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"Les Six" (French: [le sis]) is a name given to a group of six composers, five of them French and one Swiss, who lived and worked in Montparnasse. The name has its origins in two 1920 articles by critic Henri Collet in Comœdia (see Bibliography).^[2]^[3] Their music is often seen as a neoclassic reaction against both the musical style of Richard Wagner and the Impressionist music of Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.^{[citation needed]}

The members were Georges Auric (1899–1983), Louis Durey (1888–1979), Arthur Honegger (1892–1955), Darius Milhaud (1892–1974), Francis Poulenc (1899–1963), and Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983).

Les nouveaux jeunes

In 1917, when many theatres and concert halls were closed because of World War I, Blaise Cendrars and the painter Moïse Kisling decided to put on concerts at 6 rue Huyghens [fr], the studio of the painter Émile Lejeune (1885–1964). For the first of these events, the walls of the studio were decorated with canvases by Picasso, Matisse, Léger, Modigliani, and others. Music by Erik Satie, Honegger, Auric, and Durey was played. This concert gave Satie the idea of assembling a group of composers around himself to be known as Les nouveaux jeunes, forerunners of Les Six.

Les Six

According to Milhaud:

[Collet] chose six names absolutely arbitrarily, those of Auric, Durey, Honegger, Poulenc, Tailleferre and me simply because we knew each other and we were pals and appeared on the same musical programmes, no matter if our temperaments and personalities weren't at all the same! Auric and Poulenc followed ideas of Cocteau, Honegger followed German Romanticism, and myself, Mediterranean lyricism!^{[This quote needs a citation]}
— Ivry 1996

And according to Poulenc:

The diversity of our music, of our tastes and distastes, precluded any common aesthetic. What could be more different than the music of Honegger and Auric? Milhaud admired Magnard, I did not; neither of us liked Florent Schmitt, whom Honegger respected; Arthur [Honegger] on the other hand had a deep-seated scorn for Satie, whom Auric, Milhaud and I adored.
— Quoted in Mark Amory, Lord Berners: The Last Eccentric, 1998, ch. VI

But, that is only one reading of how the Groupe des Six originated. Other authors, like Ornella Volta, stressed the manoeuvrings of Jean Cocteau to become the leader of an avant-garde group devoted to music, like the cubist and surrealist groups which had sprung up in visual arts and literature shortly before, with Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, and André Breton as their key representatives. The fact that Satie had abandoned the Nouveaux jeunes less than a year after starting the group, was the "gift from heaven" that made it all come true for Cocteau: his 1918 publication, Le Coq et l'Arlequin,^[4] is said to have kicked it off.

After World War I, Jean Cocteau and Les Six began to frequent a bar known as "La Gaya" which became Le Bœuf sur le toit (The Ox on the Roof) when the establishment moved to larger quarters. As the famous ballet by Milhaud had been conceived at the old premises, the new bar took on the name of Milhaud's ballet.^[5] On the renamed bar's opening night, pianist Jean Wiéner played tunes by George Gershwin and Vincent Youmans while Cocteau and Milhaud played percussion. Among those in attendance were impresario Serge Diaghilev, artist Pablo Picasso, filmmaker René Clair, singer Jane Bathori, and actor and singer Maurice Chevalier. Another frequent guest was the young American composer Virgil Thomson whose compositions in subsequent years were influenced by members of Les Six.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Collaborations

Although the group did not exist to work on compositions collaboratively, there were six occasions, spread over 36 years, on which at least some members of the group did work together on the same project. On only one of these occasions was the entire Groupe des Six involved; in some others, composers from outside the group also participated.

Auric and Poulenc were involved in all six of these collaborations, Milhaud in five, Honegger and Tailleferre in three, but Durey in only one.

1920: L'Album des Six

In 1920 the group published an album of piano pieces together, known as L'Album des Six. This was the only work in which all six composers collaborated.

Prélude (1919) – Auric
Romance sans paroles, Op. 21 (1919) – Durey
Sarabande, H 26 (1920) – Honegger
Mazurka (1914) – Milhaud
Valse in C, FP 17 (1919) – Poulenc
Pastorale, Enjoué (1919) – Tailleferre

1921: Les mariés de la tour Eiffel

In 1921, five of the members jointly composed the music for Cocteau's ballet Les mariés de la tour Eiffel, which was produced by the Ballets suédois, the rival to the Ballets Russes. Cocteau had originally proposed the project to Auric, but as Auric did not finish rapidly enough to fit into the rehearsal schedule, he then divided the work up among the other members of Les Six. Durey, who was not in Paris at the time, chose not to participate. The première was the occasion of a public scandal rivalling that of Le sacre du printemps in 1913. In spite of this, Les mariés de la tour Eiffel was in the repertoire of the Ballets suédois throughout the 1920s.

