Lalande 21185

Lalande 21185
The red circle shows the approximate location of Lalande 21185 in Ursa Major
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0
Constellation Ursa Major
Right ascension 11h 03m 20.19482s[1]
Declination +35° 58′ 11.5762″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 7.520[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type M2V[3]
Apparent magnitude (B) 8.960 ± 0.007[2]
Apparent magnitude (V) 7.520 ± 0.009[2]
Apparent magnitude (R) ~6.6[3]
Apparent magnitude (I) ~5.8[3]
Apparent magnitude (J) 4.203 ±0.242[3]
Apparent magnitude (H) 3.640 ±0.202[3]
Apparent magnitude (K) 3.254 ±0.306[3]
U−B color index +1.074[2]
B−V color index +1.444[2]
Variable type BY[4]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−85.11±0.13[1] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: −580.057 mas/yr[1]
Dec.: −4776.589 mas/yr[1]
Parallax (π)392.7529 ± 0.0321 mas[1]
Distance8.3044 ± 0.0007 ly
(2.5461 ± 0.0002 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)10.48[5]
Details
Mass0.389±0.008[6] M☉
Radius0.392±0.004[6] R☉
Luminosity (bolometric)0.02194±0.00021[6] L☉
Luminosity (visual, LV)0.0055[nb 1] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.895+0.008
−0.010[7] cgs
Temperature3,547±18[6] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]−0.3621+0.0872
−0.0687[7] dex
Rotation56.15±0.27 d[8]
Age8.047+3.958
−4.523[7] Gyr
Other designations
NSV 18593, BD+36 2147, GJ 411, HD 95735, HIP 54035, SAO 62377, G 119-052, LFT 756, LHS 37, LTT 12960, NLTT 26105, PLX 2576, IRAS 11005+3615, 2MASS J11032023+3558117, J11032027+3558203, MCC 594[3]
Database references
SIMBADdata
Exoplanet Archivedata
ARICNSdata

Lalande 21185 (also known as BD+36 2147, Gliese 411, and HD 95735[3]) is a star in the south of Ursa Major. It is the apparent brightest red dwarf in the northern hemisphere.[nb 2][9][10] Despite this, and being relatively close by, it is very dim (as are all red dwarfs), being only magnitude 7.5 in visible light and thus too faint to be seen with the unaided eye. The star is visible through a small telescope or binoculars.[11]

At 8.304 light-years (2.546 parsecs)[1] away it is one of the stars nearest to the Solar System; only the Alpha Centauri system, Barnard's Star, Wolf 359, and the brown dwarfs Luhman 16 and WISE 0855−0714 are known to be closer.[12] Because of its proximity it is a frequent subject for astronomical surveys and other research and thus is known by numerous other designations, most commonly Gliese 411 and HD 95735. In approximately 19,900 years it will be at its closest, about 4.65 ly (1.43 pc) from the Sun, just over half its present distance.[13][14]

Lalande 21185 has two known exoplanets and one candidate exoplanet, making it the third closest confirmed planetary system to the Solar System.

History

Distances of the nearest stars from 20,000 years ago until 80,000 years in the future

The celestial coordinates of Lalande 21185 were first published in 1801 by French astronomer Jérôme Lalande of the Paris Observatory in the star catalog Histoire céleste française. The catalog sequence numbers for majority of the observed stars, including this one, were introduced in its 1847 edition by Francis Baily.[15][16] Today this star is one of just a few that are still commonly referred to by their Lalande catalog number.[17]

In May 1857, Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander discovered the high proper motion of the star. It was sometimes called "Argelander's second star".[18][19][20] (The "first Argelander's star" is Groombridge 1830, whose high proper motion was discovered by Argelander earlier—in 1842).

Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke is reported to have made the first measurement of the star's parallax of 0.511 arc seconds in 1857–58 and thus first identifying Lalande 21185 as the second-closest-known star to the Sun, after the Alpha Centauri system.[19] Since that time better measurements have placed the star farther away, but it remained the second-closest-known star system until the astrophotographic discovery of two dim red dwarfs, Wolf 359 and Barnard's Star, in the early 20th century.[21]

Properties

An X-ray light curve for a flare on NSV 18593, adapted from Pye et al. (2015)[22]
The position of Lalande 21185 on a radar map among all stellar objects or stellar systems within 9 light years (ly) from the map's center, the Sun (Sol). The diamond-shapes are their positions entered according to right ascension in hours angle (indicated at the edge of the map's reference disc), and according to their declination. The second mark shows each's distance from Sol, with the concentric circles indicating the distance in steps of one ly.

