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In Apple's Macintosh operating systems, labels are a type of seven distinct colored and named parameters of metadata that can be attributed to items (files, folders and disks) in the filesystem.^[1] Labels were introduced in Macintosh System 7, released in 1991,^[2] and they were an improvement of the ability to colorize items in earlier versions of the Finder.^[1] Labels remained a feature of the Macintosh operating system through the end of Mac OS 9 in late 2001, but they were omitted from Mac OS X versions 10.0 to 10.2,^[3] before being reintroduced in version 10.3 in 2003,^[4] though not without criticism.^[5] During the short time period when Mac OS X lacked labels, third-party software replicated the feature.^[6]^[7]

In classic Mac OS

In classic Mac OS versions 7 through 9, applying a label to an item causes the item's icon to be tinted in that color when using a color computer monitor (as opposed to the black-and-white monitors of early Macs), and labels can be used as a search and sorting criterion.^[2]^[8] There is a choice of seven colors because three bits are reserved for the label color: 001 through 111, and 000 for no label. The names of the colors can be changed to represent categories assigned to the label colors.^[2]^[8] Both label colors and names can be customized in the classic Mac OS systems; however, Mac OS 8 and 9 provided this functionality through the Labels tab in the Finder Preferences dialog, while System 7 provided a separate Labels control panel.^[2]^[8] Labels in Mac OS 9 and earlier, once customized, were specific to an individual install; booting into another install, be it on another Mac or different disk would show different colors and names unless set identically. A colorless label could be produced by changing a label's color to black or white.^[2]^[8]

In Mac OS X and later

Mac OS X versions 10.3 to 10.8 apply the label color to the background of item names, except when an item is selected in column view, which changes the item name to the standard highlight color except for a label-colored dot after the name.^[5] Beginning in OS X 10.9, the label-colored background of item names is replaced with a small label-colored dot, and becomes a kind of tag.^[5]

Relation to tags

The Mac operating system has allowed users to assign multiple arbitrary tags as extended file attributes to any item ever since OS X 10.9 was released in 2013.^[9] These tags coexist with the legacy label system for backward compatibility, so that multiple colored (or colorless) tags can be added to a single item, but only the last colored tag applied to an item will set the legacy label that will be seen when viewing the item in the older operating systems.^[10] Labeled items that were created in the older operating systems will superficially seem to be tagged in OS X 10.9 and later even though they are only labeled and lack the newer tag extended file attributes (until they are edited in the new system).^[10] Since label colors can be changed in classic Mac OS but are standardized and unchangeable in the newer operating systems, someone who wants to synchronize the label colors between a classic and modern system can change the label colors in classic Mac OS to match the newer system.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b Poole, Lon (1991). "Item labels". Macworld guide to System 7. San Mateo, Calif.: IDG Books. pp. 11–12. ISBN 1878058169. OCLC 29876799.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Poole, Lon (1991). "Labeling items". Macworld guide to System 7. San Mateo, Calif.: IDG Books. pp. 97–100. ISBN 1878058169. OCLC 29876799.
^ Pogue, David (29 March 2001). "State of the art: A new face (and heart) for the Mac". The New York Times. p. G1. You'll really miss only a handful of discarded Mac OS 9 features, like the Labels menu (for quickly categorizing your files) ...
^ Snell, Jason (May 2021). "From Aqua to Catalina: the evolution of Mac OS X". Macworld. Vol. 38, no. 5. pp. 62–71. Mac OS X 10.3 Panther: Arrived in the fall of 2003, Panther integrated Apple-branded cloud storage support for the first time, via iDisk. The Finder added a sidebar, which is a handy place to store familiar folders to this day, and colored labels for files.
^ ^a ^b ^c Siracusa, John (9 November 2003). "Mac OS X 10.3 Panther: The Ars Technica Review: Labels". arstechnica.com. Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ Landau, Ted (July 2002). "Mac Software Bargains: XRay 1.0". Macworld. Vol. 19, no. 7. p. 63. XRay can also create Unix symbolic links and assign colored labels to files (an OS 9 feature not included in OS X).
^ Cohen, Peter (9 October 2002). "Labels X adds color-coding to OS X files". Macworld. Miss being able to color-code your files like you could in Mac OS 9? Unsanity LLC has released a new OS X 'haxie' called Labels X 1.0. The software enables you to add various color tints to file icons, adding the ability to sort the files by label as well (it adds a 'Label' column to the Finder list view).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Pogue, David (2000). "Using labels". Mac OS 9: the missing manual. Sebastopol, CA: Pogue Press, O'Reilly Media. pp. 40–43. ISBN 1565928571. OCLC 43813092.
^ Siracusa, John (22 October 2013). "OS X 10.9 Mavericks: The Ars Technica Review: Tags". arstechnica.com. Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017.
^ ^a ^b Siracusa, John (22 October 2013). "OS X 10.9 Mavericks: The Ars Technica Review: Tags implementation". arstechnica.com. Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017.
^ "OS X/OS 9 Finder label inconsistencies: update on 'correspondences'". CNET. 2 September 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2021.