LGBTQ rights in the European Union

LGBTQ rights in European Union
European Union
StatusNever criminalised in EU law.
Last state criminalisation repealed in 1998.
MilitaryAllowed to serve openly in all states
Discrimination protectionsOutlawed in employment with further protections in some member states' law
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsSame-sex marriage in 16/27 states
Recognition of same-sex unions in 24/27 states
No recognition of same-sex couples in 3/27 states
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutional ban in 7/27 states.
AdoptionJoint adoption in 17/27 states
Step-child adoption in 20/27 states

The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people are protected under the European Union's (EU) treaties and law. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in all EU member states and discrimination in employment has been banned since 2000. However, EU states have different laws when it comes to any greater protection, same-sex civil union, same-sex marriage, and adoption by same-sex couples.

Treaty protections

The Treaty on European Union, in its last version as updated by the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007 and in force as of 2009, makes the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union legally binding for the member states of the European Union when applying EU law, and the European Union itself. In turn, Article 21 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union includes an anti-discrimination provision that states that "any discrimination based on any ground such as [...] sexual orientation shall be prohibited."[1][2][3]

Furthermore, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union provides in Articles 10 that the European Union has a positive duty to combat discrimination (among other things) on the grounds of sexual orientation and provides in Article 19 ways for the Council and the European Parliament to actively propose pass legislation to do so. These provisions were enacted by the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999.[1][2]

Legislative protection

LGB rights
Trans rights
Lesbian, gay, bisexual (left image) and trans (right image) rights in the European Union.

Discrimination in employment

Following the inclusion in the Treaties of the above-mentioned provisions, Directive 2000/78/EC "Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation" was enacted in 2000. This framework directive compels all EU states to adopt anti-discrimination legislation in employment. That legislation has to include provisions to protect people from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.[2]

In practice, this protects EU citizens from being refused a job, or from being fired, because of their sexual orientation; it also protects them from being harassed by a colleague due to their sexual orientation.[4]

EU staff

While Directive 2000/78/CE does not technically apply to the EU institutions themselves,[5] the EU Staff Regulations[6] provide in Article 1d:

In the application of these Staff Regulations, any discrimination based on any ground such as sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age, or sexual orientation shall be prohibited.
For the purposes of these Staff Regulations, non-marital partnerships shall be treated as marriage provided that all the conditions listed in Article 1(2)(c) of Annex VII are fulfilled.

And the conditions listed in Article 1(2)(c) of Annex VII are the following:

(i) the couple produces a legal document recognised as such by a Member State, or any competent authority of a Member State, acknowledging their status as non-marital partners,
(ii) neither partner is in a marital relationship or in another non-marital partnership,
(iii) the partners are not related in any of the following ways: parent, child, grandparent, grandchild, brother, sister, aunt, uncle, nephew, niece, son-in-law, daughter-in-law,
(iv) the couple has no access to legal marriage in a Member State; a couple shall be considered to have access to legal marriage for the purposes of this point only where the members of the couple meet all the conditions laid down by the legislation of a Member State permitting marriage of such a couple

Thereby, the Staff Regulations outlaw discrimination of EU staff based on sex (which includes gender reassignment[7]) or sexual orientation and guarantee that registered same-sex couples are not excluded from benefits awarded to married couples due to not having access to the institution of marriage.

Discrimination in the provisioning of goods and services

Directive 2000/78/EC does not cover being refused medical services or treatment, refusal of being given a double room in a hotel, protection from bullying in a school and refusal of social security schemes (e.g. survivors' pensions and financial assistance to carers). Protection under EU law in these circumstances exists, but is granted on the grounds of race or gender only.[8]

As such, in 2008, a proposal of a Directive to more broadly fight discrimination has been introduced, which would outlaw discrimination in the areas of social protection, social advantages, education and access to supply of goods, on the basis of religious belief, disability, age, and sexual orientation.[9] However, despite strong support from the European Parliament, the directive has since been stalled in the Council.[10]

Transgender rights

EU law currently takes a different approach to transgender issues. Despite the European Parliament adopting a resolution on transgender rights as early as 1989, transgender identity is not incorporated into any EU funding and was not mentioned in the law establishing the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) as sexual orientation was. However, the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) provides some protection by interpreting discrimination on the basis of 'sex' to also refer to people who have had 'gender reassignment'. Thus all EU sex discrimination law applies to transgender people.[2] However, the literature criticised this approach, and there are calls to protect transgender people against discrimination based on their gender identity instead of sex.[11] In 2002, the 1976 equal treatment directive was revised to include discrimination based on gender identity, to reflect case law on the directive.[12] Transgender EU citizens have faced difficulties when exercising their right to free movement and other rights associated with their Union citizenship status.[13] In October 2024, the ECJ ruled that EU member states must recognise changes to names and gender markers obtained in other member states, based on the right to free movement.[14][15][16]

Intersex rights

In February 2019, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the rights of intersex people. The resolution called European Union member states to legislate better policies that protected intersex individuals, especially from unnecessary surgery and discrimination. It stated that the parliament "strongly condemns sex-normalizing treatments and surgery; welcomes laws that prohibit such surgery, as in Malta and Portugal, and encourages other member states to adopt similar legislation as soon as possible." The resolution also urged legal gender recognition based on self-determination. It also confirms that intersex people are "exposed to multiple instances of violence and discrimination in the European Union" and calls on the European Commission and the Members States to propose legislation to address these issues. It also includes the need of adequate counselling and support for intersex people and their families, measures to end the stigma and pathologisation intersex people face and increased funding for intersex-led civil society organisations.[17][18][19]