Lalande 21185 is a typical type-M main-sequence star (red dwarf) with about 39% of the mass and radius of the Sun. It is also much cooler than the Sun with a surface temperature of 3,550 K. With just 2.2% of the Sun's luminosity,[6] it is intrinsically dim with an absolute magnitude of 10.48, emitting most of its energy in the infrared.[5] The proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium is estimated based on the ratio of iron to hydrogen in the star when compared to the Sun. The logarithm of this ratio is −0.20, indicating that the proportion of iron is about 10−0.20, or 63% of the Sun. The surface gravity of this relatively compact star is approximately 65 times greater than the gravity at Earth's surface (log g = 4.8 cgs),[23] which is more than twice the surface gravity of the Sun.

Lalande 21185 is listed as a BY Draconis type variable star in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars. It is identified by the variable star designation NSV 18593.[4] Several star catalogs, including SIMBAD, also classify it as a flare star. This conclusion is not supported by the primary reference these catalogs all use. The observations made in this reference show that it is rather quiet in comparison to other stars of its variable type.[24]

Lalande 21185 emits X-rays, and X-ray flares have been observed.[25][22]

Planetary system

Data published in 2017 from the HIRES system at the Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea supported the existence of a close-in planet with an orbital period of just 9.8693±0.0016 days, being at least 3.8 ME.[26] Further radial velocity research with the SOPHIE échelle spectrograph and review of the original signal found that the 9.9 day period was undetectable, and instead proposed, using both datasets, an exoplanet orbiting the star with a period of either 12.95 or 1.08 days, much more likely 12.95, insofar as 1-day-period exoplanets seem to be rare in systems. This would give the planet a minimum mass of 2.99 Earth masses. It is too close to the star, and so therefore too hot, to be in the habitable zone, at all points within its eccentric orbit.[27] The proposed planet on 12-day orbit was confirmed by CARMENES [ja] (Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exoearths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs) project in 2020.[8]

A second planet with a more distant orbit was initially noticed by SOPHIE, but the baseline was not long enough to confirm the several-year-long signal. The signal was confirmed in 2021 to be a planet with mass at least 18.0+2.9
−2.6 M🜨,[28] a lower-bound estimate later revised to 14.2±1.8 M🜨.[7]

A third planet, Gliese 411 d, is suspected to orbit between Gliese 411 b and Gliese 411 c with a period of 215 days.[7]

The Lalande 21185 planetary system[7]
Companion
(in order from star) 		Mass Semimajor axis
(AU) 		Orbital period
(days) 		Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b ≥2.69+0.19
−0.18 M🜨 		0.07879+0.00056
−0.00055 		12.9394+0.0014
−0.0013 		0.063+0.061
−0.043 		— —
d (unconfirmed) ≥3.89+0.82
−0.85 M🜨 		0.5142+0.0043
−0.0041 		215.7±1.2 0.18+0.22
−0.13 		— —
c ≥13.6+2.4
−2.3 M🜨 		2.94+0.14
−0.12 		2946+210
−180 		0.132+0.16
−0.091 		— —

The habitable zone for this star, defined as the locations where liquid water could be present on an Earth-like planet, is at a radius of 0.11–0.24 AU, where 1 AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun.[29] The planet b has an equilibrium temperature of 370.1+5.8
−6.8 K. Other known planets are outside HZ boundaries too, but undetected low-mass ones may be orbiting in this region of this system as well.[8]

Past claims of planets

Dutch astronomer Peter van de Kamp wrote in 1945 that Lalande 21185 possessed an "unseen companion" of 0.06 M☉ (about 60 MJ).[30] In 1951 van de Kamp and his student Sarah Lippincott claimed the astrometric detection of a planetary system using photographic plates taken with the 24-inch (610 mm) refractor telescope at Swarthmore College's Sproul Observatory.[31] In the summer of 1960, Sarah Lippincott altered the 1951 claim, to a planet of 0.01 M☉ (that is, 10 MJ), an 8-year orbital period, eccentricity of 0.3, a semi-major axis[nb 3] of 0.083 AU.[32] She used the original photographic plates and new plates taken with the same telescope.[33] Photographic plates from this observatory, taken at the same time, were used by Van de Kamp for his erroneous claim of a planetary system for Barnard's Star. The plates made with the Sproul 24-inch refractor and used for these and other studies were in 1973 shown to be flawed;[34] as they were the next year with astrometric measurements made by George Gatewood of the Allegheny Observatory.[35]

