Mughal architecture, a type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent. It developed the styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India as an amalgam of Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture. Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentation; Examples of the style can be found in modern-day Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.[1][2][3]
Precedents
Iltutmish was the first emperor to have a large tomb in the subcontinent.[4] Most of the tombs in the Mughal Empire had marked influence from Iranian Timurid forms.[5] During the period of Lodis, there were hundreds of tombs built all across the empire. The tombs of nobles were bigger and more elaborate than that of the royals. While the royal tombs were octagonal, one of the nobles was square in shape. The square-shaped tombs were followed even during the Mughal tombs until the 18th century. Sher Shah Suri at one time had the largest tomb in India built for himself at Sasaram.[6] The nine bays in the Mughal tombs in replicated from Timurid women house architecture. Babur in his memoir records the numerous memories in Timurid Herat, which inspired him to create the Mughal gardens.[7]
The original construction date of the gardens (Persian: باغ, romanized: bāġ) is unknown. When Babur captured Kabul in 1504 from the Arguns he re-developed the site and used it as a guest house for special occasions, especially during the summer seasons. Since Babur had such a high rank, he would have been buried in a site that befitted him. The garden where it is believed Babur requested to be buried in is known as Bagh-e Babur. Mughal rulers saw this site as significant and aided in further development of the site and other tombs in Kabul. In an article written by the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme,[8] describes the marble screen built around tombs by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1638.
The tomb was commissioned by Humayun's chief consort, Bega Begum.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] in 1558, and designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son, Sayyid Muhammad.[16] Persian architects were chosen by her for the construction of this magnificent tomb. It was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent,[17]
It was built in 1605–1613 by his son Jahangir and is situated on 119 acres of grounds in Agra. The tomb is surrounded by a walled enclosure 105 m square. The tomb building is a four-tiered pyramid, surmounted by a marble pavilion containing the false tomb. The true tomb, as in other mausoleums, is in the basement.[18] The buildings are constructed mainly from a deep red sandstone, enriched with features in white marble. Decorated inlaid panels of these materials and a black slate adorn the tomb and the main gatehouse. Panel designs are geometric, floral and calligraphic, and prefigure the more complex and subtle designs later incorporated in Itmad-ud-Daulah's Tomb.[19][20]
The mausoleum dates from 1637, and is located in Shahdara Bagh in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, along the banks of the Ravi River.[21] The site is famous for its interiors which are extensively embellished with frescoes and marble, and its exterior which is richly decorated with pietra dura. The tomb, along with the adjacent Akbari Sarai and the Tomb of Asif Khan, are part of an ensemble currently on the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage status.[22] The emperor died in the foothills of Kashmir near the town of Rajauri on 28 October 1627. A funeral procession transferred his body from Kashmir and arrived in Lahore on Friday, 12 November 1627.[23]
It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperorShah Jahan (r. 1628–1658) to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal; it also houses the tomb of Shah Jahan himself. The tomb is the centrepiece of a 17-hectare (42-acre) complex, which includes a mosque and a guest house, and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenellated wall. The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site in 1983 for being "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage". It is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture and a symbol of India's rich history.[24][25]
In notable contrast to other Mughal tombs, which are large monuments of Mughal architecture, including the Taj Mahal, at his own direction Aurangzeb is buried in an unmarked grave[26] at the complex of the dargah or shrine of Sheikh Zainuddin.[27] It is located in the south-eastern corner of the complex of the dargah of Sheikh Zainuddin.[27]
It is the mausoleum of Mariam-uz-Zamani, the favorite[28][29] and most influential consort of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.[30][31][32] The tomb was built by her son Jahangir, in her memory between years 1623-1627 and is located in Sikandra, next to the Akbar's Tomb,[33][34][35] in the direction of Mathura.[36] The structure was originally an open baradari (pleasure pavilion) under Sikander Lodi, who built it in 1495 AD. It was adopted by the Mughals in 1623 AD and was converted into a tomb by making a crypt below the central compartment and remodelling it substantially with heavy additions of embellishments like frescoes and floral carvings.
It was commissioned in 1660 by the Mughal emperorAurangzeb in the memory of his wife Dilras Banu Begum (posthumously known as Rabia-ud-Daurani) and is considered to be a symbol of Aurangzeb's 'conjugal fidelity'.[37][38][39] It bears a striking resemblance to the Taj Mahal, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's mother, Mumtaz Mahal.[40]
Often described as a "jewel box", sometimes called the "Baby Taj", the tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the Taj Mahal. Along with the main building, the structure consists of numerous outbuildings and gardens. The tomb, built between 1622 and 1628, represents a transition between the first phase of monumental Mughal architecture – primarily built from red sandstone with marble decorations, as in Humayun's Tomb in Delhi and Akbar's tomb in Sikandra – to its second phase, based on white marble and pietra dura inlay, most elegantly realized in the Taj Mahal. The mausoleum was commissioned by Nur Jahan, the wife of Jahangir, for her father Mirzā Ghiyās Beg, originally a Persian Amir in exile.[41]
It is a funerary monument, rauza in Agra, India, containing the tomb of Afzal Khan Shirazi, a scholar and poet who was the Prime Minister of the Mughal EmperorShah Jahan. The tomb was built in 1635. The Chini Ka Rauza is situated just 1 kilometre north of Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb, on the eastern bank of Yamuna river in Agra, and 2 kilometres away from the Taj Mahal. The facade of the monument is also known for its glazed tile work, called Kashi or chini in Mughal era buildings.[45]
It is a large walled garden and burial complex located in muhalla Khuldabad close to the Prayagraj Junction railway station, in Prayagraj, India. Situated over forty acres and shaped as a quadrangle, it was primarily built for Shah Begum (born Manbhawati Bai) (d. 1604), Jahangir's chief consort and the daughter of Raja Bhagwant Das and Khusrau Mirza's (d. 1622) mother, by Jahangir. Later her children were also buried in the same garden, Khusrau Mirza, Jahangir's eldest son and briefly heir apparent to the Mughal throne; and Sultan-un-Nissa Begum (d. 1646), Shah Begum and Jahangir's eldest daughter. It is listed as an Indian Site of National Importance.[46]
* - Mughal Emperors.
Notes
^Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre: Book. 2013-02-27. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^Kamiya, Takeo. "Humayun's Tomb in Delhi". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 January 2017. In 1565 the previous queen of the Mughal Dynasty, Haji Begum, ordered the construction of the largest and the most splendid mausoleum in the empire for her late ill-fated husband, Humayun, near to the Yamuna River.
^Burke, S. M. (1989). Akbar, the Greatest Mogul. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 191.
^ ab"Tomb of Aurangzeb"(PDF). Archaeological Survey of India, Aurangabad. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
^Hindu Shah, Muhammad Qasim. Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi. p. 223.
^Hunter Shah, Wlliam W. (1881). Lodge, Henry Cabot (ed.). The History of Nations: India and Modern Persia. Vol. 5. P.F. Collier & son, New York. p. 115.
^Lal, Ruby (2005). Domesticity and power in the early Mughal world. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN9780521850223.
^Lach, Donald F.; Kley, Edwin J. Van (1998). Asia in the Making of Europe : Volume III, the Century of Advance (Pbk. ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 738. ISBN9780226467672.
^Eraly, Abraham (2008). The Mughal world: India's tainted paradise. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 376.
Asher, Catherine Blanshard; Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Asher, Catherine B.; Johnson, Gordon (1992). Architecture of Mughal India Volume 4. Cambridge University Press.
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