Other actions

Between 2001 and 2006, a Community Action Programme to Combat Discrimination involved the expenditure of €100 million to fight discrimination in a number of areas, including sexual orientation.[12]

In 2009, the European Commission has acted to tone down a law in Lithuania that included homophobic language and also aimed to support the gay pride parade in the country and others under threat of banning.[2]

Foreign relations

In June 2010, the Council of the European Union adopted a non-binding toolkit to promote LGBT people's human rights.[20][21]

In June 2013, the Council upgraded it to binding LGBTI Guidelines instructing EU diplomats around the world to defend the human rights of LGBTI people.[22][23]

Same-sex unions

Further information: Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
Same-sex unions in the European Union
  Marriage
  Civil unions
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Residency rights for foreign spouses

Same-sex marriage has been legalised in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden. Same-sex civil unions have been legalised in Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, and Spain. In Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Ireland, civil partnerships were legal between 1989 and 2012, and between 1995 and 2009, and between 2002 and 2017, and between 2011 and 2015, respectively. In Germany, registered life partnerships were legal between 2001 and 2017. However, existing civil unions/registered life partnerships are still recognised in all of these countries[citation needed].

Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia have constitutionally defined marriage as being between a man and a woman. In December 2020, Hungary also explicitly legally banned adoption for same-sex couples within its constitution.[24][25]

European Union law (the Citizens’ Rights Directive 2004/38/EC) requires those member states that legalised same-sex partnerships to recognise each other's partnerships for the purpose of freedom of movement.[26] The European Parliament has however approved a report calling for mutual recognition.[27][28]

According to European Court of Justice case law based on the Employment Equality Framework Directive, employees in a civil partnership with a same-sex partner must be granted the same benefits as those granted to their colleagues upon their marriage, where marriage is not possible for same-sex couples. The Court established this principle in 2008 in the case of Tadao Maruko v. Versorgungsanstalt der deutschen Bühnen with regards to a German registered life partnership. In December 2013, the Court confirmed this in the case of Frédéric Hay v. Crédit agricole mutuel (C-267/12) with regards to a French civil solidarity pact, which is significantly inferior to marriage than a German registered life partnership.[29][30]

Also, according to the European Court of Justice in the case of Coman and Others, by judgement of 5 June 2018, a "spouse" (or partner or any other family member) in the Free Movement Directive (2004/38/EC) includes a (foreign) same-sex spouse; member states are required to confer the right of residence on the (foreign) same-sex spouse of a citizen of the European Union.[31][32] However, most of east-central European new EU member countries (A8 countries) do not recognise same-sex unions themselves, Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania, but are still bound by a ruling by the European Court of Justice to recognise same-sex marriages performed within the EU and including an EU citizen for the purposes of granting legal residence,[33] though they do not always respect this ruling in practice (in case of Romania is still ignoring implementation of the ruling).[34]

Family rights

In 2021, 10 EU member states refused to recognize same-sex couples as joint parents to their children. This leads to situations where two people recognized as parents in one country would have their family ties legally dissolve after crossing a border. A frequently encountered issue is that birth certificates issued in one member state and listing two people of the same sex as parents are not recognized in other countries. Some children do not have passports as a result.[35] The pending CJEU case V.M.A. v. Stolichna Obsthina involves a child who could not claim Bulgarian nationality because her parents were a lesbian couple.[36] A policy brief commissioned by European Parliament Committee on Petitions recommends that the European Commission or the CJEU should clarify that Directive 2004/38 on free movement also applies to rainbow families, who should not be discriminated against in their exercise of EU free movement rights.[35] The case was finally decided on 14 December 2021, with the CJEU accepting the position of the European Parliament Committee on Petitions, and finding Bulgaria in breach of EU law for not issuing documents to the child of the lesbian couple. The decision points out that while it is still a Member State's prerogative to decide whether or not to extend same-sex marriage and LGBT adoption rights to its own citizen, this choice cannot come at the expense of the child being deprived of the relationship of one of her parents while exercising her rights to freedom of movement within the EU.[37][38]

Conversion therapy

In March 2018, a majority of representatives in the European Parliament passed a resolution in a 435–109 vote condemning conversion therapy and urging European Union member states to ban the practice.[39][40][41] A report released by the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights after the measure was passed stated that "Currently, only Malta and some regions in Spain have explicitly banned LGBTI conversion therapies."[42] Conversion therapy for minors was banned in Germany in 2020,[43] in France in 2022,[44] and in Belgium, Cyprus, and Portugal in 2023. Bans have also been proposed in Ireland, Netherlands and Austria[citation needed].

On 24 January 2024, the European Commission registered a European Citizens' Initiative to ban conversion therapy and the signature collection period started on 17 May of the same year. For the initiative to be successful, organizers have until 17 May 2025 to gather at least one million statements of support, as well as reach a minimum threshold in at least seven countries.[45]

Member State laws on sexual orientation

Further information: LGBT rights in Europe § Legislation by country or territory

Openly gay people are allowed to serve in the military of every EU country since 2018[citation needed].