In 1996 the same Gatewood prominently announced at an AAS meeting[36] and to the popular press[37] the discovery of multiple planets in this system, detected by astrometry. The initial report was based on a very delicate analysis of the star's position over the years, which suggested reflex orbital motion due to one or more companions. Gatewood claimed that such companions would usually appear more than 0.8 arcseconds from the red dwarf itself. Though, a paper by Gatewood published only a few years earlier[38] and later searches by others, using coronagraphs and multifilter techniques to reduce the scattered-light problems from the star, did not positively identify any such companions,[39] and so his claim remains unconfirmed and is now in doubt.

Before the 1980s, finding the radial velocity of red dwarfs was neither very accurate nor consistent, and so due to its apparent brightness and because it does not have a companion, this star, along with eleven other similar red dwarf stars, were chosen to have their radial velocity measured, to unprecedented high accuracy, by planet hunter Geoff Marcy.[40] No companion was detected around this star in this nor other contemporary surveys, and such early equipment would have picked up any planet exceeding 0.7 MJ in an extremely close orbit of 5 days or less; or exceeding 10 MJ at about Jupiter's orbital distance.[40]

See also

References

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  17. ^ Joseph-Jérôme de Lalande Archived July 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
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  21. ^ Russell, H. N. (June 1905). "The parallax of Lalande 21185 and γ Virginis from photographs taken at the Cambridge Observatory". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 65 (8): 787–800. Bibcode:1905MNRAS..65..787R. doi:10.1093/mnras/65.8.787.
  22. ^ a b Pye, J. P.; Rosen, S.; Fyfe, D.; Schröder, A. C. (September 2015). "A survey of stellar X-ray flares from the XMM-Newton serendipitous source catalogue: HIPPARCOS -Tycho cool stars" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 581: A28. arXiv:1506.05289. Bibcode:2015A&A...581A..28P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526217. S2CID 67794276. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  23. ^ Cayrel de Strobel, G.; et al. (1992), "A catalogue of Fe/H determinations", Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 95 (2) (1991 ed.): 273–336, Bibcode:1992A&AS...95..273C, ISSN 0365-0138
  24. ^ Bopp, B. W.; Noah, P. V.; Klimke, A.; Africano, J. (October 1, 1981). "Discovery and observation of BY Draconis variables". Astrophysical Journal. 249 (1): 210–217. Bibcode:1981ApJ...249..210B. doi:10.1086/159277.
  25. ^ Schmitt JHMM; Fleming TA; Giampapa MS (September 1995). "The X-Ray View of the Low-Mass Stars in the Solar Neighborhood". Astrophys. J. 450 (9): 392–400. Bibcode:1995ApJ...450..392S. doi:10.1086/176149.
  26. ^ Butler, R. Paul; Vogt, Steven S.; et al. (12 February 2017). "The LCES HIRES/Keck Precision Radial Velocity Exoplanet Survey". The Astronomical Journal. 153 (5): 208. arXiv:1702.03571. Bibcode:2017AJ....153..208B. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa66ca. S2CID 14954371.
  27. ^ Díaz, Rodrigo F.; Delfosse, Xavier; Hobson, Melissa J.; Boisse, Isabelle; Astudillo-Defru, Nicola; Bonfils, Xavier; Henry, Gregory W.; Arnold, Luc; Bouchy, François; Bourrier, Vincent; Brugger, Bastien; Dalal, Shweta; Deleuil, Magali; Demangeon, Olivier D. S.; Dolon, François; Dumusque, Xavier; Forveille, Thierry; Hara, Nathan C.; Hébrard, Guillaume; Kiefer, Flavien; Lopez, Théo; Mignon, Lucile; Moreau, François; Mousis, Olivier; Moutou, Claire; Pepe, Francesco; Perruchot, Sandrine; Richaud, Yoann; Santerne, Alexandre; Santos, Nuno C.; Sottile, Rico; Stalport, Manu; Ségransan, Damien; Udry, Stéphane; Unger, Nicolas; Wilson, Paul A. (15 February 2019). "The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. XIV. A temperate ($T_\mathrm{eq}\sim 300$ K) super-earth around the nearby star Gliese 411". Astronomy & Astrophysics. A17: 625. arXiv:1902.06004. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935019. S2CID 85529763.
  28. ^ Rosenthal, Lee J.; Fulton, Benjamin J.; Hirsch, Lea A.; Isaacson, Howard T.; Howard, Andrew W.; Dedrick, Cayla M.; Sherstyuk, Ilya A.; Blunt, Sarah C.; Petigura, Erik A.; Knutson, Heather A.; Behmard, Aida; Chontos, Ashley; Crepp, Justin R.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Dalba, Paul A.; Fischer, Debra A.; Henry, Gregory W.; Kane, Stephen R.; Kosiarek, Molly; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Rubenzahl, Ryan A.; Weiss, Lauren M.; Wright, Jason T. (1 July 2021). "The California Legacy Survey. I. A Catalog of 178 Planets from Precision Radial Velocity Monitoring of 719 Nearby Stars over Three Decades" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 255 (1): 8. arXiv:2105.11583. Bibcode:2021ApJS..255....8R. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abe23c. S2CID 235186973.
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  31. ^ van de Kamp, P.; Lippincott, S. L. (April 1951). "Astrometric study of Lalande 21185". The Astronomical Journal. 56: 49–50. Bibcode:1951AJ.....56...49V. doi:10.1086/106503.
  32. ^ Lippincott, Sarah Lee (September 1960). "Astrometric analysis of Lalande 21185". Astronomical Journal. 65 (7): 445–448. Bibcode:1960AJ.....65..445L. doi:10.1086/108285.
  33. ^ Lippincott, Sarah Lee (August 1960). "The Unseen Companion of the Fourth Nearest Star, Lalande 21185". The Astronomical Journal. 65: 350. Bibcode:1960AJ.....65..349L. doi:10.1086/108260.
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  37. ^ John Wilford (1996-06-12). "Data Seem to Show a Solar System Nearly in the Neighborhood". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
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Notes

