Kyakhta

For the place in Turkey, see Kâhta.
Kyakhta
Кяхта
Town[1]
Other transcription(s)
 • BuryatХяагта
View of the town
View of the town
Flag of Kyakhta
Flag
Coat of arms of Kyakhta
Coat of arms
Location of Kyakhta
Map
Kyakhta is located in Russia
Kyakhta
Kyakhta
Location of Kyakhta
Kyakhta is located in Republic of Buryatia
Kyakhta
Kyakhta
Kyakhta (Republic of Buryatia)
Coordinates: 50°21′00″N 106°27′00″E / 50.35000°N 106.45000°E / 50.35000; 106.45000
CountryRussia
Federal subjectBuryatia[1]
Administrative districtKyakhtinsky District[1]
TownKyakhta[1]
Founded1728[2]
Town status since1805
Government
 • MayorValery Tsyrempilov
Elevation
760 m (2,490 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[3]
 • Total
20,024
 • Capital ofKyakhtinsky District,[1] Town of Kyakhta[1]
 • Municipal districtKyakhtinsky Municipal District[4]
 • Urban settlementKyakhta Urban Settlement[4]
 • Capital ofKyakhtinsky Municipal District,[4] Kyakhta Urban Settlement[4]
Time zoneUTC+8 (MSK+5 Edit this on Wikidata[5])
Postal code(s)[6]
671840, 671842, 671843
Dialing code(s)+7 30142
OKTMO ID81633101001

Kyakhta (Russian: Кя́хта, [ˈkʲæxtə]; Buryat: Хяагта, romanized: Khiaagta, [ˈçæːχtə]; Mongolian: Хиагт, romanized: Hiagt, [ˈçæχtʰ]) is a town and the administrative center of Kyakhtinsky District in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located on the Kyakhta River near the Mongolia–Russia border. The town stands directly opposite the Mongolian border town of Altanbulag. Population: 20,041 (2010 Census);[3] 18,391 (2002 Census);[7] 18,307 (1989 Soviet census).[8] From 1727 it was the border crossing for the Kyakhta trade between Russia and China.[9]

Etymology

The Buryat name means place covered with couch grass,[10] and is derived from Mongolian word хиаг, meaning couch grass.[11]

Geography

The region where Kyakhta stands is advantageous for Russo-Chinese trade. The Siberian River Routes connect the fur-bearing lands of Siberia to Lake Baikal. From there, the Selenga River valley is the natural route through the Selenga Highlands southeast of Lake Baikal out onto the plains of Mongolia.

History

Kyakhta was founded in 1727 soon after the Treaty of Kyakhta was negotiated just north at Selenginsk. It was the starting point of the boundary markers that defined what is now the northern border of Mongolia. Kyakhta's founder, the Serb Sava Vladislavich, established it as a trading point between Russia and the Qing Empire.[2] "He gave instructions to build the Troitskosavsky Fortress at the place of Barsukov winter camp. A church was erected inside the wooden fortress. The church gave the name both to the Troitskaya (Trinity) Fortress and to the future town of Troitskosavsk. This is what the town was called until 1734 when it was merged with the trading settlement of Kyakhta and renamed Troitskosavsk-Kyakhta. In 1934, the name was shortened to Kyakhta."[12] Other sources[9][13] have Troitskosavsk as a fort a short distance north, Troitskosavsk being the administrative and military center while Kyakhta was the trading post on the border. The Manchus built Maimaicheng just south of Kyakhta on their side of the border. Before 1762, state caravans traveled from Kyakhta to Peking. After that date, trade was mostly by barter at Kyakhta-Maimaicheng, with merchants crossing the border to make their business.

The twin towns of Kyakhta and Maimaicheng can be seen on this 1851 map, on the shortest route from Irkutsk to Peking

Kyakhta and Maimaicheng were visited by the famous English adventurer and engineer Samuel Bentham in 1782. He related that he was entertained by the commander of the Chinese city "with the greatest politeness which a stranger can meet with in any country whatever". At that time, the Russians sold furs, textiles, clothing, hides, leather,[9] hardware, and cattle, while the Chinese sold silk, cotton stuffs, teas,[9] fruits, porcelain, rice, candles, rhubarb, ginger, and musk. Much of the tea is said to have come from Yangloudong [zh], a major center of tea production and trade near today's Chibi City, Hubei.[14]

Kyakhta was crowded, unclean, ill-planned, and never came to reflect the wealth that flowed through it,[15] although several Neoclassical buildings were erected in the 19th century, including a tea bourse (1842) and the Orthodox cathedral (1807–1817), both of which still stand. In 1996 the Voskreskenskaya church was being used as a stable.[16] It was from Kyakhta that Nikolay Przhevalsky, Grigory Potanin, Pyotr Kozlov, and Vladimir Obruchev set off on their expeditions into the interior of Mongolia and Xinjiang.