In December 2016, Malta became the first country in the EU – as well as in Europe – to ban conversion therapy.[46][47][48]

LGBT rights in: Unregistered cohabitation Civil union Marriage Adoption Anti-discrimination laws Hate crime/speech laws
Austria Austria Yes (Since 2003)[49] Yes (Registered Partnership since 2010)[50] Yes (Since 2019)[51][52][53] Yes (Since 2016)[54] All[55] Yes[55]
Belgium Belgium No Yes (Legal Cohabitation since 2000)[56] Yes (Since 2003)[57] Yes (Since 2006)[58] All[55] Yes
Bulgaria Bulgaria No No Constitutional ban since 1991[59] No All[55] Yes[60]
Croatia Croatia Yes (Since 2003)[61][62] Yes (Life Partnership since 2014)[62] Constitutional ban since 2013[63] Yes (Since 2022)[64] All[55] Yes
Cyprus Cyprus No Yes (Civil Cohabitation since 2015) [65] No No All[66] Yes[67]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Yes (Since 2001)[68] Yes (Registered Partnership since 2006, expanded in 2024 - effective from January 1, 2025)[69] No Yes (Step-child or partial adoption from January 1, 2025)[70] All Yes
Denmark Denmark Yes (Since 1986)
[71] 		Registered Partnership from 1989 to 2012; certain partnerships are still recognised Yes (Since 2012)[72] Yes (Since 2010)[73] All[55] Yes
Estonia Estonia No Yes (Cohabitation Agreement since 2016)[74] Yes (Since 2024)[75][76] Yes (Since 2024) All[55] Yes[55]
Finland Finland No Registered Partnership from 1989 to 2012; certain partnerships are still recognised[77] Yes (Since 2017)[78] Yes (Since 2017) All[55] Yes[55]
France France Yes (Since 1999)[79] Yes (Civil Solidarity Pact since 1999)[79] Yes (Since 2013)[80] Yes (Since 2013)[citation needed] All[55] Yes
Germany Germany No Life Partnership from 2001 to 2017; certain partnerships are still recognised[81] Yes (Since 2017)[82] Yes (Since 2017)[83][81] All[55] Yes[84]
Greece Greece No Yes (Cohabitation Agreement since 2015)[85] Yes (Since 2024)[86] Yes (Since 2024)[86] All Yes
Hungary Hungary Yes (Since 1996)[87][88] Yes (Registered Partnership since 2009)[89] Constitutional ban since 2012[90][91] Constitutional ban since 2020[92] All[55] Yes[55]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Yes (Since 2011)[93] Civil Partnership from 2011 to 2015; certain partnerships are still recognised[93] Yes (since 2015)[94] Yes (Since 2017)[95] All[55] Yes
Italy Italy Yes (since 2016)[96] Yes (Civil Union since 2016)[97] In 2018 the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriages performed abroad must be registered as civil unions[98] Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation since 2016[99] Some[vague] No
Latvia Latvia No Yes (Partnership since 2024) Constitutional ban since 2006[100] No Some[vague] No
Lithuania Lithuania No No Constitutional ban since 1992[101] No All[55] Yes[55]
Luxembourg Luxembourg No Yes (Partnership since 2004)[102] Yes (Since 2015)[103] Yes (Since 2015) All[104] Yes[105]
Malta Malta Yes (Since 2017)[106] Yes (Civil Union since 2014)[107] Yes (Since 2017)[108] Yes (Since 2014)[107] All[109] Yes[55]
Netherlands Netherlands Yes (Since 1979)[110] Yes (Registered Partnership since 1998)[111] Yes (Since 2001)[112] Yes (Since 2001) All[55] Yes
Poland Poland Yes (Since 2012) No Constitutional ban since 1997[113][114][115][116][117][118] No Some[vague] No
Portugal Portugal Yes (De facto union since 2001)[119][120] No Yes (Since 2010)[121] Yes (Since 2016)[citation needed] All[55] Yes
Romania Romania No No No No All[55] Yes
Slovakia Slovakia Yes (Limited rights for "close person" recognized under civil and penal law since 2018)[122][123] No Constitutional ban since 2014[124] No All[55] Yes[125]
Slovenia Slovenia Yes (Since 2006)[126] Registered Partnership from 2006 to 2023[127] Yes (Since 2022)[128] Yes (Since 2022) All[55] Yes[55]
Spain Spain Yes (Since 1995)[129][130] Yes (All regions and autonomous cities of Spain since 2018)[citation needed] Yes (Since 2005)[131] Yes (Since 2005) All[55] Yes
Sweden Sweden Yes (Since 1988)[132][133][134] Registered Partnership from 1995 to 2009; certain partnerships are still recognised[135] Yes (Since 2009)[136] Yes (Since 2003)[137] All[55] Yes

Due to the Cyprus dispute placing Northern Cyprus outside the Republic of Cyprus' control, EU law is suspended in the area governed by the self-proclaimed Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

LGBT rights in: Civil union Marriage Adoption Anti-discrimination laws Hate crime/speech laws
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus No No No All Yes

Public opinion

Below is the share of respondents per country who agreed with the following statements in the 2023 Eurobarometer on Discrimination.[138] For comparison, green background in the second column indicates that the country allows full joint adoption for same-sex couples (silver background some form of second-parent adoption) and green background in the fourth column that it allows same-sex marriage (silver background for some form of civil partnership).