  1. ^ From knowing the absolute visual magnitude of Lalande 21185, , and the absolute visual magnitude of the Sun, = , the visual luminosity of Lalande 21185 can therefore be calculated: = 0.005495 Lv⊙
  2. ^ Only AX Microscopii and Lacaille 9352, in the southern hemisphere, are brighter
  3. ^ which would be orbital radius if e was 0, that is, a circular orbit


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Scottish theological writer, teacher and poet The ReverendRobert BoydRobert Boyd, Principal of the University of Glasgow, 1615-1621 and Principal of the University of Edinburgh, 1622-1623ChurchChurch of ScotlandOrdersOrdination1604Personal detailsBornca 1578Glasgow, ScotlandDied15 January 1627(1627-01-15) (aged 48–49)Edinburgh, ScotlandAlma materUniversity of Edinburgh Robert Boyd of Trochrig (1578–1627) was a Scottish theological writer, teacher and poet. He studied at the Universit...

 

 

新罕布什尔州

坐标：43°11′38″N 71°34′21″W / 43.1938516°N 71.5723953°W / 43.1938516; -71.5723953 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2017年5月21日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：新罕布什尔州 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源...

Kalender Coligny

Ikhtisar rakitan ulang dari sejumlah kepingan yang ditemukan di Coligny, Prancis. Gambar susunan ulang oleh de Ricci[1][a] Kalender Coligny adalah sistem penanggalan kalender oleh suku Galia yang ditemukan pada tahun 1897 di Coligny, Prancis.[3] Penanggalan ini berjenis suryacandra dengan siklus lima tahun selama 62 bulan. Kalender ini menjadi dasar utama untuk merekonstruksi kalender Kelt kuno. Kalender ini ditulis dalam bahasa Galia menggunakan alfabet Latin. Kalende...

 

 

Keiji Nishitani

Japanese university professor, scholar, and Kyoto School philosopher This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Keiji Nishitani – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) Keiji Nishitani西谷 啓治Born(1900-02-27)February 27, 1900Ishikawa, JapanDiedNovember 24, 1990(1990-11-2...

