day of the Ljubinje municipality (The feast day of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos). The Holy Hierarchal Liturgy was served by the episcope Grigorije of Zahumlje, Herzegovina and the Littoral.[8]
Demographics
Landscape from LjubinjeRoad towards Ljubinje
Population
Population of settlements – Ljubinje municipality
Settlement
1879.
1885.
1895.
1910.
1921.
1931.
1948.
1953.
1961.
1971.
1981.
1991.
2013.
Total
10,283
11,381
12,238
14,606
14,422
14,980
4,837
4,516
4,172
3,511
1
Bančići
113
2
Dubočica
160
3
Gleđevci
74
4
Grablje
81
5
Gradac
65
6
Ivica
99
7
Kapavica
42
8
Krajpolje
134
9
Krtinje
51
10
Kruševica
233
11
Ljubinje
503
469
621
796
1,660
2,265
2,744
12
Mišljen
65
13
Obzir
48
14
Pocrnje
37
15
Pustipusi
64
16
Rankovci
33
17
Ubosko
142
18
Vlahovići
169
19
Vođeni
153
20
Žabica
45
21
Žrvanj
99
Ethnic composition
Ethnic composition – Ljubinje town
2013.
1991.
1981.
1971.
Total
2,744 (100,0%)
2,265 (100,0%)
1,660 (100,0%)
796 (100,0%)
Serbs
2,114 (93,33%)
1,448 (87,23%)
710 (89,20%)
Bosniaks
103 (4,547%)
74 (4,458%)
49 (6,156%)
Others
28 (1,236%)
1 (0,060%)
Yugoslavs
17 (0,751%)
107 (6,446%)
16 (2,010%)
Croats
3 (0,132%)
5 (0,301%)
5 (0,628%)
Montenegrins
22 (1,325%)
8 (1,005%)
Albanians
3 (0,181%)
Roma
8 (1,005%)
Ethnic composition– Ljubinje municipality
2013.
1991.
1981.
1971.
Total
3,511 (100,0%)
4,172 (100,0%)
4,516 (100,0%)
4,837 (100,0%)
Serbs
3,469 (98,80%)
3,748 (89,84%)
3,840 (85,03%)
4,170 (86,21%)
Others
20 (0,570%)
34 (0,815%)
11 (0,244%)
16 (0,331%)
Bosniaks
12 (0,342%)
332 (7,958%)
407 (9,012%)
532 (11,00%)
Croats
10 (0,285%)
39 (0,935%)
55 (1,218%)
62 (1,282%)
Yugoslavs
19 (0,455%)
159 (3,521%)
17 (0,351%)
Montenegrins
24 (0,531%)
16 (0,331%)
Roma
17 (0,376%)
8 (0,165%)
Albanians
3 (0,066%)
1 (0,021%)
Slovenes
13 (0,269%)
Macedonians
2 (0,041%)
Economy
The following table gives a preview of the total number of registered people employed in professional fields per their core activity (as of 2018):[11]
Professional field
Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
80
Mining and quarrying
-
Manufacturing
48
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
19
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
13
Construction
4
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
70
Transportation and storage
8
Accommodation and food services
39
Information and communication
85
Financial and insurance activities
5
Real estate activities
-
Professional, scientific and technical activities
8
Administrative and support service activities
3
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security
71
Education
78
Human health and social work activities
25
Arts, entertainment and recreation
8
Other service activities
7
Total
571
Notable residents
Đorđe Đurić, Serbian volleyball player, Olympic bronze medalist
Anđelić, Pavao. 1983. Srednjovjekovna župa Popovo (The mediaeval county of Popovo), Tribunia, no. 7, Trebinje.
Ćirković, Simo. 1964. Istorija srednjovjekovne bosanske države (History of the mediaeval Bosnian state), Belgrade.
Aličić, Ahmed. 1985. Poimenični popis sandžaka vilajeta Hercegovina.(Name lists of the sandžak of the vilayet of Herzegovina) Oriental Institute in Sarajevo, Sarajevo.
Albertini, Luigi. 2005. Origins of the War of 1914 – Vol. 1, Enigma Books, New York.
Bojanovski, Ivo. 1973. Rimska cesta Narona - Leusinium kao primjer saobraćajnog kontinuiteta. Godišnjak ANUBiH, Centar za balkanološka ispitivanja 10/8, Sarajevo.