Member state "Lesbian, gay and bisexual people
should have the same rights
as heterosexual people (marriage, adoption, parental rights)" [a] 		"There is nothing wrong
in a sexual relationship between
two persons of the same sex" 		"Same sex marriages should be
allowed throughout Europe" 		Change from 2019
on last statement
 European Union 69% 74% 72% +3
 Austria 59% 66% 65% -1
 Belgium 77% 80% 79% -3
 Bulgaria 21% 21% 17% +1
 Croatia 35% 39% 42% +3
 Cyprus 45% 46% 50% +14
 Czech Republic 54% 70% 60% +12
 Denmark 92% 93% 93% +4
 Estonia 37% 51% 41% +0
 Finland 75% 82% 76% +0
 France 78% 84% 79% +0
 Germany 81% 84% 84% +0
 Greece 44% 57% 57% +18
 Hungary 44% 49% 42% +9
 Ireland 84% 83% 86% +7
 Italy 63% 71% 69% +11
 Latvia 39% 35% 36% +12
 Lithuania 29% 42% 39% +9
 Luxembourg 81% 86% 84% -1
 Malta 68% 78% 74% +7
 Netherlands 95% 94% 94% +2
 Poland 41% 55% 50% +5
 Portugal 79% 73% 81% +7
 Romania 27% 27% 25% -4
 Slovakia 35% 47% 37% +17
 Slovenia 42% 58% 62% +0
 Spain 87% 89% 88% +2
 Sweden 94% 95% 94% +2