Town status was granted to Kyakhta in 1805.[17]

After the entire Russian-Chinese frontier was opened to trade in 1860 and the Trans-Siberian and the Chinese Eastern Railways bypassed it, Kyakhta fell into decline. In the mid-20th century, a branch railway was built from Ulan-Ude (on the Trans-Siberian) to Mongolia's Ulan Bator, and, eventually, to China, paralleling the old Kyakhta trade route. However, this railway crosses the Russian-Mongolian border not in Kyakhta itself, but in nearby Naushki.[18]

Kyakhta Pidgin

Kyakhta, 1885
Kyakhta bazaar, 1885

As the first market town on the border between the Russian and Chinese Empires, Kyakhta gave its name to the so-called Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin, a contact language that was used by Russian and Chinese traders to communicate.[19]

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kyakhta serves as the administrative center of Kyakhtinsky District.[1] As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality (the settlement of Sudzha), incorporated within Kyakhtinsky District as the Town of Kyakhta.[1] As a municipal division, the Town of Kyakhta is incorporated within Kyakhtinsky Municipal District as Kyakhta Urban Settlement.[4]

Economy

Kyakhta's economy today relies mainly on its status as an important center for trade between Russia, China, and Mongolia, located on the highway from the republic's capital of Ulan-Ude to the Mongolian capital of Ulan Bator. It also has textile, lumber, and food-processing plants.

Culture

Kyakhta is home to the Damdin Sükhbaatar memorial museum.

Climate

Kyakhta has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb) with dry, severely cold winters and warm, moist summers.

Climate data for Kyakhta (1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		8.6
(47.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		30.6
(87.1) 		35.0
(95.0) 		39.3
(102.7) 		40.6
(105.1) 		37.1
(98.8) 		31.6
(88.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		5.4
(41.7) 		40.6
(105.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −15.0
(5.0) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		1.1
(34.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		18.6
(65.5) 		24.8
(76.6) 		26.4
(79.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		7.7
(45.9) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		7.5
(45.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −20.1
(−4.2) 		−15.1
(4.8) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		3.8
(38.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		17.5
(63.5) 		19.9
(67.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−9.2
(15.4) 		−17.6
(0.3) 		1.1
(33.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −24.5
(−12.1) 		−20.4
(−4.7) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		3.9
(39.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		14.0
(57.2) 		11.6
(52.9) 		4.5
(40.1) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−21.7
(−7.1) 		−4.5
(24.0)
Record low °C (°F) −55.2
(−67.4) 		−49.1
(−56.4) 		−39.7
(−39.5) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−12.1
(10.2) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−26.8
(−16.2) 		−34.7
(−30.5) 		−42.1
(−43.8) 		−55.2
(−67.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4
(0.2) 		3
(0.1) 		4
(0.2) 		11
(0.4) 		35
(1.4) 		66
(2.6) 		89
(3.5) 		74
(2.9) 		39
(1.5) 		11
(0.4) 		7
(0.3) 		5
(0.2) 		348
(13.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 10.7 6.3 7.2 7.8 10.7 10.4 11.9 12.1 9.6 8.0 8.3 9.4 112.4
Average relative humidity (%) 79.1 73.9 65.8 53.0 53.0 58.7 64.1 68.0 66.5 68.0 73.9 79.1 66.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 158.1 187.6 235.6 243.0 275.9 276.0 279.0 254.2 234.0 186.0 153.0 127.1 2,609.5
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[[20]
Source 2: climatebase.ru (precipitation days, humidity and sunshine hours)[21]

Town name in other languages

In Mongolian, Kyakhta was formerly known as Ар Хиагт (Ar Khiagt, lit. "North Kyakhta"); Altanbulag (then, Maimaicheng) across the border was Өвөр Хиагт (Övör Khiagt, lit. "South Kyakhta"). When the town was known as Troitskosavsk, its name in Mongolian was Дээд Шивээ (Deed Šhivee).

