Roulette was developed in 18th century France[8] from a primitive form created by Blaise Pascal (17th century).[9] In 1843, Louis and François Blanc introduced the single 0 style roulette wheel.
Many other gambling games and card games (including the French suits around 1480)[10] were invented in France, some from earlier games :
Bal-musette: a style of French instrumental music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1880s. Although it began with bagpipes as the main instrument, this instrument was replaced with accordion, on which a variety of waltzes, polkas, and other dance styles were played for dances.
Ambient music: as an early 20th-century French composer, Erik Satie used such Dadaist-inspired explorations to create an early form of ambient/background music that he labeled "furniture music" (Musique d'ameublement). This he described as being the sort of music that could be played during a dinner to create a background atmosphere for that activity, rather than serving as the focus of attention.
Fauvism: a style of art pioneered by early 20th-century French modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism.
Modern stethoscope.Insulin pump, showing an infusion set loaded into spring-loaded insertion device.
Lamarckism, the first cohesive theory of evolution[88] as well as a theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, laid out by French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1809. Long dismissed in favour of Darwinism, recent developments in the field of epigenetics have led scientists to debate whether Lamarckism was, in fact, correct to an extent.[89]
Blood transfusion by Jean-Baptiste Denys on 15 June 1667.[91] and first modern transfusion by Émile Jeanbrau on 16 October 1914 (after the first non-direct transfusion performed on 27 March 1914, by the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin).
Discovery of osmosis in 1748 by Jean-Antoine Nollet.[94] The word "osmosis" descends from the words "endosmose" and "exosmose", which were coined by French physician René Joachim Henri Dutrochet (1776–1847) from the Greek words ένδον (endon : within), έξο (exo : outside), and ωσμος (osmos : push, impulsion).
Hand transplantation on 23 September 1998, in Lyon by a team assembled from different countries around the world including Jean-Michel Dubernard who, shortly thereafter, performed the first successful double hand transplant.[125]
Submarine : The first submarine not relying on human power was the French Plongeur (meaning diver), launched in 1863, and using compressed air at 180 psi (1241 kPa).[145]
Minié rifle by Claude-Étienne Minié, first reliable (easy to load) muzzle-loading rifle in 1849.[205][206] In the artillery, from 1859, the La Hitte rifled guns were a considerable improvement over the previous smooth-bore guns which had been in use,[207] able to shoot at 3,000 meters either regulars shells, ball-loaded shells or grapeshot. They appear to have been the first case of usage of rifled cannons on a battlefield.[208]
Sonar, first ultrasonic submarine detector using an electrostatic method (and first practical military sonar) in 1916-1917 by Paul Langevin (with Constantin Chilowsky).[217]
Tanks : developed at the same time (1915–1916) in France and in Great Britain. France was the second country to use tanks on the battlefield (after Great Britain). in 1916, the first practical light tank, the Renault FT with the first full 360° rotation turret became, for armour historian Steven Zaloga "the world's first modern tank".[218]
Communication and computers
A Chappe semaphore tower near Saverne, FranceMinitel
On 22 July 1894 the newspaper Le Petit Journal organised the world's first competitive motor race from Paris to Rouen. The first finisher was Count Jules-Albert de Dion but his steamer was ineligible, so the 'official' victory was awarded to Albert Lemaître driving his 3 hp petrol engined Peugeot.