Notes

1.^a. In 2023 the question was altered slightly from previous years to specify marriage and adoption rights.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Archived 28 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, European Union 2009
  2. ^ a b c d e Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights? Archived 21 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Café Babel 17 May 2010
  3. ^ CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Archived 17 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, European Union 2000
  4. ^ See European Commission: Legislation – Employment Equality Directive (2000/78/EC).
  5. ^ See Art. 288 TFEU.
  6. ^ Regulation No 31 (EEC), 11 (EAEC), laying down the Staff Regulations of Officials and the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants of the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community (as amended)
  7. ^ See judgment of the Court of Justice of the EU of 30 April 1996 in case C-13/94,P v S.
  8. ^ "ILGA-Europe". Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  9. ^ Why ILGA-Europe supports the proposed Anti-Discrimination Directive Archived 5 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ILGA-Europe
  10. ^ European Parliament renews call for anti-discrimination laws for LGBT people Archived 22 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, LGBTQ Nation
  11. ^ Lashyn, Serhii (2022). "Transgender EU Citizens and the Limited Form of Union Citizenship available to them". Feminist Legal Studies. 30 (2): 201–218. doi:10.1007/s10691-022-09491-9. ISSN 1572-8455. PMC 9284088. PMID 35855394.
  12. ^ a b "ILGA-Europe". Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  13. ^ Lashyn, Serhii (2022). "Transgender EU Citizens and the Limited Form of Union Citizenship available to them". Feminist Legal Studies. 30 (2): 201–218. doi:10.1007/s10691-022-09491-9. ISSN 1572-8455. PMC 9284088. PMID 35855394.
  14. ^ "EU states must recognize gender changes obtained in other bloc countries, says top court". Le Monde. Agence France-Presse. 4 October 2024. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  15. ^ "Gender Identity Changes Must Be Recognized Across E.U. Borders, Court Rules". New York Times. 4 October 2024. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  16. ^ European Court of Justice: Judgment of 4 October 2024 in case C‑4/23 (Mirin)
  17. ^ "A Milestone for Intersex Rights: The European Parliament adopts landmark resolution on the rights of intersex people". 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  18. ^ "MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on the rights of intersex people". www.europarl.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  19. ^ "European Parliament passes historic intersex rights resolution". 26 February 2019. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  20. ^ "MEPs welcome new toolkit to defend LGBT people's human rights". The European Parliament's Intergroup on LGBT Rights. 30 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  21. ^ "Toolkit to Promote and Protect the Enjoyment of all Human Rights by Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) People" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 17 June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  22. ^ "EU foreign affairs ministers adopt ground-breaking global LGBTI policy". The European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  23. ^ "Guidelines to promote and protect the enjoyment of all human rights by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) persons" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 24 June 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  24. ^ "Hungary amends constitution to redefine family, effectively banning gay adoption". NBC News. 15 December 2020. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  25. ^ "Hungary Bans LGBTQ Adoption Rights in Broad Power Grab – Gay City News". 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  26. ^ "DIRECTIVE 2004/38/EC on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely". Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  27. ^ Report on civil law, commercial law, family law and private international law aspects of the Action Plan Implementing the Stockholm Programme Archived 8 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, European Parliament
  28. ^ EU-Wide Recognition of Member States’ Gay Marriage, Civil Partnership a Step Closer Archived 19 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, WGLB
  29. ^ "Same-sex civil partners cannot be denied employment benefits reserved to marriage". ILGA-Europe. 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014.
  30. ^ "PRESS RELEASE No 159/13" (PDF). Court of Justice of the European Union. 12 December 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  31. ^ "Judgment in Case C-673/16 (Press Release)" (PDF). Court of Justice of the European Union. 5 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  32. ^ "Same-sex spouses have EU residence rights, top court rules". BBC News. 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  33. ^ "Same-sex spouses have EU residence rights, top court rules". BBC News. 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  34. ^ Boffey, Daniel (14 September 2021). "MEPs condemn failure to respect rights of same-sex partners in EU". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  35. ^ a b Obstacles to the free movement of rainbow families in the EU Archived 28 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, commissioned by European Parliament Committee on Petitions (PETI), published March 2021, authors Alina Tryfonidou and Robert Wintemute
  36. ^ Isidro, Marta Requejo (20 April 2021). "AG Kokott on C-490/20, V.M.A. v Stolichna Obshtina, Rayon 'Pancharevo'". EAPIL. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  37. ^ "Child, being a minor and a Union citizen, whose birth certificate was drawn up by the host Member State and designates as parents two persons of the same sex: the Member State of which the child is a national is obliged to issue an identity card or a passport to that child without requiring a birth certificate to be drawn up beforehand by its national authorities" (PDF). Court of Justice of the European Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  38. ^ Zalan, Eszter (15 December 2021). "EU top court: Same-sex parents with children are 'family". Euobserver. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  39. ^ "EU-Parlament stärkt LGBTI-Grundrechte". queer.de. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  40. ^ "Schwulissimo - Europäisches Parlament verurteilt die "Heilung" von Homosexuellen". schwulissimo.de. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  41. ^ "European Parliament condemns gay 'cure' therapy and tells EU member states to ban it". 1 March 2018. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  42. ^ "Malta bans 'gay cure' conversion therapy". BBC News. 6 December 2016. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  43. ^ "Germany passes ban on 'gay conversion therapy'". BBC News. 8 May 2020. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  44. ^ Nationale, Assemblée. "Interdiction des pratiques visant à modifier l'orientation sexuelle ou l'identité de genre d'une personne". Assemblée nationale (in French). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  45. ^ "Initiative detail | European Citizens' Initiative". citizens-initiative.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  46. ^ Benjamin, Butterworth. "Malta just became the first country in Europe to ban 'gay cure' therapy". Pink News. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016.
  47. ^ Stack, Liam (7 December 2016). "Malta Outlaws 'Conversion Therapy,' a First in Europe". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  48. ^ Henley, Jon (7 December 2016). "Malta becomes first European country to ban 'gay cure' therapy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 December 2016.
  49. ^ "HUDOC Search Page". Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  50. ^ "RIS - Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz - Bundesrecht konsolidiert, Fassung vom 19.05.2020". www.ris.bka.gv.at. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  51. ^ "Der Österreichische Verfassungsgerichtshof - Same-sex marriage". www.vfgh.gv.at. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  52. ^ "49/A (XXV. GP) - Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung". www.parlament.gv.at. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  53. ^ "498/A (XXV. GP) - Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung". www.parlament.gv.at. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  54. ^ "Österreich hebt Adoptionsverbot für Homo-Paare auf". queer.de. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Rainbow Europe 2017". ILGA-Europe. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  56. ^ "Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  57. ^ "LOI - WET". www.ejustice.just.fgov.be. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  58. ^ "LOI - WET". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  59. ^ "National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution". National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria. 6 February 2008. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Matrimony shall be a free union between a man and a woman.
  60. ^ "Депутатите приеха редица промени в Наказателния кодекс".
  61. ^ "Zakon o istospolnim zajednicama". narodne-novine.nn.hr. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  62. ^ a b "Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola - Zakon.hr". www.zakon.hr. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  63. ^ "Ustav Republike Hrvatske" (PDF) (in Croatian). Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske. 15 January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  64. ^ "Odbijena žalba Ministarstva: Istospolni parovi u Hrvatskoj mogu zajedno pristupiti procjeni za posvojitelje!". 26 May 2022.
  65. ^ "Civil unions become law". in-cyprus.com. 26 November 2015. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  66. ^ "Cyprus: Penal code amended to protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  67. ^ "House votes to criminalise homophobia". Cyprus Mail. Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  68. ^ "glbtq >> social sciences >> Prague". Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  69. ^ "Out in the World: Czech president signs expanded same-sex partnership rights into law — fight for marriage continues".
  70. ^ [1]