Overture (14 July) – Auric
Marche nuptiale – Milhaud
Discours du General (Polka) – Poulenc
La Baigneuse de Trouville – Poulenc
La Fugue du Massacre – Milhaud
La Valse des Depeches – Tailleferre
Marche funèbre – Honegger
Quadrille – Tailleferre
Ritournelles – Auric
Sortie de la Noce – Milhaud

1927: L'éventail de Jeanne

In 1927, Auric, Milhaud and Poulenc, along with seven other composers who were not part of Les Six, jointly composed the children's ballet L'éventail de Jeanne.

Fanfare – Maurice Ravel
Marche – Pierre-Octave Ferroud
Valse – Jacques Ibert
Canarie – Alexis Roland-Manuel
Bourrée – Marcel Delannoy
Sarabande – Albert Roussel
Polka – Milhaud
Pastourelle – Poulenc
Rondeau – Auric
Finale: Kermesse-Valse – Florent Schmitt

1949: Mouvements du coeur

In 1949, Auric, Milhaud and Poulenc, along with three other composers, jointly wrote Mouvements du coeur: Un hommage à la mémoire de Frédéric Chopin, 1810–1849, a suite of songs for baritone or bass and piano on words of Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin in commemoration of the centenary of the death of Frédéric Chopin.

Prélude – Henri Sauguet
Mazurka – Poulenc
Valse – Auric
Scherzo impromptu – Jean Françaix
Étude – Léo Preger
Ballade nocturne – Milhaud
Postlude: Polonaise – Henri Sauguet

1952: La Guirlande de Campra

In 1952, Auric, Honegger, Poulenc, Tailleferre and three other composers collaborated on an orchestral work called La Guirlande de Campra.^[10]

Toccata – Honegger
Sarabande et farandole – Daniel Lesur
Canarie – Alexis Roland-Manuel
Sarabande – Tailleferre
Matelote provençale – Poulenc
Variation – Henri Sauguet
Écossaise – Auric

1956: Variations sur le nom de Marguerite Long

In 1956, Auric, Milhaud, Poulenc and five other composers created an orchestral suite in honour of the pianist Marguerite Long, called Variations sur le nom de Marguerite Long

Hymne solennel – Jean Françaix
Variations en forme de Berceuse pour Marguerite Long – Henri Sauguet
La Couronne de Marguerites ("The Crown of Daisies"), Valse en forme de rondo – Milhaud
Nocturne – Jean Rivier
Sérénades – Henri Dutilleux
Intermezzo – Daniel Lesur
Bucolique, FP. 160^[11] – Poulenc
ML (Allegro: Finale) – Auric

Selected music by individual members of Les Six

Salade by Milhaud; premiered 1924 in a production of Count Etienne de Beaumont
La nouvelle Cythère by Tailleferre; written in 1929 for the Ballets Russes and unproduced because of Diaghilev's sudden death
Cinq bagatelles by Auric
Les biches, ballet (1922/23) by Poulenc
Le Bal Masqué, cantate profane sur des poèmes de Max Jacob (Baritone, ensemble) (1932) by Poulenc
Scaramouche by Milhaud
Le Bœuf sur le toit by Milhaud
Sonate pour violon seul by Honegger
Danse de la chèvre (Dance of the Goat) for solo flute by Honegger
Sonate champêtre for Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon and Piano by Tailleferre

Bibliography

Jean Cocteau: Le Coq et l'Arlequin: Notes autour de la musique (Paris: Éditions de la Sirène, 1918).
Henri Collet: "La Musique chez soi (XII): Un livre de Rimsky et un livre de Cocteau – Les Cinq russes, les Six français, et Erik Satie", in: Comœdia, 16 January 1920, p. 2.
Henri Collet: "La Musique chez soi (XIII): "Les 'Six' français – Darius Milhaud, Louis Durey, Georges Auric, Arthur Honegger, Francis Poulenc et Germaine Tailleferre", in: Comœdia, 23 January 1920, p. 2.
Fondation Erik Satie (ed.): Le Groupe des Six et ses amis: 70e anniversaire (Paris: Placard, 1990), ISBN 2-907523-01-5.
Ornella Volta: Satie/Cocteau. Les Malentendus d'une entente (Bègles: Le Castor Astral, 1993), ISBN 2-85920-208-0.
Benjamin Ivry: Francis Poulenc (London: Phaidon Press, 1996), ISBN 0-7148-3503-X.
Roger Nichols: The Harlequin Years: Music in Paris 1917–1929 (London: Thames & Hudson, 2002), ISBN 0-500-51095-4.
Robert Shapiro: Les Six: The French Composers and their Mentors Jean Cocteau and Erik Satie (London/Chicago: Peter Owen, 2011), ISBN 978-0-7206-1293-6.
Jane F. Fulcher: The Composer as Intellectual. Music and Ideology in France, 1914–1940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Barbara L. Kelly: Music and Ultra-Modernism in France, a Fragile Consensus, 1913–1939 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2013).