Flyboard in 2012 by Franky Zapata.[267] Another version, the Flyboard Air, an air-propelled hoverboard,[268] achieved a Guinness World Record for farthest flight by hoverboard in April 2016.[269]
Kitesurf aka flysurf in the 1990s by Manu Bertin and ski mountain derivatives
Trophée Jules Verne since 1985 by Yves Le Cornec the fastest circumnavigation of the world (under 80 days) by any type of sailing yacht with no restrictions on the size of the crew
Burgess, Geoffrey, and Bruce Haynes: 2004, The Oboe, The Yale Musical Instrument Series, New disney world, Connecticut and London: Yale University Press. pp. 27, 28, 102. ISBN0-300-09317-9
Carse, Adam: 1965, Musical Wind Instruments: A History of the Wind Instruments Used in European Orchestras and Wind-Bands from the Later Middle Ages up to the Present Time New York: Da Capo Press. p. 120. ISBN0-306-80005-5
^Le Gonidec, Marie-Barbara. "Carte géographique/ map of the origins of different bagpipes". Cornemuses d'Europe et de Méditerranée (in French). Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication/French Ministry of Culture and Communication. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
^Schiffer, Michael; Hollenback, Kasy; and Bell, Carrie. 2003. Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology In the Age of Enlightenment. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-23802-2
^MIT, "Inventor of the Week Archive: Pascal : Mechanical Calculator", May 2003. "Pascal worked on many versions of the devices, leading to his attempt to create a perpetual motion machine. He has been credited with introducing the roulette machine, which was a by-product of these experiments."
^"The First Photograph - Heliography". Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2009. from Helmut Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ... In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate ... The sunlight passing through ... This first permanent example ... was destroyed ... some years later.
^Vogel, Shane (2000). "WHERE ARE WE NOW?: Queer World Making and Cabaret Performance". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 6 (1): 29–59. doi:10.1215/10642684-6-1-29. S2CID145261448.
^Martin, Constant (1950). Musique électronique de l'instrument de musique le plus simple aux orgues électroniques, amélioration d'instruments classiques, cloches électroniques, constructions pratiques. Paris: Technique et vulgarisation. p. 202. LCCN50031038.
^"Lamp." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2011): 1. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 December 2011.
^Aftalion, Fred (1991). A History of the International Chemical Industry. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 11–13. ISBN978-0-8122-1297-6.
^Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). "XII. Other Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium: Beryllium, Boron, Silicon and Aluminium". The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. ISBN978-0-7661-3872-8.
^Grinstead, Charles Miller; James Laurie Snell. "Introduction". Introduction to Probability. pp. vii.
^Daumas, Maurice, Scientific Instruments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries and Their Makers, Portman Books, London 1989 ISBN978-0-7134-0727-3
^Turner, Anthony J. Melchisédech Thévenot, the bubble level, and the artificial horizon. Nuncius: annali di storia della scienza 7, no. 1 (1992): 131-145.
^Le Cam, L. (1986), "The central limit theorem around 1935", Statistical Science, 1 (1): 78–96 [p. 81], doi:10.1214/ss/1177013818, The result, obtained using a formula originally proved by de Moivre but now called Stirling's formula, occurs in his `Doctrine of Chances' of 1733..
^Pearson, Karl (1924), "Historical note on the origin of the normal curve of errors", Biometrika, 16 (3/4): 402–404 [p. 403], doi:10.2307/2331714, JSTOR2331714, I consider that the fact that Stirling showed that De Moivre's arithmetical constant was √2π does not entitle him to claim the theorem, [...]
^Dorin, Henry (1982). Socolof, Fred (ed.). Chemistry, the study of matter. Fairfield, N.J.: Cebco Standard Pub. ISBN9780205097005.
^Adler, Ken (2002). The Measure of all Things - The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World. London: Abacus. ISBN978-0-349-11507-8. - Prologue, p 1
^Translation of Lippmann's 1908 article (This crude English translation will be more comprehensible if the reader bears in mind that "dark room" and "darkroom" are the translator's mistaken renderings of "chambre noire", the French equivalent of the Latin "camera obscura", and should be read as "camera" in the thirteen places where this error occurs.)
^Taylor, Nick (2000). LASER: The inventor, the Nobel laureate, and the thirty-year patent war. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-0-684-83515-0. Page 56.
^L’Abbé Nollet (June 1748) "Recherches sur les causes du bouillonnement des liquides" (Researches on the causes of the boiling of liquids) Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique, tirés des registres de l’Académie Royale des Sciences de l’année 1748, pp. 57–104; especially pp. 101–103. The Mémoires (1748) were printed in: Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Année 1748, which was published in 1752 and which contains a condensed version of Nollet's article on pages 10–19.