  71. ^ "1985-86, 1. samling - L 138 (oversigt): Forslag til lov om ændring af lov om afgift af arv og gave. (Lempelse af arveafgiften for samlevende søskende og samlevende personer af samme køn)" (in Danish). webarkiv.ft.dk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  72. ^ "Retsinformation". www.retsinformation.dk. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  73. ^ "L 146 Forslag til lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag" (in Danish). Folketinget. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  74. ^ "Riigikogu". Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  75. ^ Reid, Scott (20 June 2023). "Estonia votes to legalise same-sex marriage". euronews.
  76. ^ "Historic decision: Estonia legalizes same-sex marriage". ERR. 20 June 2023.
  77. ^ (in Swedish) Lag om registrerat partnerskap Archived 2 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  78. ^ "Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  79. ^ a b "Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité | Legifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  80. ^ "LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe | Legifrance". Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  81. ^ a b "LPartG - nichtamtliches Inhaltsverzeichnis". www.gesetze-im-internet.de. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  82. ^ "§ 1353 Eheliche Lebensgemeinschaft" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  83. ^ "§ 1741 Zulässigkeit der Annahme" (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  84. ^ "Strafgesetzbuch: Volksverhetzung". Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  85. ^ "Greece legalizes same-sex civil partnerships". 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  86. ^ a b "Ολοκληρώθηκε στη Βουλή η ονομαστική ψηφοφορία για τον γάμο των ομόφυλων ζευγαριών - Πέρασε με 176 ψήφους". thetoc.gr. 10 May 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  87. ^ "1996. évi XLII. törvény a Magyar Köztársaság Polgári Törvénykönyvéről szóló 1959. évi IV. törvény módosításáról". Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
  88. ^ "ILGA Euroletter 42". Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  89. ^ Kft, Wolters Kluwer Hungary. "2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról - Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye". net.jogtar.hu. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  90. ^ "T/5423 Magyarország Alaptörvényének 6. módosítása". Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  91. ^ "T/5424 Az azonos neműek házasságkötéséhez szükséges jogi feltételek megteremtéséről". Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  92. ^ "Hungary amends constitution to redefine family, effectively banning gay adoption". NBC News. 15 December 2020. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  93. ^ a b "Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010". Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  94. ^ "Marriage Act 2015". 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  95. ^ "Adoption reform bill is signed into law by President Higgins". Newstalk.
  96. ^ "XVII Legislatura - XVII Legislatura - Documenti - Temi dell'Attività parlamentare". www.camera.it. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  97. ^ "Unioni civili, approvazione definitiva". Camera dei Deputati.
  98. ^ "Same-sex marriages performed abroad won't be recognized in Italy". www.thelocal.it. 15 May 2018. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  99. ^ "Cassazione, sì alla stepchild adoption in casi particolari". 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  100. ^ "The Constitution Of The Republic Of Latvia". www.saeima.lv. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  101. ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA". Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  102. ^ "Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats. - Legilux". eli.legilux.public.lu. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  103. ^ "Chambre des Députés du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg". Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  104. ^ "Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  105. ^ "Legislationline". Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  106. ^ "Cohabitation Act, 2017". Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  107. ^ a b "ACT No. IX of 2014". Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  108. ^ "Marriage Act and other laws Amendment Act 2017". Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  109. ^ "AN ACT to amend the Constitution of Malta". Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  110. ^ "Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.
  111. ^ "wetten.nl - Regeling - Aanpassingswet geregistreerd partnerschap - BWBR0009190". wetten.overheid.nl. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  112. ^ Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en. "Wet openstelling huwelijk". wetten.overheid.nl. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  113. ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Poland". Sejm RP. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2015. Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
  114. ^ Judgment of the Supreme Court of 7 July 2004, II KK 176/04, W dotychczasowym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, wypracowanym i ugruntowanym zarówno w okresie obowiązywania poprzedniego, jak i obecnego Kodeksu postępowania karnego, a także w doktrynie (por. wypowiedzi W. Woltera, A. Zolla, A. Wąska), pojęcie "wspólne pożycie" odnoszone jest wyłącznie do konkubinatu, a w szczególności do związku osób o różnej płci, odpowiadającego od strony faktycznej stosunkowi małżeństwa (którym w myśl art. 18 Konstytucji jest wyłącznie związek osób różnej płci). Tego rodzaju interpretację Sąd Najwyższy, orzekający w niniejszej sprawie, w pełni podziela i nie znajduje podstaw do uznania za przekonywujące tych wypowiedzi pojawiających się w piśmiennictwie, w których podejmowane są próby kwestionowania takiej interpretacji omawianego pojęcia i sprowadzania go wyłącznie do konkubinatu (M. Płachta, K. Łojewski, A.M. Liberkowski). Rozumiejąc bowiem dążenia do rozszerzającej interpretacji pojęcia "wspólne pożycie", użytego w art. 115 § 11 k.k., należy jednak wskazać na całkowity brak w tym względzie dostatecznie precyzyjnych kryteriów.
  115. ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 11 May 2005, K 18/04". Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. Polska Konstytucja określa bowiem małżeństwo jako związek wyłącznie kobiety i mężczyzny. A contrario nie dopuszcza więc związków jednopłciowych. [...] Małżeństwo (jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny) uzyskało w prawie krajowym RP odrębny status konstytucyjny zdeterminowany postanowieniami art. 18 Konstytucji. Zmiana tego statusu byłaby możliwa jedynie przy zachowaniu rygorów trybu zmiany Konstytucji, określonych w art. 235 tego aktu.
  116. ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 November 2010, SK 10/08". Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2022. W doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego wskazuje się nadto, że jedyny element normatywny, dający się odkodować z art. 18 Konstytucji, to ustalenie zasady heteroseksualności małżeństwa.
  117. ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 25 October 2016, II GSK 866/15". Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019. Ustawa o świadczeniach zdrowotnych finansowanych ze środków publicznych nie wyjaśnia, co prawda, kto jest małżonkiem. Pojęcie to zostało jednak dostatecznie i jasno określone we wspomnianym art. 18 Konstytucji RP, w którym jest mowa o małżeństwie jako o związku kobiety i mężczyzny. W piśmiennictwie podkreśla się, że art. 18 Konstytucji ustala zasadę heteroseksualności małżeństwa, będącą nie tyle zasadą ustroju, co normą prawną, która zakazuje ustawodawcy zwykłemu nadawania charakteru małżeństwa związkom pomiędzy osobami jednej płci (vide: L. Garlicki Komentarz do art. 18 Konstytucji, s. 2-3 [w:] Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2003). Jest wobec tego oczywiste, że małżeństwem w świetle Konstytucji i co za tym idzie - w świetle polskiego prawa, może być i jest wyłącznie związek heteroseksualny, a więc w związku małżeńskim małżonkami nie mogą być osoby tej samej płci.
  118. ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 28 February 2018, II OSK 1112/16". Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. art. 18 Konstytucji RP, który definiuje małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, a tym samym wynika z niego zasada nakazująca jako małżeństwo traktować w Polsce jedynie związek heteroseksualny.
  119. ^ "Lei n. 7/2001 de 11 de Maio" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  120. ^ "Getting married or living together".
  121. ^ "Lei n.º 9/2010 de 31 de Maio" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  122. ^ "40/1964 Zb. - Občiansky zákonník". Slov-lex. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  123. ^ "301/2005 Z.z. - Trestný poriadok". Slov-lex. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  124. ^ Radoslav, Tomek (4 June 2014). "Slovak Lawmakers Approve Constitutional Ban on Same-Sex Marriage". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  125. ^ "ILGA-Europe". Archived from the original on 30 August 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  126. ^ "Uradni list - Vsebina Uradnega lista". www.uradni-list.si. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  127. ^ "Uradni list - Vsebina Uradnega lista". www.uradni-list.si. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  128. ^ Perry, Sophie. "Slovenia officially becomes first eastern European country to recognise same-sex marriage". PinkNews. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  129. ^ "Irish Human Rights & Equality Commission". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  130. ^ "Noticias Jurídicas". Noticias Jurídicas. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  131. ^ "BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-2005-11364". www.boe.es. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  132. ^ "Lag (1987:813) om homosexuella sambor Svensk författningssamling 1987:1987:813 t.o.m. SFS 2002:1114 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  133. ^ "Regeringskansliets rättsdatabaser". rkrattsbaser.gov.se. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  134. ^ "Sambolag (2003:376) Svensk författningssamling 2003:2003:376 t.o.m. SFS 2011:493 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  135. ^ "Lag (2009:260) om upphävande av lagen (1994:1117) om registrerat partnerskap - Lagen.nu". lagen.nu. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  136. ^ "Lag (2009:253) om ändring i äktenskapsbalken" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  137. ^ "Sweden legalises gay adoption". BBC News. 6 June 2002. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  138. ^ "Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2023: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU". Eurobarometer. European Commission. December 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024.