 

 

David Willis Wilson Henderson

Scottish-born microbiologist (1903–1968) David Willis Wilson Henderson CB FRS[1] (23 July 1903 – 16 August 1968) was a Scottish-born microbiologist; a former president of the Society for General Microbiology and recipient of the US Medal of Freedom.[2] Early life and career Henderson and other members of the Lister Institute (1933) Born in Glasgow on 23 July 1903, Henderson subsequently attended the Hamilton Academy, described by Sir Tam Dalyell, former Father of the House...

Black River State Forest

State Forest in Jackson County, WIsconsin Black River State ForestIUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)Campgrounds entranceLocation in WisconsinShow map of WisconsinLocation in United StatesShow map of the United StatesLocationBurnett County, Wisconsin U.S.Nearest citySiren, WisconsinCoordinates44°18′29″N 90°37′27″W / 44.30806°N 90.62417°W / 44.30806; -90.62417Area67,070 acres (271.4 km2)Established1957Governing bodyWisconsin Departm...

 

 

Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes

Indigenous tribe in Montana, United States Flathead Indian redirects here. For the fish species, see Bartail flathead. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Flathead Nation Flag at 2015 Arlee Esyapqeyni Flathead delegation in Washington, D.C., with interpreter, 1884 Territories of the Salish (...

 

 

National Council (Bhutan)

National Council རྒྱལ་ཡོངས་ཚོགས་སྡེ་Gyelyong TshogdeTypeTypeNon-partisan upper house LeadershipChairpersonSangay Dorji since 10 May 2023 StructureSeats25Political groups  Non-partisan (20)   Appointed (5)Length of term5 yearsElectionsVoting system20 seats by first-past-the-post, 5 nominated by the Druk GyalpoLast election20 April 2023Meeting placeGyelyong Tshokhang, ThimphuWebsiteOfficial Website of the National Council of Bhutan Polit...

التعليم في لبنان

النظام التربوي اللبناني نظام حر بحسب الدستور اللبناني. والتعليم إلزامي لجميع اللبنانيين للسنوات التسع الأولى من الدراسة الأساسية.[بحاجة لمصدر] وقد نتج عن هذا النظام وجود قطاعين للتربية في جميع مستوياتها وهما: القطاع الحكومي الذي بدء مع الاستقلال والقطاع التربوي الخا�...

 

 

Bernard Picart

French engraver (1673–1733) For the medieval composer, see Pycard. Bernard Picart (mezzotint by Nicolaas Verkolje after Jean-Marc Nattier, 1715) Bernard Picart or Picard (11 June 1673 – 8 May 1733), was a French draughtsman, engraver, and book illustrator in Amsterdam, who showed an interest in cultural and religious habits. Life Les Plaisirs de la Jeunesse A Picnic Party Portrait of Estienne Picart, who died after three days Picart was born in rue Saint-Jacques, Paris as son of Etien...

 

 

白手杖

使用白手杖行走的視障者 白手杖（英文：White cane），是視覺障礙者使用之行動輔具之一，特別是全盲或重度低視能之視障者，用以探測、保護、辨識環境路況。簡言之，白手杖用以確認路況安全與否，偵測察覺障礙物位置及路面高低落差並加以繞過或閃避，透過手杖技巧之使用，對環境中物品及路面材質加以區辨。附帶功能是視障者持白手杖行走，能讓旁人快速理解該名視...

Carpa koi

Come leggere il tassoboxKoiCarpe koi in un laghettoStato di conservazioneBasso rischio (lc) Classificazione scientificaDominioEukaryota RegnoAnimalia SottoregnoEumetazoa SuperphylumDeuterostomia PhylumChordata SubphylumVertebrata InfraphylumGnathostomata SuperclasseOsteichthyes ClasseActinopterygii SottoclasseNeopterygii InfraclasseTeleostei SuperordineOstariophysi OrdineCypriniformes SottordineCyprinoidea FamigliaCyprinidae SottofamigliaCyprininae GenereCyprinus SpecieCyprinus carpio La carp...

 

 

Islamic architecture

Architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam Islamic architectureTop: arches of the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba (Spain); centre: the Jameh Mosque in Isfahan (Iran); bottom: interior side view of the main dome of the Selimiye Mosque (Edirne, Turkey) Islamic architecture comprises the architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam. It encompasses both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day. The Islamic world encompasses a wide geog...