Original text : Avant que de finir ce Mémoire, je crois devoir rendre compte d'un fait que je dois au hasard, & qui me parut d'abord ... singulier ... j'en avois rempli une fiole cylindrique, longue de cinq pouces, & d'un pouce de diamètre ou environ ; & l'ayant couverte d'un morceau de vessie mouillée & ficelée au col du vaisseau, je l'avois plongée dans un grand vase plein d'eau, afin d'être sûr qu'il ne rentrât aucun air dans l'esprit de vin. Au bout de cinq ou six heures, je fus tout surpris de voir que la fiole étoit plus pleine qu'au moment de son immersion, quoiqu'elle le fût alors autant que ses bords pouvoient le permettre ; la vessie qui lui servoit de bouchon, étoit devenue convexe & si tendue, qu’en la piquant avec une épingle, il en sortit un jet de liqueur qui s'éleva à plus d'un pied de hauteur.
Translation : Before finishing this memoir, I think I should report an event that I owe to chance and which at first seemed to me ... strange ... I filled [with alcohol] a cylindrical vial, five inches long and about one inch in diameter; and [after] having covered it with piece of damp bladder [which was] tied to the neck of the vial, I immersed it in a large bowl full of water, in order to be sure that no air re-entered the alcohol. At the end of 5 or 6 hours, I was very surprised to see that the vial was fuller than at the moment of its immersion, although it [had been filled] as far as its sides would allow ; the bladder that served as its cap, bulged and had become so stretched that on pricking it with a needle, there came from it a jet of alcohol that rose more than a foot high.
The King's Midwife : A History and Mystery of Madame du Coudray, by Nina Rattner Gelbart, Berkeley : University of California Press, (1998). ISBN0-520-21036-0 (At Worldcat)
^Laennec, René (1819). De l'auscultation médiate ou traité du diagnostic des maladies des poumon et du coeur. Paris: Brosson & Chaudé.
^Pasteur L, Ernst HC (1880) [May 1880]. "(translated from French)" [On the extension of the germ theory to the etiology of certain common diseases]. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences. Vol. XC. pp. 1033–44. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
^Geison GL (1978). "Pasteur's work on rabies: Reexamining the ethical issues diagnosis for developing countries". Hastings Center Report. 8 (April): 26–. doi:10.2307/3560403. JSTOR3560403. PMID348641.
^Lanzetta M, Petruzzo P, Dubernard JM, et al. (July 2007). "Second report (1998-2006) of the International Registry of Hand and Composite Tissue Transplantation". Transpl Immunol. 18 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.trim.2007.03.002. PMID17584595.
^Ghodoussi, Dr. "Media Collection". Interface Surgical Technologies, LLC. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^Munson, Kenneth. Helicopters and other Rotorcraft since 1907. London: Blandford Publishing, 1968. ISBN978-0-7137-0493-8
^Leishman, Dr. J. Gordon, Technical Fellow of AHS International. "Paper."Archived 1 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine64th Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society International, on the aerodynamic capability of Cornu's design
^The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing
^Zucker, Robert D.; Oscar Biblarz (2002). Fundamentals of gas dynamics. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN978-0-471-05967-7.
^Bellis, Mary. "Levi Strauss - The History of Blue Jeans". About.com. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2010. "Levi Strauss had the canvas made into waist overalls. Miners liked the pants, but complained that they tended to chafe. Levi Strauss substituted a twilled cotton cloth from France called "serge de Nimes." The fabric later became known as denim and the pants were nicknamed blue jeans." In French of Nimes or De Nimes shortened to Denim
^"Barthelemy Thimonnier". Sewing Machines from the Past to the Present. Retrieved 11 April 2005.
^Pechter E. A new method for determining bra size and predicting postaugmentation breast size. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 102 (4) September 1998, 1259–1265 : According to Life magazine, in 1889 Herminie Cadolle of France invented the first modern bra.
^The Story of Lacoste. Retrieved from "Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 January 2006. Retrieved 5 May 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).
^Style & Design: Lacoste. Time Magazine, Winter 2004. Retrieved from [1].