Read other articles:

2018 Florida gubernatorial election

For related races, see 2018 United States gubernatorial elections. 2018 Florida gubernatorial election ← 2014 November 6, 2018 (2018-11-06) 2022 → Turnout62.6%12.1[1][2]   Nominee Ron DeSantis Andrew Gillum Party Republican Democratic Running mate Jeanette Nuñez Chris King Popular vote 4,076,186 4,043,723 Percentage 49.59% 49.19% County results Congressional district results Precinct results State senate district resultsDeS...

 

Ildikó Bánsági

Bentuk asli dari nama pribadi ini adalah Bánsági Ildikó. Artikel ini menggunakan rangkaian nama Barat. Ildikó BánságiIldikó Bánsági (2010)Lahir19 Oktober 1947 (umur 76)Budapest, HungariaKebangsaanHungariaPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1971–kini Ildikó Bánsági (lahir 19 Oktober 1947)[1] adalah seorang pemeran asal Hungaria. Ia tampil dalam lebih dari 80 film sejak 1966. Ia tampil dalam film Passion, yang ditayangkan dalam sesi Un Certain Regard di Festival Film Cann...

 

Edward G. Biester Jr.

American politician and judge This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Edward G. Biester Jr. – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when...

2005 papal conclave

Election of Pope Benedict XVI Papal conclaveApril 2005Dates and location18–19 April 2005Sistine Chapel, Apostolic Palace,Vatican CityKey officialsDeanJoseph RatzingerSub-deanAngelo SodanoCamerlengoEduardo Martínez SomaloProtopriestStephen Kim Sou-hwanProtodeaconJorge MedinaSecretaryFrancesco MonterisiElectionBallots4Elected popeJoseph RatzingerName taken: Benedict XVI← October 19782013 → A papal conclave was held on 18 and 19 April 2005 to elect a successor to John Paul II, w...

 

After Words

American television series For the film of the same name, see After Words (film). After WordsGenreTalk showCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal releaseNetworkC-SPAN2ReleaseJanuary 2, 2005 (2005-01-02) –presentRelatedBooknotes After Words is an American television series on the C-SPAN2 network's weekend programming schedule known as Book TV. The program is an hour-long talk show, each week featuring an interview with the author of a new nonfiction book. The program has no regular...

 

Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps

Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps[1]The first Wright airplane arriving at Ft. Myer, VA, 1 September 1908Active1 August 1907–18 July 1914Country United StatesBranch United States ArmyTypeAir forceRoleAerial warfareSize(1913) 18 pilots, 100 support personnel31 total airplanes 1909–1914Part of Signal CorpsMilitary unit The Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps[1] (1907–1914) was the first heavier-than-air military aviation organization in history and the progenito...

Goran Popov

Macedonian footballer Goran Popov Personal informationFull name Goran Popov[1]Date of birth (1984-10-02) 2 October 1984 (age 39)Place of birth Strumica, SFR YugoslaviaHeight 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)Position(s) Left back / Left midfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2002–2003 Belasica 6 (0)2003 → Proodeftiki (loan) 0 (0)2004 AEK Athens 8 (0)2004 Red Star Belgrade 0 (0)2004–2005 → Odra Wodzisław (loan) 11 (0)2005–2008 Egaleo 45 (1)2007–2008 → Levadiako...

 

Палеопропитеки

† Палеопропитеки Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:СинапсидыКласс:...

 

替代阵线

替代阵线Alternative Front Barisan Alternatifமாற்று முன்னணி简称BA、替阵成立1998年9月20日 (1998-09-20)设立（未正式注册）解散2008年3月31日 (2008-03-31)前身 穆斯林团结阵线（APU） 人民阵线（GR）继承者人民联盟（PR）总部八打灵再也（人民公正党） 黑风洞镇(马来西亚人民党) 吉隆坡（民主行动党和伊斯兰党）党报《公正之声（馬來語：Suara Keadilan）》《火箭报（馬...