References

The Assumption Church in Kyakhta

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Resolution #43
  2. ^ a b Mark Mancall (1971). Russia and China: their diplomatic relations to 1728, (Volume 61 of Harvard East Asian series, Center for East Asian Studies, Harvard University). Harvard University Press. p. 263. ISBN 9780674781153.
  3. ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  4. ^ a b c d e Law #985-III
  5. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  6. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  7. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  8. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  9. ^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kiakhta" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 782.
  10. ^ Pospelov, p. 234
  11. ^ Ирина Ф. Попова. "Торговля России и Китая через Кяхту и Маймайчен", in Mongolica-XI (SPb., 2013), p. 28, fn. 1.
  12. ^ "Photo of Bolshaya Street in Troitskosavsk - Nikolay Charushin. Подробное описание экспоната, аудиогид, интересные факты. Официальный сайт Artefact". ar.culture.ru. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  13. ^ Clifford M Foust, 'Muscovite and Mandarin', 1969, index
  14. ^ Li Baihao; Zhu Jianhua; Huang Li; Guo Jian (2005), "One cultural route span the Millenary: Chinese Tea Road", Proceedings of the Scientific Symposium "Monuments and sites in their setting - conserving cultural heritage in changing townscapes and landscapes" (PDF), Xi'an, p. 4, archived from the original (PDF) on January 18, 2012, retrieved August 29, 2010{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ W. Bruce Lincoln. The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians. Cornell University Press, 2007. Page 145.
  16. ^ Martha Avery,The Tea Road, 2003, page 135 and photograph
  17. ^ rbth.com
  18. ^ Rolf Potts, Stranded in Siberia: At an obscure border town, our correspondent discovers the biggest obstacle in negotiating the next 4,000 miles: The train has left without him. (Salon Magazine, 1999-11-10)
  19. ^ International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies (1996). Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 2, Part 1. (Volume 13 of Trends in Linguistics, Documentation Series). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 911–912. ISBN 3-11-013417-9.
  20. ^ "Погода и Климат - Климат КЯХТЫ". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
  21. ^ "Kyakhta climate 1895–2012". climatebase.ru. Retrieved February 17, 2015.

Sources

  • Правительство Республики Бурятия. Постановление №431 от 18 ноября 2009 г. «О реестре административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов Республики Бурятия», в ред. Постановления №573 от 13 ноября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Постановление Правительства Республики Бурятия от 18.11.2009 №431 "О реестре административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов Республики Бурятия"». Вступил в силу 18 ноября 2009 г. Опубликован: "Бурятия", №216, Официальный вестник №120, 21 ноября 2009 г. (Government of the Republic of Buryatia. Resolution #431 of November 18, 2009 On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Inhabited Localities of the Republic of Buryatia, as amended by the Resolution #573 of November 13, 2015 On Amending Resolution #431 of November 18, 2009 of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia "On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Inhabited Localities of the Republic of Buryatia". Effective as of November 18, 2009.).
  • Народный Хурал Республики Бурятия. Закон №985-III от 31 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ, образовании и наделении статусом муниципальных образований в Республике Бурятия», в ред. Закона №1411-V от 14 октября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Бурятия "Об установлении границ, образовании и наделении статусом муниципальных образований в Республике Бурятия"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Бурятия", №1, Официальный вестник №1, 12 января 2005 г. (People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia. Law #985-III of December 31, 2004 On Establishing the Borders, Creating, and Granting a Status to the Municipal Formations in the Republic of Buryatia, as amended by the Law #1411-V of October 14, 2015 On Amending the Law of the Republic of Buryatia "On Establishing the Borders, Creating, and Granting a Status to the Municipal Formations in the Republic of Buryatia". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
  • Е. М. Поспелов (Ye. M. Pospelov). "Географические названия мира" (Geographic Names of the World). Moscow, 1998.
  • Christie, Ian R. (1993). The Benthams in Russia 1780–1791. Oxford, UK; Providence, RI: Berg Publishers Limited. ISBN 0-85496-816-4. OCLC 25833658.
  • Media related to Kyakhta at Wikimedia Commons

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Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: George Smoot – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR George Smoot George Fitzgerald Smoot III (lahir 20 Februari 1945) adalah fisikawan astrofisik (ahli astrofisika) dari Amerika Serikat dan ...

M1903 Springfield

American bolt-action main battle rifle M1903 Springfield TypeBolt-action riflePlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn service1903–1936 (as the standard U.S. service rifle)1936–1970s (as a U.S. Army sniper rifle)[1]Used bySee UsersWarsPhilippine–American WarBanana WarsMexican RevolutionWorld War ISiberian InterventionIrish War of IndependenceIrish Civil WarCoto WarWorld War IIEgyptian revolution of 1952Greek Civil WarFirst Indochina WarChinese Civil WarI...

 

 

Peter J. Otey

American politician Peter J. OteyMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Virginia's 6th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1895 – May 4, 1902Preceded byPaul C. EdmundsSucceeded byCarter Glass Personal detailsBorn(1840-12-22)December 22, 1840Lynchburg, Virginia, USDiedMay 4, 1902(1902-05-04) (aged 61)Lynchburg, Virginia, USPolitical partyDemocratic PartyAlma materVirginia Military InstituteOccupationBusinessmanMilitary serviceAllegianceConfederate States of AmericaBr...