^Monti, Ángel María (1852). Historia de Gibraltar: Dedicada a SS. AA. RR., los serenisimos señores Infantes Duques de Montpensier. Imp. Juan Moyano. p. 216.
^Chartrand, René; Courcelle, Patrice (2006). Gibraltar 1779 - 1783 : the great siege ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Oxford: Osprey. ISBN9781841769776.
^Division of the History of Technology, Division of the History of Technology. "The lead minie ball". Civil War. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
^Nosworthy, Brent (2003). The bloody crucible of courage : fighting methods and combat experience of the Civil War (1. Carroll & Graf ed.). New York: Carroll & Graf. p. 752. ISBN978-0786711475.
^Farwell, Byron (2001). The encyclopedia of nineteenth-century land warfare : an illustrated world view (1. ed.). New York [u.a.]: Norton. p. 900. ISBN978-0393047707.
^The Submarine Torpedo Boat, Its Characteristics and Modern Development by Allen Hoar p.93 [3]
^John Walter (2006). Rifles of the World (3 ed.). Iola: Krause Publications. p. 86. ISBN978-0-89689-241-5.
^Médard, Louis (1994). "L'œuvre scientifique de Paul Vieille (1854-1934) (The scientific work of Paul Vieille (1854-1934) )". Revue d'Histoire des Sciences (in French). 47 (3–4): 381–404. doi:10.3406/rhs.1994.1211.
^Davis, Tenny L. The Chemistry of Powder & Explosives (1943) pages 289–292
^"France: Air Force (Armée de l'Air), in Christopher H. Sterling, Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st century (ABC-CLIO, 2008) p168
^Manbachi, A.; Cobbold, R. S. C. (2011). "Development and application of piezoelectric materials for ultrasound generation and detection". Ultrasound. 19 (4): 187. doi:10.1258/ult.2011.011027. S2CID56655834.
^Steven J. Zaloga, The Renault FT Light Tank, London 1988, p. 3
^Beyer, Rick, The Greatest Stories Never Told, A&E Television Networks / The History Channel, ISBN0-06-001401-6 p. 60
^Anthony Ralston and Edwin D. Reilly (ed.), Encyclopedia of Computer Science Third Edition, IEEE Press/Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1993, ISBN0-442-27679-6Baudot Code
^Froehlich, E.; Allen Kent (1991). The Froehlich/Kent encyclopedia of telecommunications: Volume 2. CRC Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN978-0-8247-2901-1.
^Variations of Conductivity under Electrical Influences, By Edouard Branly. Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 103 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) Page 481 (Contained in, Comptes rendus de I'Acade'mie des Sciences, Paris, vol. cii., 1890, p. 78.)
^On the Changes in Resistance of Bodies under Different Electrical Conditions. By E. Branly. Minutes of proceedings, Volume 104 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain). 1891. Page 416 (Contained in, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, 1891, vol. exit., p. 90.)
^Experiments on the conductivity of insulating bodies, By M. Edouard Branly, M.D. Philosophical magazine. Taylor & Francis., 1892. Page 530 (Contained in, Comptes Rendus de l' Academic des Sciences, 24 November 1890 and 12 January 1891, also, Bulletin de la Societi internationals d'electriciens, no. 78, May 1891)
^Practical Electricity by W. E. Ayrton and T. Mather, published by Cassell and Company, London, 1911, pp 188-193
^Althin, Torsten K.W. (1948). C.E. Johansson, 1864–1943: The Master of Measurement. Stockholm: Ab. C.E. Johansson [C.E. Johansson corporation]. LCCN74219452. p.41
(in French)Guy Coriono, 250 ans de l'École des Ponts et Chaussées en cent portraits, Presses de l'école nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, 1997, 222 p. ISBN2-85978-271-0
(in French)Antoine Picon, L'art de l'Ingénieur. Constructeur, entrepreneur, inventeur, éditions du Centre Pompidou, Paris, 1997, 598 p. ISBN2-85850-911-5
^Willett, Julie (2010). The American Beauty Industry Encyclopedia. Greenwood.
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