约瑟夫·雷蒙德·麦卡锡

  此條目介紹的是来自威斯康星州的美国参议员(1947–57)。关于其他叫麦卡锡的人，请见「麦卡锡」。 本條目存在以下問題，請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2018年11月7日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：约瑟夫·雷...

 

Zeta Geminorum

ζ Geminorum Lokasi ζ Geminorum (dilingkari) Data pengamatan Epos J2000      Ekuinoks J2000 Rasi bintang Gemini Asensio rekta  07j 04m 06,53079d[1] Deklinasi  +20° 34′ 13,0739″[1] Magnitudo tampak (V) 3,93 (3,68 sampai 4,16)[2] Ciri-ciri Kelas spektrum F7Ib sampai G3Ib[3] Indeks warna U−B +0,55[4] Indeks warna B−V 0,88[4] Jenis variabel Classical Cepheid&#...

 

Mattias Johansson

Mattias Johansson Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Mattias JohanssonTanggal lahir 16 Februari 1992 (umur 32)Tempat lahir Jönköping, SwediaTinggi 1,71 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini AZNomor 2Karier junior IF Hallby2008–2009 Kalmar FFKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2009–2012 Kalmar FF 41 (1)2012– AZ 6 (0)Tim nasional‡2007–2009 Swedia U-17 19 (0)2009–2010 Swedia U-19 6 (0)2011– Swedia U-21 6 (0) * Penampilan dan gol di k...

Alex Mack

Alex Mack Mack nel 2016 Nazionalità  Stati Uniti Altezza 193 cm Peso 141 kg Football americano Ruolo Centro Squadra  San Francisco 49ers CarrieraGiovanili  Cal. Golden BearsSquadre di club 2009-2015 Cleveland Browns2016-2020 Atlanta Falcons2021- San Francisco 49ers Statistiche Partite 196 Partite da titolare 196 Palmarès Trofeo Vittorie Selezioni al Pro Bowl 7 All-Pro 3 Vedi maggiori dettagli Statistiche aggiornate al 22 marzo 2022 Modifica dati su Wikidat...

 

Ukrainian nobility of Galicia

Noble class of ethnic Ukrainians in what is now western Ukraine See also: Ruthenian nobility Map of (eastern) Galicia in today's western Ukraine The shlyakhta (Ukrainian: шля́хта, Polish: szlachta) were a noble class of Ruthenians in what is now Western Ukraine that enjoyed certain legal and social privileges. Estimates of their numbers vary. According to one estimate, by the mid-19th century, there were approximately 32,000 Ukrainian nobles in the western Ukrainian territory of Galici...

 

Évreux

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando l'omonima famiglia, vedi Évreux (famiglia). ÉvreuxcomuneÉvreux (dettagli) Évreux – VedutaVeduta con la cattedrale LocalizzazioneStato Francia Regione Normandia Dipartimento Eure ArrondissementÉvreux CantoneÉvreux-1Évreux-2Évreux-3 AmministrazioneSindacoGuy Lefrand TerritorioCoordinate49°01′N 1°09′E49°01′N, 1°09′E (Évreux) Altitudine92 m s.l.m. Superficie26,46 km² Abitanti53 870[1] (2009) D...

Akhil Kumar

Akhil KumarPresident Kalam menganugerahkan Penghargaan Arjuna kepada Akhil Kumar.Informasi pribadiKewarganegaraanIndiaWarga negaraIndiaLahir27 Maret 1981 (umur 43)Faizabad,[1] Uttar Pradesh, IndiaKediamanRohtak, Haryana, IndiaPekerjaanPetinju kelas bantamTinggi168 cm (5 ft 6 in) Rekam medali Tinju putra Mewakili  India Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran 2006 Melbourne Kelas bantam Kejuaraan Asia 2007 Ulan Bator Kelas bantam Akhil Kumar (lahir 27 Maret 1981) adalah s...

 

Konstantin von Neurath

Konstantin von Neurath Konstantin von Neurath år 1939. Tysklands utrikesminister Tid i befattningen1 juni 1932–4 februari 1938 President Paul von Hindenburg (1932–1934)Adolf Hitler (1934–1945) Kansler Franz von Papen (1932)Kurt von Schleicher (1932–1933)Adolf Hitler (1933–1945) Företrädare Heinrich Brüning Efterträdare Joachim von Ribbentrop Riksprotektor för Böhmen och Mähren Tid i befattningen21 mars 1939–24 augusti 1943 Företrädare posten inrättad Efterträd...

 

آل مهدي

آل مهديمعلومات عامةالبلد  السعوديةالمنطقة الباحةتعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بياناتيفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يوليو 2021) هذه المقالة تحت...

Goulburn Valley Football Netball League

Australian rules football and netball competition Goulburn Valley Football Netball LeagueSportAustralian rules football NetballFounded1894; 130 years ago (1894)PresidentDavid Roff [1]No. of teams12Country AustraliaMost recentchampion(s)Echuca (2024)Sponsor(s)GoTafeRelatedcompetitionsVFLMFL The Goulburn Valley Football Netball League is an Australian rules football and netball competition based in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria, Australia. It is a member ...

 

زبابيات الشجر

اضغط هنا للاطلاع على كيفية قراءة التصنيف زبابيات الشجر زبابة شجرية المرتبة التصنيفية رتبة[1][2]  التصنيف العلمي النطاق: حقيقيات النوى المملكة: الحيوانات الفرقة العليا: ثانويات الفم القسم: ثنائيات التناظر الشعبة: حبليات الشعيبة: فقاريات العمارة: فقاريات رباعية ال...